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\data\typol\typology
NUMBER: 2721
LANGUAGE: Virac
LOCATION: Philippines
CLASSIFICA: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Bikol
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 2722
LANGUAGE: Naga
ALTERNATEN: Bikol
LOCATION: EC Philippines (SE Luzon)
POPULATION: 3 million
CLASSIFICA: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Bikol
DICTIONARY: Mintz, Malcolm W. 1971a. Bikol Dictionary. Honolulu: Univ Press of Hawaii.
GRAMMAR:

   Epstein, Jon. 1967a. Standard Bikol. Washington D.C.: Dept of HEW, Office of Education.
Mintz, Malcolm W. 1971b. Bikal Grammar Notes. Honolulu: Univ of Hawaii Press.

TEXTBOOKS:

   Epstein, Jon. 1967b. Bikol Lessons. Wahsington, D.C.: Dept of HEW, Office of Education.
Mintz, Malcolm W. 1971c. Bikol Text. Honolulu: Univ of Hawaii Press.

OTHERSOURC: NPL
CONSONANTS:

   p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ
(č) ɡ̌
s (š) h
m n̪ (ñ) ŋ
l (ʎ)
ɾ

STOPS: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ
AFFRICATES: (č) ɡ̌
FRICATIVES: s (š) h
NASALS: m n̪ (ñ) ŋ
LATERALS: l (ʎ)
VIBRANTS: ɾ
GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: I (e)
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u (o)
LONGVOWELS: v̄ ?
DIPHTHONGS: iw aj aw oj
STRESS: phonemic
DEMONSTRAT: 3
ARTICLES: def, indef
PRONOUNS:

   1 4ie
2 5
3 6

SYNTAX: AN DN N-POSS
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 2723
LANGUAGE: Davaweño
LOCATION: SE Philippines (E Mindanao)
POPULATION: 124,000
CLASSIFICA: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Mansakan
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 2724
LANGUAGE: Kamayo
LOCATION: SE Philippines (NE Mindanao)
CLASSIFICA: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Mansakan
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 2725
LANGUAGE: Isamal
LOCATION: Philippines
CLASSIFICA: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Mansakan
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 2726
LANGUAGE: Caraga
LOCATION: SE Philippines (E Mindanao)
POPULATION: 3,000
CLASSIFICA: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Mansakan
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 2727
LANGUAGE: Mandayan
LOCATION: SE Philippines (E Mindanao)
POPULATION: 3,000
CLASSIFICA: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Mansakan
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 2728
LANGUAGE: Mansakan
ALTERNATEN: Mansaka
LOCATION: SE Philippines (SE Mindanao)
POPULATION: 35,000
CLASSIFICA: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Mansakan
OTHERSOURC: PML
CONSONANTS:

   p b t d k ɡ ʔ

s
m n ŋ
l
r

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
FRICATIVES: s
NASALS: m n ŋ
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: r
GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i
CENTRALVOW: ɨ a
BACKVOWELS: u
MODIFIEDVO: v̆ (short vowels)
DEMONSTRAT: 4: [3+ far distant]
PRONOUNS:

   1 4ie
2 5
3 6

NUMBER: 2729
LANGUAGE: Kalagan
LOCATION: SE Philippines (SE Mindanao)
POPULATION: 5,000
CLASSIFICA: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Mansakan
OTHERSOURC:

   Dawson, Francis B. 1958. "The Phonemes of Kalagan," OLM 3, 67-82.
WPF

CONSONANTS:

   b t d k ɡ ʔ

ɸ s (h)
m n ŋ
l

STOPS: b t d k ɡ ʔ
FRICATIVES: ɸ s (h)
NASALS: m n ŋ
LATERALS: l
MODIFIEDCO: c̄ s m n l
GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i e
CENTRALVOW: ɨ a
BACKVOWELS: u o
LONGVOWELS: v̄ all
SYLLABLE: (C)(C)V(C)
STRESS: final
PRONOUNS:

   1 4di 4ie
2 5
3 6

SYNTAX: VSO NG
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 2730
LANGUAGE: Tagakaolo
LOCATION: SE Philippines (S Mindanao)
POPULATION: 38,000
CLASSIFICA: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Mansakan
OTHERSOURC:

   AL 7:2
PML

CONSONANTS:

   b t d k ɡ ʔ

ɸ s h
m n ŋ
l

STOPS: b t d k ɡ ʔ
FRICATIVES: ɸ s h
NASALS: m n ŋ
LATERALS: l
GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i e
CENTRALVOW: ɨ a
BACKVOWELS: u o
LONGVOWELS: v̄
DEMONSTRAT: 3
PRONOUNS:

   1 4d 4ie
2 5
6

NUMBER: 2731
LANGUAGE: Mamanwa
LOCATION: SE Philippines (NE Mindanao)
POPULATION: 1,400
CLASSIFICA: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Mamanwa
GRAMMAR: Miller, Jeanne and Helen Miller. 1976. Mamanwa Grammar. Huntington Beach, CA: SIL.
OTHERSOURC:

   Blood, Doris Walker. 1962. "The 'Y' Archiphoneme in Mamanwa," AL 4:4, 29-30.
Verstraelen, Eugene. 1965. "Some Elementary Data on the Mamanwa Language," Anthropos 60, 803-15.
Miller, Jeanne. 1969. "Nonverbal Clauses in Mamanwa", PL A19,1-9.
Miller, Helen W. 1969. "Mamanwa Morphology," PL A19, 11-32.
Miller, Helen. 1973. "Thematization in Mamanwa," Linguistics 110, 55-73.
Miller, Jeanne. 1973. "Semantic Structure of Mamanwa Verbs," Lingustics 110, 74-81.
AL 7:2
PML

CONSONANTS:

   p b t d k ɡ ʔ

s ž h
m n ŋ
l
ɾ

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
FRICATIVES: s ž h
NASALS: m n ŋ
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: ɾ
GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i
CENTRALVOW: ɨ a
BACKVOWELS: o
SYLLABLE: CV(C)
STRESS: phonemic (but mostly final or penult)
DEMONSTRAT: 3
ARTICLES: def
PRONOUNS:

   1 4ie
2 5
3 6

SYNTAX: VSO AN/NA NG DN NUM-N N-POSS/POSS-N D+A+N
PREPPOST: PREP
COMMENTS: spoken by Negritos
NUMBER: 2732
LANGUAGE: Surigaonon
LOCATION: SE Philippines (NE Mindanao)
CLASSIFICA: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Bisayan: South
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 2733
LANGUAGE: Jaun-Jaun
LOCATION: Philippines
CLASSIFICA: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Bisayan: South
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 2734
LANGUAGE: Kantilan
LOCATION: Philippines
CLASSIFICA: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Bisayan: South
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 2735
LANGUAGE: Tausug
LOCATION: S Philippines (Jolo Is)
POPULATION: 330,000
CLASSIFICA: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Bisayan: South
OTHERSOURC:

   PML
WPF

CONSONANTS:

   p b t d k ɡ ʔ

s ž h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
FRICATIVES: s ž h
NASALS: m n ñ ŋ
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: r
GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u
DEMONSTRAT: 4: [3 + far distant]
PRONOUNS:

   1 4di 4ie
2 5
3 6

NUMBER: 2736
LANGUAGE: Butuanon
LOCATION: SE Philippines (NE Mindanao)
CLASSIFICA: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Bisayan: South
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 2737
LANGUAGE: Cebuano
LOCATION: SC Philippines (Cebu Is)
POPULATION: 10 million
CLASSIFICA: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Bisayan: Cebuan
DICTIONARY:

   Yap, Elsa Paula and Maria Victoria Bunye. 1971. Cebuano-Visayan Dictionary. Honolulu: Univ of Hawaii Press.
Wolff John U. 1972. A Dictionary of Cebuano Visayan. Ithaca: Southeast Asia Program, Cornell Univ.

GRAMMAR:

   Nelson Andrew M. 1964. An Introduction to Cebuano. Cebu City: Rotary Press.
Buyne, Maria Victoria R. and Elsa Paula Yap. 1971a. Cebuano Grammar Notes. Honolulu: Univ of Hawaii Press.
Wolff John U. 1962. A Description of Cebuano Visayan. Ithaca: Division of Modern Languages, Cornell Univ.

TEXTBOOKS:

   Wolff John U. 1966. Beginning Cebuano, 2 vols. New Haven: Yale Univ Press.
Bunye, Maria Victoria R. and Elsa Paula Yap. 1971b. Cebuano for Beginners. Honolulu: Univ of Hawaii Press.

CONSONANTS:

   p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ

s h
m n ŋ
l
ɾ

STOPS: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
FRICATIVES: s h
NASALS: m n ŋ
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: ɾ
GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i (e)
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u (o)
LONGVOWELS: v̄ all
DIPHTHONGS: ij aj uj iw aw
STRESS: phonemic (but mostly predictable: (1) on long vowel, (2) penult, (3) final)
DEMONSTRAT: 4: [3 + far away]
PRONOUNS:

   1 4ie
2 5
3 6

SYNTAX: VSO AN/(NA) NG DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 2738
LANGUAGE: Boholano
LOCATION: Philippines
CLASSIFICA: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Bisayan: Cebuan
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 2739
LANGUAGE: Gubat
LOCATION: Philippines
CLASSIFICA: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Bisayan: Central
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 2740
LANGUAGE: North Samar
LOCATION: Philippines
CLASSIFICA: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Bisayan: Central
CONSONANTS:

   




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