CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo
DICTIONARY:Accam, T. N. 1966. Adangme Vocabularies. Legon, Ghana: Institute of African Studies.
OTHERSOURC:
Kropp, Mary Esther. 1964. "The Morphology of the Adangme Verb Complex,"JAL 3, 80-95. Language Guide (Daŋme Version). 1968. Accra: Bureau of Ghana Languages. Dakubu, M. E. Kropp. 1970. "The Adangme Verb Reconsidered," JAL 9, 19-26. Apronti, E. O. 1971. "The Structure of the Nominal Group in Dangme," JAL 10, 65-72.
CONSONANTS:
p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ f s š h v z m n ñ ŋ ŋm l r
STOPS:p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb
AFFRICATES:č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES:f v s z š h
NASALS:m n ñ ŋ ŋm
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:r
MODIFIEDCO:cʷ č ɡ̌ š h ŋ
GLIDES:j ɥ w
VOWELS:
I ʋ ɛ ɔ a
FRONTVOWEL:I ɛ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:ʋ ɔ
LONGVOWELS:ī ē ū ō ɔ̄
NASALVOWEL:ṽ ?
TONES:hi (mid) lo
NOUNNUMBER:s p
ARTICLES:def
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3 6
SYNTAX:SVO NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+A+Num+D
NUMBER:422
LANGUAGE:Ewe
DIALECT:Anglo
LOCATION:SE Ghana
POPULATION:2.4 million
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Togo
GRAMMAR:Westermann, Diedrich. 1960. A Study of the Ewe Language. London: Oxford Univ Press.
TEXTBOOKS:Warburton, Irene, Prosper Kpotufe and Roland Glover. 1968. Ewe Basic Course. Bloomington: African Studies Program, Indiana Univ.
OTHERSOURC:Berry, Jack. The Pronunciation of Ewe. Cambridge: Heffer.
CONSONANTS:
(p) t̪ k kp b d̪ ḍ ɡ ɡb t̪s (č) d̪z (ɡ̌) ɸ f s x β v z ɣ ɦ m n̪ ñ ŋ l (ɹ)
STOPS:(p) b t̪ d̪ ḍ k ɡ kp ɡb
AFFRICATES:t̪s d̪z (č) (ɡ̌)
FRICATIVES:ɸ β f v s z x ɣ ɦ
NASALS:m n̪ ñ ŋ
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:(ɹ)
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u e ǝ o ɔ a
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:ǝ a
BACKVOWELS:u o ɔ
LONGVOWELS:v̄ all
NASALVOWEL:
ṽ all but e v̄̃ all
DIPHTHONGS:diphthonɡs
SYLLABLE:(C)(L)V Nˈ
TONES:hi mid lo ris fall (ris-fall)
NOUNNUMBER:s p
DEMONSTRAT:2
ARTICLES:def indef
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3 6
SYNTAX:SVO NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N/(N-POSS)
PREPPOST:POST
NUMBER:423
LANGUAGE:Ewe
DIALECT:Adja
LOCATION:SW Benin
POPULATION:2.4 million (475,000)
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Togo
DICTIONARY:Harguindéguy, R. 1969. Dictionnaire adja-français, 2 vols. Lyon: Afrique et Langage.
CONSONANTS:
p t k kp b d ḍ ɡ ɡb č ̌ ɡ̌ f s š x h v z ž ɣ m n ñ ŋ l r
STOPS:p b t d ḍ k ɡ kp ɡb
AFFRICATES:č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES:f v s z š ž x ɣ h
NASALS:m n ñ ŋ
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:r
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u e o ɛ ɔ a
FRONTVOWEL:i e ɛ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o ɔ
NASALVOWEL:ı̃ ɛ̃ ã ũ ɔ̃
TONES:
hi mid lo ris
SYNTAX:SVO
NUMBER:424
LANGUAGE:Ewe
DIALECT:Gũ
LOCATION:S Benin
POPULATION:2.4 million
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Togo
OTHERSOURC:
Rouget, Gilbert. 1962. "Une chante-fable d'un signe divinatoire (Dahomey)," JAL 1, 273-92. Rouget, Gilbert. 1963. "Le problème du 'ton moyen' en gũ," JAL 2, 218-21.
CONSONANTS:
t k kp b d ḍ ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ f s x h v m n ñ l
STOPS:b t d ḍ k ɡ kp ɡb
AFFRICATES:č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES:f v s x h
NASALS:m n ñ
LATERALS:l
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u e o ɛ ɔ a
FRONTVOWEL:i e ɛ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o ɔ
NASALVOWEL:ı̃ ɛ̃ ã ũ ɔ̃
TONES:hi (mid) lo ris fall
SYNTAX:SVO
NUMBER:425
LANGUAGE:Fon
ALTERNATEN:Fongbe
LOCATION:S Benin
POPULATION:1.4 million
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Togo
DICTIONARY:Segurola, B. 1963. Dictionnaire fon-français. Cotonou, Dahomey.
GRAMMAR:Alapini, Julien. 1969. Le petit dahoméen. Cotonou, Dahomey: Les Éditions du Benin.
TEXTBOOKS:Guillet, Gérard. 1972. Initiation à la tonalité et à la grammaire de la langue fon. Cotonou, Dahomey.
CONSONANTS:
(p) t k kp b d ḍ ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ f s x v z ɦ m n ñ l
STOPS:(p) b t d ḍ k ɡ kp ɡb
AFFRICATES:č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES:f v s z x ɦ
NASALS:m n ñ
LATERALS:l
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u e o ɛ ɔ a
FRONTVOWEL:i e ɛ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o ɔ
NASALVOWEL:ı̃ ɛ̃ ã ũ ɔ̃
TONES:hi mid lo fall-ris (mid-ris) (mid-fall)
NOUNNUMBER:s p
DEMONSTRAT:2
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3 6
SYNTAX:SVO NA NG/GN ND N-NUM N-POSS
PREPPOST:PREP/POST
NUMBER:426
LANGUAGE:Mbato
LOCATION:Ivory Coast
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Togo
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:427
LANGUAGE:Ebrie
ALTERNATEN:Kyama
LOCATION:Ivory Coast
POPULATION:11,500
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Togo
OTHERSOURC:Vogler, P. 1968. "Esquisse phonologique de l'ebrié," Annales de l'Univ d'Abidjan, Series H, Linguistique, tome 1, fascicule 1, 60-5.
CONSONANTS:
p t c k kp b d ɟ ɡ ɡb f s (h) m n ñ l
STOPS:p b t d c ɟ k ɡ kp ɡb
FRICATIVES:f s (h)
NASALS:m n ñ
LATERALS:l
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u e o ɛ ɔ a
FRONTVOWEL:i e ɛ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o ɔ
NASALVOWEL:ẽ ã õ
TONES:hi lo
NUMBER:428
LANGUAGE:Attie
LOCATION:Ivory Coast
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Togo
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:429
LANGUAGE:Abe
LOCATION:Ivory Coast
POPULATION:22,000
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Togo
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:430
LANGUAGE:Abiji
LOCATION:Ivory Coast
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Togo
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:431
LANGUAGE:Krobu
LOCATION:Ivory Coast
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Togo
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:432
LANGUAGE:Adyukru
LOCATION:S Ivory Coast
POPULATION:72,000
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Togo
GRAMMAR:Hérault, G. 1978. Éléments de grammaire adioukrou. Abidjan: Institut de Linguistique Appliquée, Univ d'Abidjan.
OTHERSOURC:LWA
CONSONANTS:
p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ f s (x) m n ñ ŋ ľ r
STOPS:p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb
AFFRICATES:č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES:f s (x)
NASALS:m n ñ ŋ
LATERALS:ľ
VIBRANTS:r
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u e o ɛ ɔ a
FRONTVOWEL:i e ɛ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o ɔ
MODIFIEDVO:vowel harmony
SYLLABLE:Nˈ lˈ rˈ
TONES:
hi lo ris fall downstep
NOUNNUMBER:s p
NOUNCLASSE:
8
DEMONSTRAT:1 + ref
ARTICLES:def
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3 6 + indef
SYNTAX:SVO NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N(1 3 4 5 6)/N-POSS (2) N+A+D
PREPPOST:POST
NUMBER:433
LANGUAGE:Aladian
LOCATION:Ivory Coast
POPULATION:7,500
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Togo
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:434
LANGUAGE:Avikam
LOCATION:Ivory Coast
POPULATION:8,000
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Togo
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:435
LANGUAGE:Ebira
ALTERNATEN:Igbirra
LOCATION:WC Nigeria (Kwara)
POPULATION:180,000
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Central Niger: Niger-Kaduna
OTHERSOURC:
Ladefoged, Peter. 1964. "Igbirra Notes and Word-List," JWAL 1:1, 27-37 . STAL
CONSONANTS:
p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ v s h z m n ñ ŋ r
STOPS:p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb
AFFRICATES:č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES:v s z h
NASALS:m n ñ ŋ
VIBRANTS:r
MODIFIEDCO:cʷ s z h ŋ
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u I ʋ e o ɛ ɔ a
FRONTVOWEL:i I e ɛ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u ʋ o ɔ
LONGVOWELS:v̄
NASALVOWEL:ṽ ?
MODIFIEDVO:vowel harmany
TONES:hi mid lo
SYNTAX:SVO NA N-POSS
PREPPOST:PREP
NUMBER:436
LANGUAGE:Gade
LOCATION:C Nigeria
POPULATION:90,000
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Central Niger: Niger-Kaduna
GRAMMAR:Sterk, Jan Pieter. 1977. Elements of Gade Grammar. Madison: Univ of Wisconsin Diss.
CONSONANTS:
p t c k kp b d ɡ ɡb f s v z m n r
STOPS:p b t d c k ɡ kp ɡb
FRICATIVES:f v s z
NASALS:m n
VIBRANTS:r
MODIFIEDCO:
cj cʷ
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u I ʋ e o ɛ ɔ a
FRONTVOWEL:i I e ɛ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u ʋ o ɔ
MODIFIEDVO:vowel harmony
SYLLABLE:Nˈ
TONES:hi mid lo [+ ten gliding tones]
NOUNNUMBER:s p
NOUNCLASSE:5: (1) 'general' person nouns, (2) the word 'person', (3) non-person nouns-vowel initial, (4) non-person nouns-consonant initial, (5) 'co-wife,' senior person, doctor.
DEMONSTRAT:2
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3 6hH H=non-human
SYNTAX:SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
PREPPOST:PREP
NUMBER:437
LANGUAGE:Nupe
LOCATION:WC Nigeria (Kwara)
POPULATION:500,000
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Central Niger: Niger-Kaduna
DICTIONARY:Banfield, A. W. 1914, 1916. Dictionary of the Nupe Language, 2 vols. Shonga, Nigeria: The Niger Press. [Reprinted 1969 by Gregg International Publishers, Farnborough, England]
GRAMMAR:Smith, N. V. 1967. An Outline Grammar of Nupe. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, Univ of London.
OTHERSOURC:
Smith, N. V. 1967. "The Phonology of Nupe," JAL 6, 153-67. Smith, N. V. 1969. "Nupe," in TNL, 133-41.
CONSONANTS:
p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb ts č dz f s h v z m n l ɾ
STOPS:p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb
AFFRICATES:ts dz č
FRICATIVES:f v s z h
NASALS:m n
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:ɾ
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u e o a
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o
LONGVOWELS:v̄ a only
NASALVOWEL:Ĩ ɐ̃ ʋ̃
SYLLABLE:(C)(G)V Nˈ
TONES:hi mid lo ris fall
NOUNNUMBER:s p
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3 6
SYNTAX:SVO NA GN ND N-NUM N-POSS
PREPPOST:PREP
NUMBER:438
LANGUAGE:Gwari
LOCATION:C Nigeria (Benue)
POPULATION:155,000
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Central Niger: Niger-Kaduna
GRAMMAR:Hyman, Larry M. and Daniel J. Magaji. 1970. Essentials of Gwari Grammar. Ibadan: Institute of African Studies, Univ of Ibadan.
CONSONANTS:
p t k kp ɓ d ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ f s š (h) β v z ž m n ñ ŋ l (r)
STOPS:p ɓ t d k ɡ kp ɡb
AFFRICATES:č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES:β f v s z š ž (h)
NASALS:m n ñ ŋ
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:(r)
GLIDES:j ɥ w
VOWELS:
i u e o a
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o
SYLLABLE:(C)(C)(C)V
TONES:hi mid (hi-mid) lo (ris) (fall)
NOUNNUMBER:s p
DEMONSTRAT:2 + ref
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3hHA 6 + indef H=non-human, A=abstract
SYNTAX:SVO NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+A+Num+D
PREPPOST:PREP
NUMBER:439
LANGUAGE:Alago
LOCATION:Nigeria
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Central Niger: Idoma
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:440
LANGUAGE:Idoma
DIALECT:Oturkpo
LOCATION:SE Nigeria (Benue-Plateau)
POPULATION:600,000
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Central Niger: Idoma
GRAMMAR:Abraham, R. C. 1967. The Idoma Language. London: Univ of London Press.
OTHERSOURC:
Armstrong, R. G. 1963. "The Subjunctive in Idoma," JAL 2, 155-9. STAL
