Starosta, Stanley. 1974. "Causative Verbs in Formosan Languages," OL 13, 279-369. RPTP
CONSONANTS:
p ʔb t ʔd k q ʔ č v ð s h m n ŋ l
STOPS:p ʔb t ʔd k q ʔ
AFFRICATES:č
FRICATIVES:v ð s h
NASALS:m n ŋ
LATERALS:l
VOWELS:
FRONTVOWEL:i
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u
STRESS:final
ARTICLES:def
SYNTAX:VSO
COMMENTS:The Ishbukun D. differs from the Takituduh D. (1) in lacking q,h,l, (2) in possessing χ, ɬ, and (3) in exhibiting penultimate stress.
NUMBER:2602
LANGUAGE:Paiwan
LOCATION:S Taiwan
POPULATION:45,000
CLASSIFICA:Austric: Austronesian: Paiwanaic
OTHERSOURC:RPTP
CONSONANTS:
p b t d ḍ c ɟ k ɡ q ʔ ts v s z m n ŋ ɬ r ɾ̣
STOPS:p b t d ḍ c ɟ k ɡ q ʔ
AFFRICATES:ts
FRICATIVES:v s z
NASALS:m n ŋ
LATERALS:ɬ
VIBRANTS:r ɾ̣
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
FRONTVOWEL:i
CENTRALVOW:ɨ a
BACKVOWELS:u
STRESS:penult
NUMBER:2603
LANGUAGE:Puyuma
LOCATION:SE Taiwan
POPULATION:7,200
CLASSIFICA:Austric: Austronesian: Paiwanaic
OTHERSOURC:RPTP
CONSONANTS:
p t ṭ k ʔ
ɸ β ð s ẓ̌ h ɦ m n ŋ l ḷ r
STOPS:p t ṭ k ʔ
FRICATIVES:ɸ β ð s ẓ̌ h ɦ
NASALS:m n ŋ
LATERALS:l ḷ
VIBRANTS:r
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
FRONTVOWEL:i
CENTRALVOW:ɨ a
BACKVOWELS:u
STRESS:final
NUMBER:2604
LANGUAGE:Saisiyat
LOCATION:NC Taiwan
POPULATION:2,900
CLASSIFICA:Austric: Austronesian: Paiwanaic
OTHERSOURC:
Dyen, Isidore. 1971. "The Austronesian Languages of Formosa," CTIL 8, 168-99. Starosta, Stanley. 1974. "Causative Verbs in Formosan Languages," OL 13, 279-369. Li, Paul Jen-kuei. 1978. "The Case-Marking Systems of the Four Less-Known Formosan Languages," PL C61, 569-615. RPTP
CONSONANTS:
p b t k ʔ
s̪ z̪ š h m n ŋ
ɾ ɹ̣
STOPS:p b t k ʔ
FRICATIVES:s̪ z̪ š h
NASALS:m n ŋ
VIBRANTS:ɾ ɹ̣
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
FRONTVOWEL:i e œ æ
CENTRALVOW:ɨ a
BACKVOWELS:o
SYLLABLE:CV(C)
STRESS:final
PRONOUNS:
1 4ie 2 5 3 6
SYNTAX:SVO/VOS NG DN/ND NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
PREPPOST:PREP
NUMBER:2605
LANGUAGE:Ami
LOCATION:E Taiwan
POPULATION:90,000
CLASSIFICA:Austric: Austronesian: Paiwanaic
OTHERSOURC:
Starosta, Stanley. 1974. "Causative Verbs in Formosan Languages," OL 13, 279-369. RPTP
CLASSIFICA:Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western
DICTIONARY:
Cruz, F. 1967. Chamorro-English, English-Chamorro Dictionary. Hong Kong: Green Pagoda Press. Topping, Donald M., Pedro M. Ogo and Bernadita C. Dungca. 1975. Chamorro-English Dictionary. Honolulu: Univ of Hawaii Press. GD: Pressing, Edward Ritter von. 1918. Dictionary and Grammar of the Chamorro Language of the Island of Guam. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
GRAMMAR:
Pressing, Edward Ritter-von. 1918. Dictionary and Grammar of the Chamorro Language of the Island of Guam. washington, DC: Government Printing Office. Topping, Donald M. 1973. Chamorro Reference Grammar. Honolulu: Univ Press of Hawaii.
TEXTBOOKS:Topping, Donald M. 1969a. Spoken Chamorro. Honolulu: Univ Press of Hawaii.
OTHERSOURC:
Seiden, William. 1960. "Chamorro Phonemes," AL 2:4, 6-35. Topping, Donald M. 1968. "Chamorro Vowel Harmony," OL 7, 67-79. Topping, Donald M. 1969b. "A Restatement of Chamorro Phonology," AL 11, 62-77. Witucki, Jeannette, 1974. "The Vowels of Chamorro," PL A43, 55-74. Witucki, Jeannette. 1976. "The Consonants of Chamorro, " PL A46, 1-20. AL 7:2
CONSONANTS:
p t k ʔ b d g ts dz f s h m n ñ ŋ l ɹ̣
STOPS:p b t d k ɡ ʔ
AFFRICATES:ts dz
FRICATIVES:f s h
NASALS:m n ñ ŋ
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:̣ɹ̣
MODIFIEDCO:
c̄ p b t d k ɡ s m n l only cʷ ɡ
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u (e) (o) æ ɒ
FRONTVOWEL:i (e) æ
BACKVOWELS:u (o) ɒ
MODIFIEDVO:vowel harmony
DIPHTHONGS:ai ao
SYLLABLE:(C) (C) V (C)
STRESS:phonemic, but mostly penult
NOUNNUMBER: s p
DEMONSTRAT:3
ARTICLES:def, indef
PRONOUNS:
1 4ie 2 5 3 6
SYNTAX:VSO/SVO AN/(NA[nationality]) NG DN NUM-N N-POSS D+Num+A+N
PREPPOST:PREP
NUMBER:2617
LANGUAGE:Palauan
LOCATION:W Caroline Is (Palau Is)
POPULATION:12,000
CLASSIFICA:Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western
DICTIONARY:McManus, Edwin G. 1977. Palauan-English Dictionary. Honolulu: Univ Press of Hawaii.
GRAMMAR:
Capell, A. 1949. A Grammar of the Language of Palau. Washington, D.C.: National Research Council. Josephs, Lewis S. 1975. Palauan Reference Grammar. Honolulu: Univ Press of Hawaii.
TEXTBOOKS:Carlson, Clayton H. 1967. Palauan Lessons. Honolulu: Pacific and Asian Linguistic Institute, Univ of Hawaii.
OTHERSOURC:Bender, Byron W. 1971. "Micronesian Languages," CTIL 8, 426-65.
CONSONANTS:
t̪ k ʔ b s ð (ɣ) m ŋ l ɾ /ɣ/ has been replaced by /ʔ/ in the speech of all speakers under 50 (1949) Capell p. 4.
STOPS:b t̪ k ʔ
FRICATIVES:ð s (ɣ) /ɣ/ has been replaced by /ʔ/ in the speech of all speakers under 50 (1949) Capell p. 4.
NASALS:m ŋ
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:ɾ
MODIFIEDCO:c̄ l r
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u ɛ (ǝ) o a
FRONTVOWEL:i ɛ
CENTRALVOW:(ǝ) a
BACKVOWELS:u o
LONGVOWELS:v̄ i ɛ u o only
SYLLABLE:Nˈ lˈ rˈ
STRESS:phonemic
NOUNNUMBER:s p [human nouns only]
DEMONSTRAT:3
ARTICLES:def
PRONOUNS:
1 4ie 2 5 3 6h 6 is used for human nouns only
SYNTAX:SVO AN NG DN NUM-N N-POSS D+Num+A+N
PREPPOST:PREP
NUMBER:2618
LANGUAGE:Yapese
LOCATION:W Caroline Is (Yap Is)
POPULATION:5,000
CLASSIFICA:Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western
DICTIONARY:Jensen, John Thayer. 1977a. Yapese-English Dictionary. Honolulu: Univ Press of Hawaii.
GRAMMAR:Jensen, John Thayer. 1977b. Yapese Reference Grammar. Honolulu: Univ Press of Hawaii.
OTHERSOURC:Bender, Byron W. 1971. "Micronesian Languages," CTIL 8, 426-65.
CONSONANTS:
p pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ ʔ č̣ f fʔ θ θʔ ṣ (h) β ð (ẓ) ɣ m ʔm n̪ ʔn̪ ŋ (ʔŋ) l̪ ʔl̪ ṛ
STOPS:p pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ ʔ
AFFRICATES:č̣
FRICATIVES:β f fʔ θ θʔ ð ṣ (ẓ) ɣ (h)
NASALS:m ʔm n̪ ʔn̪ ŋ (ʔŋ)
LATERALS:l̪ ʔl̪
VIBRANTS:ṛ
VOWELS:
i u e ɵ o ɛ a ɑ
FRONTVOWEL:i e ɛ
CENTRALVOW:ɵ a
BACKVOWELS:u o ɑ
LONGVOWELS:v̄ all
SYLLABLE:(C)(C)V(C)
DEMONSTRAT:3
ARTICLES:def, indef
PRONOUNS:
1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3 6d 6
SYNTAX:VSO NA NG ND NUM-N N-POSS NUM+N+D
NOUNINCORP:noun incorp
PREPPOST:PREP
NUMBER:2619
LANGUAGE:Proto-Philippine
LOCATION:Philippines
CLASSIFICA:Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western
OTHERSOURC:Charles, Mathew. 1974. "Problems in the Reconstruction of Proto-Philippine Phonology and the subgrouping of the Philippine Languages," OL 13, 457-509
