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\data\typol\typology
NUMBER: 2561
LANGUAGE: Wu-ming
LOCATION: SE China (C Kwangsi)
CLASSIFICA: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Northern
OTHERSOURC: AL 7:3
CONSONANTS:

   p ʔb t ʔd k ʔ


m n ŋ
l
r

STOPS: p ʔb t ʔd k ʔ
NASALS: m n ŋ
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: r
MODIFIEDCO: cɒ ŋ
GLIDES: j ʔj w ʔw
BACKVOWELS: o ɑ
LONGVOWELS: i e ɨ a u o
TONES: hi lev hi fall mid lev mid ris lo fall lo ris
ERGATIVE:
PREPPOST:
NUMBER: 2562
LANGUAGE: Yay
LOCATION: N Vietnam
CLASSIFICA: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Northern
OTHERSOURC: Gedney, William J. 1965. "Yay a Northern Tai Language in North Viertnam," Lingua 14, 180-93.
CONSONANTS:

   p ph b t th d c ch k kh (ɡ) ʔ

f v θ s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r

STOPS: p ph b t th d c ch k kh (ɡ) ʔ
FRICATIVES: f v θ s h
NASALS: m n ñ ŋ
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: r
MODIFIEDCO:

    cj p b m
cʷ k ʔ h ŋ

GLIDES: j ɥ
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i æ
CENTRALVOW: ǝ a
BACKVOWELS: u ɯ ɔ
LONGVOWELS: v̄ a only
DIPHTHONGS: ia ɯa ua
SYLLABLE: CV(C)
TONES: hi lev hi-mid lev lo-mid lev lo-lev ris fall
SYNTAX: SVO NA
ERGATIVE:
PREPPOST:
NUMBER: 2563
LANGUAGE: Man Cao-lan
LOCATION: N Vietnam (Moncay)
CLASSIFICA: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Central
CONSONANTS:

   




ERGATIVE:
PREPPOST:
NUMBER: 2564
LANGUAGE: Nung
LOCATION: N Vietnam
POPULATION: 170,000
CLASSIFICA: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Central
OTHERSOURC: Freiberger, Nancy E. 1964. "A Phonemic Description of Nong (Nung)," Te Reo 7, 15-22.
CONSONANTS:

   p ph b t th d k kh ʔ
č
f s x
m n ñ ŋ
l ɬ

STOPS: p ph b t th d k kh ʔ
AFFRICATES: č
FRICATIVES: f s x
NASALS: m n ñ ŋ
LATERALS: l ɬ
GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i e ɛ
CENTRALVOW: ɨ ǝ ɐ
BACKVOWELS: u o ɔ
LONGVOWELS: æ a ɒ
SYLLABLE: CV(C)
TONES: hi ris hi glot mid lev lo ris lo fall lo glot
SYNTAX: SVO NA
ERGATIVE:
PREPPOST:
NUMBER: 2565
LANGUAGE: Tay
LOCATION: NE Vietnam
CLASSIFICA: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Central
CONSONANTS:

   




ERGATIVE:
PREPPOST:
NUMBER: 2566
LANGUAGE: Tho
LOCATION: N Vietnam
POPULATION: 150,000
CLASSIFICA: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Central
CONSONANTS:

   




ERGATIVE:
PREPPOST:
NUMBER: 2567
LANGUAGE: Tien-pao
LOCATION: SE China (W Kwangsi)
CLASSIFICA: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Central
CONSONANTS:

   




ERGATIVE:
PREPPOST:
NUMBER: 2568
LANGUAGE: Ts'un-lao
LOCATION: N Vietnam (Monday)
CLASSIFICA: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Central
CONSONANTS:

   




ERGATIVE:
PREPPOST:
NUMBER: 2569
LANGUAGE: Yung-chu'un
LOCATION: SE China (C Kwangsi)
CLASSIFICA: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Central
CONSONANTS:

   




ERGATIVE:
PREPPOST:
NUMBER: 2570
LANGUAGE: Lung-chow
LOCATION: SE China (SW Kwangsi)
POPULATION: 170,000
CLASSIFICA: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Central
OTHERSOURC: Li, Fang-Kuei. 1977. A Handbook of Comparative Tai. OLSP 15.
CONSONANTS:

   p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ k kh ʔ
č čh
f v š h
m n̪ ŋ
l ɬ

STOPS: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ k kh ʔ
AFFRICATES: č čh
FRICATIVES: f v š h
NASALS: m n̪ ŋ
LATERALS: l ɬ
GLIDES: j
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: I
CENTRALVOW: ǝ
BACKVOWELS: ʋ ɑ
LONGVOWELS: i e ǝ a u o
DIPHTHONGS:

   ɑi ɑu aǝ
āi ōi ūi īu ēu āu

SYLLABLE: (C)(C)V(C)
TONES: hi lev mid lev mid fall lo lev lo fall glott ris
ERGATIVE:
PREPPOST:
NUMBER: 2571
LANGUAGE: Khamti
LOCATION: NE India (Assam)
CLASSIFICA: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Southwestern
DICTIONARY: Weidert, Alfons 1977. Tai-Khamti Phonology and Vocabulary. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner.
CONSONANTS:

   p ph t̪ t̪h k kh ʔ
ts
s h
m n̪ ŋ
l

STOPS: p ph t̪ t̪h k kh ʔ
AFFRICATES: ts
FRICATIVES: s h
NASALS: m n̪ ŋ
LATERALS: l
GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: I
CENTRALVOW: ɐ
BACKVOWELS: ʋ ɯ
LONGVOWELS: i e ɛ a u ɯ o ɔ
TONES: hi lev hi fall lo lev lo ris lo creaky
SYNTAX: SOV
ERGATIVE:
PREPPOST:
NUMBER: 2572
LANGUAGE: Khün
LOCATION: EC Burma (E Shan)
CLASSIFICA: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Southwestern
OTHERSOURC: Egerod, Søren. 1959. "Essentials of Khün Phonology and Script," Acta Orientalia 24, 123-46.
CONSONANTS:

   p ph ʔb t th ʔd k kh ʔ
ts
ɸ s h
m n ŋ
l
r

STOPS: p ph ʔb t th ʔd k kh ʔ
AFFRICATES: ts
FRICATIVES: ɸ s h
NASALS: m n ŋ
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: r
GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i e ɛ
CENTRALVOW: ɨ ǝ a
BACKVOWELS: u o ɔ
LONGVOWELS: v̄ all
SYLLABLE: (C)CV(C)
TONES: hi lev hi ris hi fall mid fall lo fall lo ris
ERGATIVE:
PREPPOST:
NUMBER: 2573
LANGUAGE: Lao
ALTERNATEN: Laotian
LOCATION: Laos
POPULATION: 10 million
CLASSIFICA: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Southwestern
DICTIONARY:

   Marcus, Russell. 1970. English-Lao : Lao-English Dictionary. Rutland Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle.
Kerr, Allen D. 1972. Lao-English Dictionary. Washington, D.C:. Catholic Univ of America Press.
Reinhorn, Marc. 1970. Dictionnaire laotien-français, 2 vols. Paris: CNRS.

GRAMMAR:

   Hospitalier, J.-J. 1937. Grammaire Laotienne. Paris: Paul Geuthner.
Nginn, Pierre S. 1965. Eléments de grammaire laotienne. Vientiane: Ministère de l'Education Nationale.
Morev, Lev N. 1972. Laosskij jazyk. Moscow: Nauka.

TEXTBOOKS: Roffe, G.Edward and Thelma W. Roffe. 1956-58. Spoken Lao. Washington, D.C.: American Council of Learned Societies.
OTHERSOURC: Roffe, G. Edward. 1946. "The Phonemic Structure of Lao," JAOS 66, 289-95.
CONSONANTS:

   p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ c k kh ʔ

f v s h
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l
(r)

STOPS: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ c k kh ʔ
FRICATIVES: f v s h
NASALS: m n̪ ñ ŋ
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: (r)
MODIFIEDCO: cʷ th k kh č s h n ŋ l
GLIDES: j
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i e ɛ
CENTRALVOW: ɨ ǝ a
BACKVOWELS: u o ɔ
LONGVOWELS: v̄ all
NASALVOWEL: (ṽ a)
DIPHTHONGS:

   ia ɨa ua ai ao
iā ɨā uā

SYLLABLE: C V (C)
TONES: hi ris hi fall mid lev lo level lo ris lo fall
DEMONSTRAT: 3
PRONOUNS:

   1* 4*
2* 5*
3* 6*

* The pronoun system shows many gradations of politeness and familiarity

SYNTAX: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
ERGATIVE:
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 2574
LANGUAGE: Lü
ALTERNATEN: Lue
LOCATION: SE China (SW Yunnan)
POPULATION: 400,000
CLASSIFICA: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Southwestern
OTHERSOURC:

   Hartmann, John F. 1979. "Comparative Aspects of Lue Syntax," in PL, C49, 1-15.
E

CONSONANTS:

   




SYNTAX: SVO NA
ERGATIVE:
PREPPOST:
NUMBER: 2575
LANGUAGE: Maw
LOCATION: Burma
CLASSIFICA: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Southwestern
CONSONANTS:

   




ERGATIVE:
PREPPOST:
NUMBER: 2576
LANGUAGE: Phu Thai
LOCATION: NE Thailand (Sakon Nakhon)
POPULATION: 100,000
CLASSIFICA: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Southwestern
CONSONANTS:

   




ERGATIVE:
PREPPOST:
NUMBER: 2577
LANGUAGE: Phuan
LOCATION: C Thailand
CLASSIFICA: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Southwestern
CONSONANTS:

   




ERGATIVE:
PREPPOST:
NUMBER: 2578
LANGUAGE: Shan
LOCATION: EC Burma (Shan)
POPULATION: 2 million
CLASSIFICA: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Southwestern
DICTIONARY:

   Cushing J.N. 1914. A Shan and English Dictionary. Rangoon: American Baptist Mission Press. [Reprinted 1971 by Gregg International Publishers, Farnborough, England]

GRAMMAR: GD: Cushing J.N. 1906. Elementary Handbook of the Shan Language. Rangoon: American Baptist Mission Press. [Reprinted 1971 by Gregg International Publishers, Farnborough, England]
TEXTBOOKS: Bigg-Wither. Ferdinand. 1911. A Guide to the Study of Shan Language. Rangoon: American Baptist Mission Press.
OTHERSOURC:

   Egerod Søren 1957. "Essentials of Shan Phonology and Script," Academia Sinica 29:1, 121-9.
Egerod Søren. 1962. "Three Shan Texts," Acta Orientalia 26, 149-88.

CONSONANTS:

   p ph t th c ch k kh (ʔ)

s sh h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r

STOPS: p ph t th c ch k kh (ʔ)
FRICATIVES: s sh h
NASALS: m n ñ ŋ
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: r
GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i e æ
CENTRALVOW: ɨ ǝ a
BACKVOWELS: u o ɔ
LONGVOWELS: v̄ all
DIPHTHONGS: au iu ow oi
TONES: hi, mid, lo, ris, fall
SYNTAX: SVO NA NG ND N-POSS
ERGATIVE:
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 2579
LANGUAGE: Thai
ALTERNATEN: Siamese
LOCATION: Thailand
POPULATION: 20 million
CLASSIFICA: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Southwestern
DICTIONARY:

   McFarland, George B. 1954. Thai -English Dictionary. Stanford: Stanford Univ Press.
Haas, Mary R. 1964. Thai-English Student's Dictionary. Stanford: Stanford Univ Press.
Manich Jumsai, M.L. 1960. English-Thai Dictioanary. London: Macmillan.

GRAMMAR: Noss, Richard B. 1964. Thai Reference Grammar. Washington, D.C.: Foreign Service Institute.
TEXTBOOKS:

   Anthony, Edward M., Deborah P. French and Udom Warotamasikkhadit. 1968. Foundations of Thai, 2 vols. Ann Arbor: Univ of Michigan Press.
Haas, Mary R. and Heng R. Subhanka. 1973. Spoken Thai. Ithaca, N.Y.: Spoken Languages Service.

OTHERSOURC:

   Abramson, Arthur S. 1962. The Vowels and Tones of Standard Thai. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Warotamasikkhadit. Udom. 1972. Thai Syntax. The Hague: Mouton.
Li, Fang Kuei. 1977. A Handbook of Comparative Tai. OLSP 15.

CONSONANTS:

   p ph t̪ t̪h c ch k kh ʔ
b d̪ (ɡ)
f s̪ h
m n̪ ŋ
    l
    (ɾ)

STOPS: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ c ch k kh (ɡ) ʔ
FRICATIVES: f s̪ h
NASALS: m n̪ ŋ
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: (ɾ)
GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

    I ɨ ʋ
    ǝ o
ɛ ɔ
æ a

FRONTVOWEL: I ɛ æ
CENTRALVOW: ɨ ǝ a
BACKVOWELS: ʋ o ɔ
LONGVOWELS: i e æ ɨ ǝ a u o ɔ
DIPHTHONGS:

   ia ɨa ua
iā ɨā uā

SYLLABLE: (C)(C)V(C)
TONES: hi, mid, lo, ris, fall
DEMONSTRAT: 3
PRONOUNS:

   *1mf 4
2 5
3Pfn 6
P=plain
*The pronoun system has numerous polite-intimate distinctions.

SYNTAX: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS N+A+Num+D
ERGATIVE:
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 2580
LANGUAGE: Northern Thai
LOCATION: N Thailand
POPULATION: 3 million
CLASSIFICA: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Southwestern
OTHERSOURC: Mundhenk, Norman Arthur. 1967. Auxiliary Verbs in Myang of Northern Thailand. HSL 22.
CONSONANTS:

   




SYNTAX: SVO NA NG ND NUM-N/N-NUM N-POSS
ERGATIVE:
PREPPOST: PREP
typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-tones,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-diphthongs,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-syntax,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-syntax,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-diphthongs,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-dictionary,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-tones,typology-syntax,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-dictionary,typology-grammar,typology-textbooks,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-nasalvowel,typology-diphthongs,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-syntax,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-dictionary,typology-grammar,typology-textbooks,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-diphthongs,typology-tones,typology-syntax,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-dictionary,typology-grammar,typology-textbooks,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-diphthongs,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-syntax,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,
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