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\data\typol\typology
NUMBER: 3681
LANGUAGE: Komutu
LOCATION: E Papua New Guinea (N Morobe)
POPULATION: 610
CLASSIFICA: Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: Finisterre-Huon: Finisterre: Uruwa
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 3682
LANGUAGE: Weleki
LOCATION: E Papua New Guinea (N Morobe)
POPULATION: 130
CLASSIFICA: Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: Finisterre-Huon: Finisterre: Uruwa
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 3683
LANGUAGE: Wiru
LOCATION: C Papua New Guinea (E Southern Highlands)
POPULATION: 16,000
CLASSIFICA: Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands
OTHERSOURC:

   LSGD
PLNGLS

CONSONANTS:

   ph mb th nd kh


m n ŋ
l

STOPS: ph mb th nd kh
NASALS: m n ŋ
LATERALS: l
GLIDES: j w
FRONTVOWEL: i ɛ
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u ɔ
LONGVOWELS: v̄ ?
SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)
TONES:

   hi lo

PRONOUNS:

   1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
5d=6d

NUMBER: 3684
LANGUAGE: Kenati
LOCATION: C Papua New Guinea (S Eastern Highlands)
POPULATION: 550
CLASSIFICA: Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 3685
LANGUAGE: Gants
LOCATION: C Papua New Guinea (SW Madang)
POPULATION: 1,900
CLASSIFICA: Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: Kalam
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 3686
LANGUAGE: Kalam
LOCATION: C Papua New Guinea (SW Madang)
POPULATION: 13,000
CLASSIFICA: Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: Kalam
OTHERSOURC:

   Biggs, Bruce. 1963. "A Non-Phonemic Central Vowel Type in Karam, a 'Pigmy' Language of the Schrader Mountains, Central New Guinea," AL 5:4, 13-7.
E

CONSONANTS:

   mb t nd k ŋɡ
č ñɡ̌
ɸ s
m n ñ ŋ

r

STOPS: mb t nd k ŋɡ
AFFRICATES: č ñɡ̌
FRICATIVES: ɸ s
NASALS: m n ñ ŋ
VIBRANTS: r
GLIDES: j w
FRONTVOWEL: i ɛ
CENTRALVOW: ǝ a
BACKVOWELS: u o
LONGVOWELS: v̄ all but ǝ
DIPHTHONGS: aj ej aw
SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)
STRESS: phonemic, but mostly final
SYNTAX: SOV
NUMBER: 3687
LANGUAGE: Kobon
LOCATION: C Papua New Guinea (SW Madang)
POPULATION: 3,000
CLASSIFICA: Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: Kalam
OTHERSOURC: Dawson, Marcus and May Dawson. 1974. "Kobon Phrase," in Grammarical Studies in Three Languages of Papua New Guinea, Ukarumpa, PNG, SIL, 119-82.
CONSONANTS:

   




SYNTAX: SOV NA GN N-NUM N-POSS
PREPPOST: POST
NUMBER: 3688
LANGUAGE: Owena
LOCATION: C Papua New Guinea (S Eastern Highlands)
POPULATION: 380
CLASSIFICA: Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: Eastern
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 3689
LANGUAGE: Gadsup
LOCATION: C Papua New Guinea (NE Eastern Highlands)
POPULATION: 20,000
CLASSIFICA: Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: Eastern: Gadsup
OTHERSOURC:

   Frantz, Chester I. 1962. "Grammatical Categories as Indicated by Gadsup Noun Suffixes," OLM 6, 44-63.
Frantz, Chester and Howard McKaughan. 1964. "Gadsup Independent Verb Affixes," in VSFNGL, 84-99.
Frantz, Chester I. and Marjorie E. Frantz. 1966. "Gadsup Phoneme and Toneme Units, PL A7, 1-11.
Frantz, Chester I. 1976. "Gadsup Sentence Structure," in Higher Level Studies of Two Papua New Guinea Related Highlands Languages, Ukarumpa, PNG, SIL, 73-191.

CONSONANTS:

   p t d k ʔ

β
m n

STOPS: p t d k ʔ
FRICATIVES: β
NASALS: m n
GLIDES: j
FRONTVOWEL: i
CENTRALVOW: ǝ
BACKVOWELS: u
LONGVOWELS: ē ā ō
DIPHTHONGS: diphthonɡs
SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)
TONES: hi lo ris fall
NOUNNUMBER: s d t p d=2 t=3 or several; p=>2
PRONOUNS:

   1
2 5
3 6

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
PREPPOST: POST
NUMBER: 3690
LANGUAGE: Gadsup
DIALECT: Agarabi
LOCATION: C Papua New Guinea (NE Eastern Highlands)
POPULATION: 20,000 (11,000)
CLASSIFICA: Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: Eastern: Gadsup
GRAMMAR: Goddard, Jean. 1974. "Notes on Agarabi Grammar," in Grammatical Studies in Three Languages of Papua New Guinea, Ukarumpa, PNG, SIL, 75-118.
OTHERSOURC:

   Goddard, Jean. 1967. "Agarabi Narratives and Commentary," PL A13, 1-25.
Goddard, Jean. 1976. "Higher Levels of Agarabi Grammar," in Higher Level Studies of Two Papua New Guinea Related Highlands Languages, Ukarumpa, PNG, SIL, 5-72.

CONSONANTS:

   p t k ʔ


m n

ɾ

STOPS: p t k ʔ
NASALS: m n
VIBRANTS: ɾ
GLIDES: j w
FRONTVOWEL: i
CENTRALVOW: ǝ
BACKVOWELS: u
LONGVOWELS: ɛ̄ ā ō
TONES:

   hi
lo

ARTICLES: def indef
SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N Num+N+A
PREPPOST: POST
NUMBER: 3691
LANGUAGE: Auyana
DIALECT: Usarufa
LOCATION: C Papua New Guinea (NE Eastern Highlands)
POPULATION: 75,000 (1,000)
CLASSIFICA: Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: Eastern: Gadsup
OTHERSOURC:

   Bee, Darlene and Kathleen Barker Glasgow. 1962. "Usarufa Tone and Segmental Phonemes," OLM 6, 111-27.
Bee, Darlene. 1965. "Usarufa Distinctive Features and Phonemes," PL A6, 39-68.
Longacre, Robert E. 1972. Hierarchy and Universality of Discourse Constituents in New Guinea Languages: Texts. Washington, D.C: Georgetown Univ Press.
AL 7:9
WPF

CONSONANTS:

   p ʔp t ʔt k ʔk ʔ (Some sources indicate that ǀʔp, ʔt, ʔkǀ are rather ǀb, d, ɡǀ, with ǀb, ɡǀ realized as (β, ð).)


m ʔm n ʔn

ɾ

STOPS: p ʔp t ʔt k ʔk ʔ (Some sources indicate that ǀʔp, ʔt, ʔkǀ are rather ǀb, d, ɡǀ, with ǀb, ɡǀ realized as (β, ð).)
NASALS: m ʔm n ʔn
VIBRANTS: ɾ
MODIFIEDCO: c̄ m n
GLIDES: j ʔj w ʔw
FRONTVOWEL: i e
CENTRALVOW: ɐ
BACKVOWELS: u o
LONGVOWELS: v̄ a only
SYLLABLE: (C)V
TONES: hi lo fall
PRONOUNS:

   1 4d 4t 4
2 5d 5t 5
3 6d 6t 6

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+A+N & Num+A+N
PREPPOST: POST
NUMBER: 3692
LANGUAGE: Awa
LOCATION: C Papua New Guinea (S Eastern Highlands)
POPULATION: 1,500
CLASSIFICA: Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: Eastern: Gadsup
DICTIONARY: Loving, Richard and Aretta Loving. 1975. Awa Dictionary. PL C30.
OTHERSOURC:

   Loving, Richard and Aretta Loving. 1962. "A Preliminary Survey of Awa Noun Suffixes," OLM 6, 28-43.
Loving, Richard and Howard McKaughan. 1964. "Awa Verbs," in VSFNGL, 1-44.
Loving, Richard E. 1966. "Awa Phonemes, Tonemes and Tonally Differentiated Allomorphs," PL A7, 23-32.
PLNGLS

CONSONANTS:

   p b t k ɡ ʔ
ts

m n

ɾ

STOPS: p b t k ɡ ʔ
AFFRICATES: ts
NASALS: m n
VIBRANTS: ɾ
GLIDES: j w
FRONTVOWEL: i e æ
CENTRALVOW: ǝ a
BACKVOWELS: u o
SYLLABLE: (C)V(N,ʔ)
TONES: hi lo ris fall
NOUNNUMBER: s d t p
DEMONSTRAT: 5: [2 + that level over there, that above over there, that below over there] + ref
ARTICLES: def
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2 5
3 6
4=5

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+A+N
PREPPOST: POST
NUMBER: 3693
LANGUAGE: Tairora
LOCATION: C Papua New Guinea (E Eastern Highlands)
POPULATION: 8,500
CLASSIFICA: Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: Eastern: Tairora
OTHERSOURC:

   Vincent, Alex and Lois Vincent. 1962. "Introductory Notes on Tairora Verb Morphology and Syntax," OLM 6, 4-27.
Wurm, S. A. 1964. Phonological Diversification in Australian New Guinea Highlands Languages. PL B2.
WPF

CONSONANTS:

   p b mb t nd k ŋɡ ʔ

h
m n

ɾ

STOPS: p b mb t nd k ŋɡ ʔ
FRICATIVES: h
NASALS: m n
VIBRANTS: ɾ
FRONTVOWEL: i
CENTRALVOW: ǝ
BACKVOWELS: u
LONGVOWELS: ē ā ō
PRONOUNS:

   1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6

SYNTAX: SOV
PREPPOST: POST
NUMBER: 3694
LANGUAGE: Binumarien
LOCATION: C Papua New Guinea (NE Eastern Highlands)
POPULATION: 150
CLASSIFICA: Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: Eastern: Tairora
OTHERSOURC: Oatridge, Des and Jennifer Oatridge. 1966. "Phonemes of Binumarien," PL A7, 13-21.
CONSONANTS:

   p t k ʔ

ɸ s
m n (ŋ)

ɾ̣

STOPS: p t k ʔ
FRICATIVES: h
NASALS: m n (ŋ)
VIBRANTS: ɾ̣
MODIFIEDCO: ʔc ?
GLIDES: j w
FRONTVOWEL: i
CENTRALVOW: ɐ
BACKVOWELS: u
LONGVOWELS: ī ē ā ū ɔ̄
DIPHTHONGS: ua au ai ia ui iu
SYLLABLE: (C)(C)V
TONES: hi lo
SYNTAX: POSS-N
PREPPOST: POST
NUMBER: 3695
LANGUAGE: Waffa
LOCATION: C Papua New Guinea (SW Morobe)
POPULATION: 950
CLASSIFICA: Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: Eastern: Tairora
OTHERSOURC: Stringer, Mary and Joyce Hotz. 1971. "Waffa Phonemes," Te Reo 14, 42-8.
CONSONANTS:

   p mb t nd k ŋɡ ʔ

ɸ β β̃ s h
m n ŋ

ɾ ɾ̃

STOPS: p mb t nd k ŋɡ ʔ
FRICATIVES: ɸ β β̃ s h
NASALS: m n ŋ
VIBRANTS: ɾ ɾ̃
GLIDES: j
FRONTVOWEL: i ɛ
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u ɔ
LONGVOWELS: v̄ all
SYLLABLE: (C)V
STRESS: phonemic
NOUNNUMBER: s d p
DEMONSTRAT: ref
SYNTAX: SOV GN POSS-N
PREPPOST: POST
NUMBER: 3696
LANGUAGE: Gende
LOCATION: C Papua New Guinea (SC Madang)
POPULATION: 9,000
CLASSIFICA: Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: East-Central
OTHERSOURC: Wurm, S. A. 1964. Phonological Diversification in Australian New Guinea Highlands Languages. PL B2.
CONSONANTS:

   p b mb t nd c ɟ ñɟ k ɡ ŋɡ

z
m n ñ
l
r

STOPS: p b mb t nd c ɟ ñɟ k ɡ ŋɡ
FRICATIVES: z
NASALS: m n ñ
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: r
MODIFIEDCO: cʷ k ɡ ŋɡ
GLIDES: j w
FRONTVOWEL: i e
CENTRALVOW: ǝ a
BACKVOWELS: u o
NUMBER: 3697
LANGUAGE: Kamano
LOCATION: C Papua New Guinea (Eastern Highlands)
POPULATION: 84,000
CLASSIFICA: Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: East-Central
OTHERSOURC:

   Wurm, S. A. 1964. Phonological Diversification in Australian New Guinea Highlands Languages. PL B2.
Young, Rosemary. 1962. "The Phonemes of Kanite, Kamano, Benabena and Gahuku," OLM 6, 90-110.

CONSONANTS:

   p t k ɡ ʔ

β f s z h
m n

ɾ

STOPS: p t k ɡ ʔ
FRICATIVES: β f s z h
NASALS: m n
VIBRANTS: ɾ
FRONTVOWEL: i ɛ
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u o
SYLLABLE: (C)V(ʔ)
STRESS: phonemic
NUMBER: 3698
LANGUAGE: Kamano
DIALECT: Yagaria
LOCATION: C Papua New Guinea (Eastern Highlands)
POPULATION: 84,000 (21,000)
CLASSIFICA: Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: East-Central
DICTIONARY: Renck, G. L. 1977. Yagaria Dictionary. PL C37.
GRAMMAR: Renck, G. L. 1975. A Grammar of Yagaria. PL B40.
OTHERSOURC: Renck, G. L. 1967. "A Tentative Statement of the Phonemes of Yagaria," PL A12, 19-48.
CONSONANTS:

   p b t d k ɡ ʔ

f v s h
m n
L

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
FRICATIVES: f v s h
NASALS: m n
LATERALS: L
GLIDES: j
FRONTVOWEL: i ɛ
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u o
MODIFIEDVO: vowel harmony
DIPHTHONGS: ɛi ou aɛ ao
SYLLABLE: (C)V(ʔ)
TONES: hi mid lo
STRESS: phonemic [stress and tones are linked]
NOUNNUMBER: (s, d, p suffixes rarely used)
DEMONSTRAT: 3
PRONOUNS:

   1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6

SYNTAX: SOV AN(NA) GN DN N-NUM/(NUM-N) POSS-N(inalien)/N-POSS(alien) D+A+N+Num
PREPPOST: POST
NUMBER: 3699
LANGUAGE: Kamano
DIALECT: Kanite
LOCATION: C Papua New Guinea (Eastern Highlands)
POPULATION: 84,000 (3,400)
CLASSIFICA: Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: East-Central
OTHERSOURC:

   Young, Rosemary. 1962. "The Phoemes of Kanite, Kamano, Benabena and Gahuku," OLM 6, 90-110.
McCarthy, Joy. 1965. "Clause Chaining in Kanite," AL 7:5, 59-70.

CONSONANTS:

   p t k ʔ

β f s h
m n
L

STOPS: p t k ʔ
FRICATIVES: β f s h
NASALS: m n
LATERALS: L
GLIDES: j
FRONTVOWEL: i ɛ
CENTRALVOW: ǝ a
BACKVOWELS: u o
DIPHTHONGS: ai au ǝi ǝu
SYLLABLE: (C)V(ʔ)
TONES: hi lo
STRESS: phonemic
SYNTAX: SOV AN GN POSS-N
PREPPOST: POST
NUMBER: 3700
LANGUAGE: Siane
LOCATION: C Papua New Guinea (Eastern Highlands)
POPULATION: 16,000
CLASSIFICA: Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: East-Central: Siane
OTHERSOURC:

   Lucht, Ramona and Dorothy James. 1962. "Phonemes of Siane," Te Reo 5, 12-6.
WALS

CONSONANTS:

   p mb t nd k ŋɡ (ʔ)

f s
m n
l

STOPS: p mb t nd k ŋɡ (ʔ)
FRICATIVES: f s
NASALS: m n
LATERALS: l
GLIDES: j w
FRONTVOWEL: i e
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u o
SYLLABLE: (C)V
TONES: hi lo
STRESS: initial
SYNTAX: SOV
typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-glides,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-pronouns,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-vibrants,typology-glides,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-diphthongs,typology-syllable,typology-stress,typology-syntax,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-glides,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-diphthongs,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-nounnumber,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-dialect,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-nasals,typology-vibrants,typology-glides,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-tones,typology-articles,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-dialect,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-nasals,typology-vibrants,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-dictionary,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-nasals,typology-vibrants,typology-glides,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-nounnumber,typology-demonstrat,typology-articles,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-vibrants,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-vibrants,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-diphthongs,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-vibrants,typology-glides,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-syllable,typology-stress,typology-nounnumber,typology-demonstrat,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-vibrants,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-syllable,typology-stress,typology-language,typology-dialect,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-dictionary,typology-grammar,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-glides,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-modifiedvo,typology-diphthongs,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-stress,typology-nounnumber,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-dialect,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-glides,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-diphthongs,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-stress,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-glides,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-stress,typology-syntax,
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