CLASSIFICA:Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: East-Central: Siane
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:3702
LANGUAGE:Gahuku
LOCATION:C Papua New Guinea (Eastern Highlands)
POPULATION:23,000
CLASSIFICA:Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: East-Central: Gahuku
GRAMMAR:Deibler, Ellis W., Jr. 1976. Semantic Relationships of Guhuku Verbs. SIL 48.
OTHERSOURC:Young, Rosemary. 1962. "The Phonemes of Kanite, Kamano, Benabena and Gahuku," OLM 6, 90-110.
CONSONANTS:
p t k ʔ
β s z ɣ h m n
ɾ̣
STOPS:p t k ʔ
FRICATIVES:β s z ɣ h
NASALS:m n
VIBRANTS:ɾ̣
GLIDES:(w)
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:ɯ ɤ
LONGVOWELS:v̄
SYLLABLE:[C]V[ʔ]
TONES:hi lo
STRESS:non-phonemic
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3 6
SYNTAX:SOV NA/(AN[colors]) GN DN N-NUM POSS-N/N-POSS D+N+A+Num
PREPPOST:POST
NUMBER:3703
LANGUAGE:Gahuku
DIALECT:Asaro
LOCATION:C Papua New Guinea (Eastern Highlands)
POPULATION:23,000 (14,000)
CLASSIFICA:Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: East-Central: Gahuku
OTHERSOURC:Strange, Gladys Neeley. 1965. "Nominal Elements in Upper Asaro," AL 7:5, 71-9.
CONSONANTS:
phmb thnd khŋɡ ʔ
β s z ɣ h m n ľ
STOPS:phmb thnd khŋɡ ʔ
FRICATIVES:β s z ɣ h
NASALS:m n
LATERALS:ľ
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o
NOUNNUMBER:s d p
ARTICLES:def indef
SYNTAX:SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N/N-POSS
PREPPOST:POST
NUMBER:3704
LANGUAGE:Benabena
ALTERNATEN:Dano
LOCATION:C Papua New Guinea (Eastern Highlands)
POPULATION:15,000
CLASSIFICA:Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: East-Central: Gahuku
OTHERSOURC:
Young, Rosemary. 1962. "The Phonemes of Kanita, Kamano, Benabena and Gahuku," OLM 6, 90-110. Young, Robert A. 1964. "The Primary Verb in Bena-Bena," in VSFNGL, 45-83. Young, Robert and Rosemary Young. 1965. "The Three Dimensional Classification System of Bena-Bena Nouns," AL 7:5, 80-3. Young, R. A. 1971. The Verb in Bena-Bena: Its Form and Function. PL B18.
CONSONANTS:
p t k ʔ
β f s ɣ h m n ḷ
STOPS:p t k ʔ
FRICATIVES:β f s ɣ h
NASALS:m n
LATERALS:ḷ
GLIDES:j
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o
SYLLABLE:(C)V(ʔ)
STRESS:phonemic
ARTICLES:indef
PRONOUNS:
1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6 5d=6d 5=6
SYNTAX:SOV AN GN DN POSS-N/N-POSS
NUMBER:3705
LANGUAGE:Fore
LOCATION:C Papua New Guinea (Eastern Highlands)
POPULATION:18,000
CLASSIFICA:Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: East-Central: Gahuku
GRAMMAR:Scott, Graham. 1978. The Fore Language of Papua New Guinea. PL B47.
OTHERSOURC:
Nicholson, Ruth and Ray Nicholson. 1962. "Fore Phonemes and their Interpretation," OLM 6, 128-48. Scott, Graham. 1973. Higher Levels of Fore Grammar. PL B23.
CONSONANTS:
p t̪ k ʔ
s̪ m n̪
STOPS:p t̪ k ʔ
FRICATIVES:s̪
NASALS:m n̪
MODIFIEDCO:
Nc p t k ʔc (perhaps clusters) p t k m n j w
GLIDES:j w
FRONTVOWEL:i
CENTRALVOW:ǝ
BACKVOWELS:u
LONGVOWELS:ē ā ō
DIPHTHONGS:ae ai ao au
SYLLABLE:(C)V
STRESS:phonemic pitch accent
DEMONSTRAT:9: this above close, that above distant; this here (close), that there (close), that over there (close); that over there (mid), that over there (distant); this below (close), that below (distant)
PRONOUNS:
1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6
SYNTAX:SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS D+Num+A+N
PREPPOST:POST
NUMBER:3706
LANGUAGE:Gimi
LOCATION:C Papua New Guinea (SW Eastern Highlands)
POPULATION:19,000
CLASSIFICA:Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: East-Central: Gahuku
OTHERSOURC:Wurm, S. A. 1964. Phonological Diversification in Australian New Guinea Highlands Languages. PL B2.
CONSONANTS:
p b t d k ʔ
s m n
r
STOPS:p b t d k ʔ
FRICATIVES:s
NASALS:m n
VIBRANTS:r
GLIDES:j w
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:ǝ a
BACKVOWELS:u o
NUMBER:3707
LANGUAGE:Medlpa
ALTERNATEN:Hagen, Umbu-Ungu
DIALECT:Gawigl
LOCATION:C Papua New Guinea (E Western Highlands)
POPULATION:100,000 (31,000)
CLASSIFICA:Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: Central
OTHERSOURC:
Blowers, Bruce L. 1970. "Kaugel Phonemic Statement," PL A26, 1-12. E
CONSONANTS:
phmb t̪hnd khŋɡ t̪ln̪d̪z (ts)
m n ľ L ɾ
STOPS:phmb t̪hnd khŋɡ
AFFRICATES:t̪ln̪d̪z (ts)
NASALS:m n
LATERALS:ľ L
VIBRANTS:ɾ
GLIDES:j w
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o
SYLLABLE:(C)(C)V
STRESS:phonemic
SYNTAX:SOV
NUMBER:3708
LANGUAGE:Chimbu
ALTERNATEN:Kuman
DIALECT:Kuman
LOCATION:C Papua New Guinea (Chimbu)
POPULATION:133,000 (66,000)
CLASSIFICA:Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: Central: Chimbu
TEXTBOOKS:Trefry, D. and J. F. Trefry. 1967. Kuman Language Course. Port Moresby: Dept of Information & Extension Services.
OTHERSOURC:Trefry, D. 1969. A Comparative Study of Kuman and Pawaian. PL B13. PLNGLS
CONSONANTS:
phmb thnd khŋɡ
s m n l L ɾ
STOPS:phmb thnd khŋɡ
FRICATIVES:s
NASALS:m n
LATERALS:l L
VIBRANTS:ɾ
GLIDES:j w
FRONTVOWEL:I e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:ʋ o
SYLLABLE:(C)V(C)
DEMONSTRAT:2
PRONOUNS:
1 4ie 2 5 3 6 2=5 3=6
SYNTAX:SOV NA GN DN N-NUM POSS-N/N-POSS D+N+A+Num
PREPPOST:POST
NUMBER:3709
LANGUAGE:Chimbu
DIALECT:Golin
LOCATION:C Papua New Guinea (Chimbu)
POPULATION:133,000 (27,000)
CLASSIFICA:Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: Central: Chimbu
1 2 *3 Number is not distinguished in the pronouns. Irwin 1974, p. 32
SYNTAX:SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N/N-POSS
PREPPOST:POST
NUMBER:3712
LANGUAGE:Chuave
LOCATION:C Papua New Guinea (Chimbu)
POPULATION:24,000
CLASSIFICA:Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: Central: Chimbu
OTHERSOURC:
Swick, Joyce. 1966. "Chuave Phonological Hierarchy," PL A7, 33-48. E
CONSONANTS:
b t d k ɡ
ɸ s m n (ľ) ɾ
STOPS:b t d k ɡ
FRICATIVES:ɸ s
NASALS:m n
LATERALS:(ľ)
VIBRANTS:ɾ
GLIDES:j w
FRONTVOWEL:i ɛ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u ɔ
SYLLABLE:(C)(w)V(C)
SYNTAX:SOV NA POSS-N/N-POSS
NUMBER:3713
LANGUAGE:Nomane
LOCATION:C Papua New Guinea (Chimbu)
POPULATION:4,000
CLASSIFICA:Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: Central: Chimbu
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:3714
LANGUAGE:Wahgi
LOCATION:C Papua New Guinea (E Western Highlands)
POPULATION:45,000
CLASSIFICA:Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: Central: Wahgi
OTHERSOURC:
Luzbetak, Louis J. 1956. Middle Wahgi Phonology. OLM 2. Phillips,Donald J. 1976. Wahgi Phonology and Morphology. PL B36.
CONSONANTS:
p mb t nd k ŋɡ n̪d̪z s̪ m n̪ n ŋ l̪ l L
STOPS:p mb t nd k ŋɡ
AFFRICATES:n̪d̪z
FRICATIVES:s̪
NASALS:m n̪ n ŋ
LATERALS:l̪ l L
GLIDES:j w
FRONTVOWEL:i I ɛ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u ɔ
MODIFIEDVO:vowel harmony
SYLLABLE:(C)V(C)(C)
TONES:hi lo ris
STRESS:phonemic, but mostly final
NOUNNUMBER:s p
ARTICLES:indef
PRONOUNS:
1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3 6d 6
SYNTAX:SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N/N-POSS
PREPPOST:POST
NUMBER:3715
LANGUAGE:Nii
LOCATION:C Papua New Guinea (E Western Highlands)
POPULATION:9,300
CLASSIFICA:Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: Central: Wahgi
OTHERSOURC:Stucky, Al and Dellene Stucky. 1973. "Nii Phonology," in Phonologies of Three Languages of Papua New Guinea, Ukarumpa, PNG, SIL, 37-78.
CONSONANTS:
p mb t nd k ŋɡ n̪d̪z s̪ m n̪ n ŋ ɬ̪ ľ L̥ ɾ
STOPS:p mb t nd k ŋɡ
AFFRICATES:n̪d̪z
FRICATIVES:s̪
NASALS:m n̪ n ŋ
LATERALS:ɬ̪ ľ L̥
VIBRANTS:ɾ
MODIFIEDCO:cʷ ?
GLIDES:j w
FRONTVOWEL:i I ɛ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:ʋ o
DIPHTHONGS:ai ɛi ɛI oi oI ui ou
SYLLABLE:(C)V(C)
TONES:hi ris
STRESS:phonemic
SYNTAX:SOV N-NUM
NUMBER:3716
LANGUAGE:Narak
LOCATION:C Papua New Guinea (E Western Highlands)
POPULATION:5,000
CLASSIFICA:Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: Central: Jimi
OTHERSOURC:
Cook, Edwin A. 1967. "A Preliminary Statement of Narak Spatial Diexis," AL 9:6,1-29. Hainsworth, Joan. 1972. "Narak Noun Possession and Morphophonemic Rules," AL 14, 46-61. Wurm, S. A. 1964. Phonological Diversification in Australian New Guinea HIghlands Languages. PL B2. E
CONSONANTS:
p mb t nd k ŋɡ ndz s m n̪ n ŋ l̪ ľ
STOPS:p mb t nd k ŋɡ
AFFRICATES:ndz
FRICATIVES:s
NASALS:m n̪ n ŋ
LATERALS:l̪ ľ
GLIDES:j w
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o
TONES:hi lo ris fall
PRONOUNS:
1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6
SYNTAX:SOV POSS-N/N-POSS
NUMBER:3717
LANGUAGE:Maring
LOCATION:C Papua New Guinea (E Western Highlands)
POPULATION:8,000
CLASSIFICA:Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: Central: Jimi
OTHERSOURC:Woodward, L. B. 1973. "Maring Sentences," in Three Studies in Sentence Structure, Ukarumpa, PNG, SIL, 1-20.
CONSONANTS:
p b t d k ɡ ɡ̌ s m n ñ ŋ l r
STOPS:p b t d k ɡ
AFFRICATES:ɡ̌
FRICATIVES:s
NASALS:m n ñ ŋ
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:r
GLIDES:j w
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o
LONGVOWELS:v̄ ?
ARTICLES:indef
SYNTAX:SOV NA GN ND
PREPPOST:POST
NUMBER:3718
LANGUAGE:Ganja
CLASSIFICA:Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: Central: Jimi
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:3719
LANGUAGE:Huli
LOCATION:C Papua New Guinea (Southern Highlands)
POPULATION:65,000
CLASSIFICA:Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: West-Central
GRAMMAR:Rule, W. M. 1977. A Comparative Study of the Fee, Huli and Pole Languages of Papua New Guinea. OLM 20.
CONSONANTS:
p mb t thnd k khŋɡ pɸ h m n ḷ ɾ
STOPS:p mb t thnd k khŋɡ
AFFRICATES:pɸ
FRICATIVES:h
NASALS:m n
LATERALS:ḷ
VIBRANTS:ɾ
GLIDES:j w
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o
NASALVOWEL:ṽ all
TONES:tones
DEMONSTRAT:2
PRONOUNS:
1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6 5d=6d 5=6
SYNTAX:SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+A+Num+D
PREPPOST:POST
NUMBER:3720
LANGUAGE:Enga
ALTERNATEN:Kyaka
DIALECT:Mai
LOCATION:C Papua New Guinea (Western Highlands)
POPULATION:150,000
CLASSIFICA:Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: West-Central: Enga
Hintze, Otto C. 1975. "A Phonemic Statement of Mai Enga," Kivung 8, 145-85. Lang, Adrianne. 1975. The Semantics of Classificatory Verbs in Enga (and Other Papua New Guinea Languages). PL B39. PLNGLS