Capell, A. 1941. A New Fijian Dictionary. Sydney: Australasian Medical Publishing Co.
GRAMMAR:
Moore, William. 1881. Handbook of the Fijian Language. Ovalau, Fiji: G. L. Griffiths. Milner, George B. 1956. Fijian Grammar. Suva, Fiji: Government Press.
TEXTBOOKS:Schütz, Albert J. and Rusiate T. Komaitai. 1971. Spoken Fijian. Honolulu: Univ of Hawaii Press.
OTHERSOURC:
Scott, N. C. 1948. "A Study in the Phonetics of Fijian," BSOAS 12, 737-52. Lynch, John. 1973. "Verbal Aspects of Possession in Melanesian Languages," OL 12, 69-102. AL 6:9 WPF
CONSONANTS:
(p) mb t̪ n̪d̪ k ŋɡ
β ð s m n ŋ l ɾ nɾ
STOPS:(p) mb t̪ n̪d̪ k ŋɡ
FRICATIVES:β ð s
NASALS:m n ŋ
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:ɾ nɾ
GLIDES:j w
FRONTVOWEL:i ɛ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u ɔ
LONGVOWELS:v̄ all
SYLLABLE:(C)V
STRESS:penult
DEMONSTRAT:3
ARTICLES:def
PRONOUNS:
1 4die 4tie 4ie 2 5d 5t 5 3 6d 6t 6
SYNTAX:VOS NA NG ND NUM-N N-POSS(inalien)/POSS-N(alien)
PREPPOST:PREP
COMMENTS:Fijian comprises a number of distinct dialects, some of which are perhaps not mutually intelligible. "The terms 'Fijian language' and 'the Fijian dialects' are misleading. The 'Fijian dialects' clearly include several different languages. Although continuing contact between neighbouring speech communities had probably limited diversification, the structural diversity of the Fijian languages and dialects is at least equal to that of the Polynesian group as a whole.'' Andrew Pawlay, p. 269 of "The Relationships of Polynesian Outlier langauges," Journal of the Polynesian Society 76, 259-96.
NUMBER:3563
LANGUAGE:Proto-Polynesian
CLASSIFICA:Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central Pacific: Polynesian
OTHERSOURC:
Elbert, Samuel H. 1965. "Phonological Expansions in Outlier Polynesia," Lingua 14, 431-42. Cashmore, Christine. 1969. "Some Proto-Eastern Oceanic Reconstructions with Reflexes in Southeast Solomon Islands Languages," OL 8, 1-25. CTIL 8, 482.
DICTIONARY:McEwen, J. M. 1970. Niue Dictionary. Wellington: Dept of Maori and Island Affairs.
GRAMMAR:GD: Tregear, Edward and S. Percy Smith. 1907. A Vocabulary and Grammar of the Niuē Dialect of the Polynesian Langauge. Wellington: Government Printer.
OTHERSOURC:AL 6:7
CONSONANTS:
p t k
f v (s) h m n ŋ l
STOPS:p t k
FRICATIVES:f v (s) h
NASALS:m n ŋ
LATERALS:l
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o
LONGVOWELS:v̄ all
SYLLABLE:(C)V
STRESS:penult
DEMONSTRAT:3 + ref
ARTICLES:def indef
PRONOUNS:
1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 2 6d 6
SYNTAX:VSO NA NG ND NUM-N/(N-NUM [when the noun phrase is definite]) N-POSS/POSS-N
DICTIONARY:Chruchward, C. Maxwell. 1959 Tongan Dictionary. London: Oxford Univ Press.
GRAMMAR:
Churchward, C. Maxwell. 1953. Tongan Grammar. London: Oxford Univ Press. Morton, Ermel Joseph. 1962. A Descriptive Grammar of Tongan (Polynesian). Ann Arbor: University Microfilms.
TEXTBOOKS:Shumway, Eric P. 1971. Intensive Course in Tongan. Honolulu: Univ of Hawaii Press.
OTHERSOURC:AL 6:7
CONSONANTS:
p t k ʔ
f v s h m n ŋ l
STOPS:p t k ʔ
FRICATIVES:f v s h
NASALS:m n ŋ
LATERALS:l
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o
LONGVOWELS:v̄ all
ARTICLES:def indef
PRONOUNS:
1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 2 6d 6
SYNTAX:VSO/(VOS [with definite direct object]) NA NG ND NUM-N POSS-N
Milner, George B. 1966. Samoan Dictionary. London: Oxford Univ Press.
GRAMMAR:
GD: Pratt, George. 1962. Grammar and Dictionary of the Samoan Language. Malua, Samoa: Malua Printing Press. Churchward, Spencer. 1951. A Samoan Grammar. Melbourne: Methodist Church of Australasia.
TEXTBOOKS:
Baird, Rey L. 1967. Samoan: An Intensive Language Training Course. Provo: Brigham Young Univ. Marsack C. C. 1973. Teach Yourself Samoan. London: English University Press.
OTHERSOURC:
Pawley, Andrew. 1960. "Samoan Phonology in Outline," Te Reo 3, 47-50. Pawley, Andrew. 1961. "A Scheme for Describing Samoan Grammar," Te Reo 3, 38-43. Pawley, Andrew. 1962. "The Person-Markers in Samoan," Te Reo 5, 52-6. Pawley, Andrew. 1966. "Samoan Phrase Structure: The Morphology-Syntax of a Western Polynesian Language," AL 8:5, 1-63.
CONSONANTS:
p (t*) k ʔ (*ǀtǀ and ǀnǀ occur only in formal speech; in colloquial speech they are replaced by ǀkǀ and ǀŋǀ, respectively.)
f v s (h) m (n*) ŋ (*ǀtǀ and ǀnǀ occur only in formal speech; in colloquial speech they are replaced by ǀkǀ and ǀŋǀ, respectively.) l
STOPS:p (t*) k ʔ (*ǀtǀ and ǀnǀ occur only in formal speech; in colloquial speech they are replaced by ǀkǀ and ǀŋǀ, respectively.)
FRICATIVES:f v s (h)
NASALS:m (n*) ŋ (*ǀtǀ and ǀnǀ occur only in formal speech; in colloquial speech they are replaced by ǀkǀ and ǀŋǀ, respectively.)
GRAMMAR:GD: Feinberg, Richard. 1977. The Anutan Language Reconsidered: Lexicon and Grammar of a Polynesian Outlier, 2 vols. New Haven: Human Relations Area Files.
Hogbin, H. Ian. 1930. "Notes on a Grammar of the Language of Ongtong Java," BSOAS 5, 823-53. Lanyon-Orgill, Peter A. 1944. A Study of the Leuangiua Language. London: Luzac.
OTHERSOURC:
Salmond, Anne. 1974. A Generative Syntax of Luangiua. The Hague: Mouton. AL 6:7
