CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Central Niger: Idoma
OTHERSOURC:Armstrong, Robert G. 1968. "Yala (Ikom): A Terraced-Level Language with Three Tones" JWAL, 49-58.
CONSONANTS:
p t c k kʷ kp b mb d ɟ ɡ ɡʷ ɡb ŋmɡb f s sj x m n ñ ŋ ŋʷ l r
STOPS:p b mb t d c ɟ k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ kp ɡb ŋmɡb
FRICATIVES:f s sj x
NASALS:m n ñ ŋ ŋʷ
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:r
GLIDES:j ɥ w
VOWELS:
i u e o ɛ ɔ a
FRONTVOWEL:i e ɛ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o ɔ
MODIFIEDVO:vowel harmony
SYLLABLE:Nˈ lˈ rˈ
TONES:hi mid lo downstep downdrift
NOUNNUMBER:s p
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3 6
NUMBER:442
LANGUAGE:Akpa
LOCATION:Nigeria
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Central Niger: Idoma
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:443
LANGUAGE:Igede
LOCATION:SE Nigeria (Benue-Plateau)
POPULATION:250,000
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Central Niger: Idoma
OTHERSOURC:
Bergman, Richard. 1971. "Vowel Sandhi and Word Division in Igede," JWAL 8, 13-25. Bergman, R. and N. Bergman. 1974. "Igede," in TNTS, 43-50.
CONSONANTS:
p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ h m n ñ ŋ ŋm l ɾ
STOPS:p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb
AFFRICATES:č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES:h
NASALS:m n ñ ŋ ŋm
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:ɾ
MODIFIEDCO:
cj p b ɡ m h r cʷ p b k ɡ č ɡ̌ h m ŋ r
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u I ʋ e ǝ o ɛ ɔ a
FRONTVOWEL:i I e ɛ
CENTRALVOW:ǝ a
BACKVOWELS:u ʋ o ɔ
MODIFIEDVO:vowel harmony
SYLLABLE:(C)V Nˈ
TONES:hi hi-mid lo-mid lo
SYNTAX:SVO ND
PREPPOST:PREP
NUMBER:444
LANGUAGE:Etulo
LOCATION:SE Nigeria (Benue-Plateau)
POPULATION:3,000
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Central Niger: Idoma
OTHERSOURC:Armstrong, Robert G. 1964. "Notes on Etulo," JWAL 1:2, 57-60.
CONSONANTS:
t c k kp b d ɟ ɡ ɡb ts dz f s š z m n ñ ŋ ŋm l r
STOPS:b t d c ɟ k ɡ kp ɡb
AFFRICATES:ts dz
FRICATIVES:f s z š
NASALS:m n ñ ŋ ŋm
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:r
GLIDES:w
VOWELS:
i u e ǝ o ɛ ɔ a
FRONTVOWEL:i e ɛ
CENTRALVOW:ǝ a
BACKVOWELS:u o ɔ
NASALVOWEL:ı̃ ɛ̃ ɔ̃
SYLLABLE:Nˈ rˈ
TONES:hi mid lo
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3 6
SYNTAX:N-NUM N-POSS
NUMBER:445
LANGUAGE:Eloyi
LOCATION:N Nigeria
POPULATION:15,000
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Central Niger: Idoma
OTHERSOURC:Mackay, Hugh D. 1964. "A Word List of Eloyi," JWAL 1:1, 5-12.
CONSONANTS:
ph th kh kp b d ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ f s š v z ž m n ñ ŋ l ɾ
STOPS:ph b th d kh ɡ kp ɡb
AFFRICATES:č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES:f v s z š ž
NASALS:m n ñ ŋ
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:ɾ
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u e o ɛ ɔ a
FRONTVOWEL:i e ɛ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o ɔ
LONGVOWELS:(v̄)
SYLLABLE:Nˈ
TONES:hi mid lo (ris) (fall)
NOUNNUMBER:s p
SYNTAX:NA
NUMBER:446
LANGUAGE:Northern Akoko
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Yoruba-Northern Akoko
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:447
LANGUAGE:Yoruba
LOCATION:SW Nigeria (Western)
POPULATION:8 million
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Yoruba-Northern Akoko
DICTIONARY:
Abraham, R. C. 1958. Dictionary of Modern Yoruba. London: Univ of London Press. Crowther, S. et al. 1956. A Dictionary of the Yoruba Language. London: Oxford Univ Press.
GRAMMAR:
Ward, Ida C. 1952. An Introduction to the Yoruba Language. Cambridge: Heffer. Bamgbose, Ayo. 1966. A Grammar of Yoruba. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press. Ogunbowale, P. O. 1970. The Essentials of the Yoruba Language. London: Univ of London Press.
TEXTBOOKS:
Stevick, E. W. and Olallye Aremu. 1963. Yoruba Basic Course. Washington, D.C.: Foreign Service Institute. Wolff, Hans. 1963. Beginning Yoruba. East Lansing: African Studies Center, Michigan State Univ. de Gaye, J. A. and W. S. Beecroft. 1964. Yoruba Grammar. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Rowlands, E. C. 1969. Teach Yourself Yoruba. London: English Unversities Press.
OTHERSOURC:
Bamgbose, Ayo. 1969. "Yoruba," in TNL, 163-72. Oyelaran, Olasope O. 1971. Yoruba Phonology. Stanford: Stanford Univ Diss. Awobuluyi, A. Oladele. 1967. "Vowel and Consonant Harmony in Yoruba," JAL 6, 1-8.
CONSONANTS:
t k kp b d ɡ ɡb ɡ̌ f s š h m n l ɾ
STOPS:b t d k ɡ kp ɡb
AFFRICATES:ɡ̌
FRICATIVES:f s š h
NASALS:m n
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:ɾ
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u e o ɛ ɔ a
FRONTVOWEL:i e ɛ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o ɔ
NASALVOWEL:Ĩ ɛ̃ ʋ̃ ɔ̃
MODIFIEDVO:vowel harmony
SYLLABLE:(C)V Nˈ
TONES:hi mid lo
DEMONSTRAT:3
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3 6
SYNTAX:SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS N+A+Num+D
PREPPOST:PREP
NUMBER:448
LANGUAGE:Yoruba
DIALECT:Itsekiri
LOCATION:S Nigeria (Mid-Western)
POPULATION:8 million
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Yoruba-Northern Akoko
OTHERSOURC:Opubor, A. E. 1969. "Itsekiri," in TNL, 125-32.
CONSONANTS:
p t k kʷ kp b d ɟ ɡ ɡʷ ɡb f s š ɣ m n l ɾ
STOPS:p b t d ɟ k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ kp ɡb
FRICATIVES:f s š ɣ
NASALS:m n
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:ɾ
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u e o ɛ ɔ a
FRONTVOWEL:i e ɛ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o ɒ
NASALVOWEL:ı̃ ẽ ã ũ ɔ̃
MODIFIEDVO:vowel harmony
SYLLABLE:(C)V
TONES:hi mid lo
NUMBER:449
LANGUAGE:Igala
LOCATION:SW Nigeria
POPULATION:100,000
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Yoruba-Northern Akoko
OTHERSOURC:Philpot, W. T. A. 1935. "Notes on the Igala Language," BSOAS 7, 897-912.
CONSONANTS:
p t kp b d ɡb č f s h m n ñ ŋ l r
STOPS:p b t d kp ɡb
AFFRICATES:č
FRICATIVES:f s h
NASALS:m n ñ ŋ
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:r
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u e o ɛ ɔ a
FRONTVOWEL:i e ɛ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o ɔ
DIPHTHONGS:ai ei
TONES:hi mid lo ris fall
NOUNNUMBER:s p
DEMONSTRAT:2
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3 6
SYNTAX:SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
NOUNINCORP:noun incorp
PREPPOST:PREP
NUMBER:450
LANGUAGE:Epie
LOCATION:S Nigeria (Rivers)
POPULATION:26,000
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Edo: Delta
OTHERSOURC:Thomas, Elaine and Kay Williamson. 1967. Wordlists of Delta Edo: Epie. Engenni, Degema. Ibadan: Institute of African Studies, Univ of Ibadan.
CONSONANTS:
(p) t k kp b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ɡb f s v z m n (ŋ) l r
STOPS:(p) b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ kp ɡb
FRICATIVES:f v s z
NASALS:m n (ŋ)
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:r
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u I ʋ e o ɛ ɔ a
FRONTVOWEL:i I e ɛ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u ʋ o ɔ
NASALVOWEL:ṽ all
MODIFIEDVO:
vowel harmony nasal harmony
SYLLABLE:(C)V Nˈ
TONES:hi lo downstep
NOUNNUMBER:s p
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3mf 6
NUMBER:451
LANGUAGE:Engenni
LOCATION:S Nigeria (Rivers)
POPULATION:12,000
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Edo: Delta
OTHERSOURC:
Thomas, Elaine and Kay Williamson. 1967. Wordlists of Delta Edo: Epie, Engenni, Degema. Ibadan: Institute of African Studies, Univ of Ibadan. Thomas, Elaine. 1974. "Engenni," in TNTS, 13-26.
CONSONANTS:
p t k kp b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ɡb s š v z m n ŋ l r
STOPS:p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ kp ɡb
FRICATIVES:v s z š
NASALS:m n ŋ
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:r
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u I ʋ e ǝ o ɛ ɔ a
FRONTVOWEL:i I e ɛ
CENTRALVOW:ǝ a
BACKVOWELS:u ʋ o ɔ
MODIFIEDVO:vowel harmony
SYLLABLE:(C)V
TONES:hi lo (ris) (fall) upstep
NOUNNUMBER:s p
DEMONSTRAT:2
ARTICLES:def
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3 6 + indef
SYNTAX:SVO NG ND N-POSS
NUMBER:452
LANGUAGE:Degema
LOCATION:S Nigeria (Rivers)
POPULATION:5,000
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Edo: Delta
OTHERSOURC:Thomas, Elaine and Kay Williamson. 1967. Wordlists of Delta Edo: Epie, Engenni, Degema. Ibadan: Institute of African Studies, Univ of Ibadan.
CONSONANTS:
p t k kp b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ɡb f s x v z m n ŋ ŋw l r
STOPS:p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ kp ɡb
FRICATIVES:f v s z x
NASALS:m n ŋ ŋw
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:r
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u I ʋ e ǝ o ɛ ɔ a
FRONTVOWEL:i I e ɛ
CENTRALVOW:ǝ a
BACKVOWELS:u ʋ o ɔ
NASALVOWEL:ṽ all
MODIFIEDVO:vowel harmony
SYLLABLE:(C)(C)V(C)
TONES:hi lo downstep
NOUNNUMBER:s p
ARTICLES:def
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3 6
SYNTAX:SVO NA ND N-NUM N-POSS N+A+Num+D
NUMBER:453
LANGUAGE:Okpe1
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Edo: Southwestern
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:454
LANGUAGE:Urhobo
DIALECT:Agbon
LOCATION:S Nigeria (Mid-Western)
POPULATION:546,000
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Edo: Southwestern
OTHERSOURC:
Kelly, John. 1969. "Urhobo" in TNL, 153-61. Welmers, William E. 1969. "Structural Notes on Urhobo," JWAL 6, 85-107.
CONSONANTS:
p t c k kp b d ɟ ɡ ɡb ɸ f s š x xw β v z ž ɣ ɣʷ m n ñ ŋm ɾ r̥
STOPS:p b t d c ɟ k ɡ kp ɡb
FRICATIVES:ɸ β f v s z š ž x ɣ xw ɣw
NASALS:m n ñ ŋm
VIBRANTS:ɾ r̥
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u e o ɛ ɔ a
FRONTVOWEL:i e ɛ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o ɔ
NASALVOWEL:ṽ ɑll
MODIFIEDVO:
vowel harmony nasal harmony
SYLLABLE:(C)(C)V
TONES:hi lo downstep downdrift
NOUNNUMBER:s p
DEMONSTRAT:3
ARTICLES:def
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3 6
SYNTAX:SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
PREPPOST:PREP
NUMBER:455
LANGUAGE:Urhobo
DIALECT:Agbarho
LOCATION:S Nigeria
POPULATION:546,000
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Edo: Southwestern
OTHERSOURC:STAL
CONSONANTS:
p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ ɸ f s š x h β v z ɣ m n ñ ŋ ŋm l ľ ɾ r
STOPS:p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb
AFFRICATES:č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES:ɸ β f v s z š x ɣ h
NASALS:m n ñ ŋ ŋm
LATERALS:l ľ
VIBRANTS:ɾ r
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u e o ɛ ɔ a
FRONTVOWEL:i e ɛ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o ɔ
NASALVOWEL:ı̃ ɛ̃ ã ũ ɔ̃
TONES:hi mid lo [+ 6 ris & fall tones]
NUMBER:456
LANGUAGE:Uvbie
LOCATION:Nigeria
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Edo: Southwestern
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:457
LANGUAGE:Isoko
LOCATION:S Nigeria (Mid-Western)
POPULATION:321,000
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Edo: Southwestern
OTHERSOURC:
Mafeni, Bernard. 1969. "Isoko" in TNL, 115-24. STAL
CONSONANTS:
p t̪ t k kp b d̪ d ɡ ɡb ɡ̌ f s h β v z j ̂ ɣ m n ñ ŋw l ɾ ɹ̣ ɹ̣̥
STOPS:p b t̪ d̪ t d k ɡ kp ɡb
AFFRICATES:ɡ̌
FRICATIVES:β f v s z j ̂ ɣ h
NASALS:m n ñ ŋw
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:ɾ ɹ̣ ɹ̣̥
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u I ʋ e o ɛ ɔ a
FRONTVOWEL:i I e ɛ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u ʋ o ɔ
NASALVOWEL:ṽ all
MODIFIEDVO:vowel harmony
SYLLABLE:(C)(C)(C)V
TONES:hi lo downstep downdrift
NUMBER:458
LANGUAGE:Eruwa
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Edo: Southwestern
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:459
LANGUAGE:Bini
LOCATION:S Nigeria (Mid-West)
POPULATION:300,000
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Edo: North-Central
DICTIONARY:
Melzian, Hans. 1937. A Concise Dictionary of the Bini Language of Southern Nigeria. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Munro, David A. 1967. English-Edo Wordlist. Ibadan: Institute of African Studies, Univ of Ibadan.
TEXTBOOKS:Dunn, Ernest F. 1968. An Introduction to Bini. East Lansing: African Studies Center, Michigan State Univ.
OTHERSOURC:Wescott, Roger W. 1965. "Speech Tempo and the Phonemics of Bini," JAL 4, 182-90.
CONSONANTS:
p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb f s x h β v z ɣ m n l ḷ r r̥
STOPS:p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb
FRICATIVES:β f v s z x ɣ h
NASALS:m n
LATERALS:l ḷ
VIBRANTS: r r̥
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u e o ɛ ɔ a
FRONTVOWEL:i e ɛ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o ɔ
NASALVOWEL:ı̃ ɛ̃ ã ũ ɔ̃
DIPHTHONGS:
ie iɛ iɔ ia ue uɛ ua uo uɔ ı̃ɛ ı̃ɔ ı̃a ũɛ ũa
SYLLABLE:(C)V
TONES:hi (mid) lo ris fall
NOUNNUMBER:s (p) (only for a few words)
DEMONSTRAT:2
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3 6
SYNTAX:SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
PREPPOST:PREP
NUMBER:460
LANGUAGE:Esan
ALTERNATEN:Ishan
LOCATION:S Nigeria (Benin)
POPULATION:90,000
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Edo: North-Central
OTHERSOURC:STAL
CONSONANTS:
p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ f s š x h β v z ɣ m n ñ ŋʷ l ɾ r
