Chafe, Wallace L. 1976. The Caddoan, Iroquoian, and Siouan Languages. The Hague: Mouton. Taylor, Allan R. 1963. "Comparative Caddoan," IJAL 29, 113-31.
CONSONANTS:
p t tʔ k kʔ ʔ b d ts tsʔ č čʔ s š h m n ŋ
STOPS:p b t tʔ d k kʔ ʔ
AFFRICATES:ts tsʔ č čʔ
FRICATIVES:s š h
NASALS:m n ŋ
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
I ʋ a
FRONTVOWEL:I
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:ʋ
LONGVOWELS:v̄ all
DIPHTHONGS:aj aw
TONES:hi lo falling
PRONOUNS:
1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3 6d 6
ERGATIVE:erg ["The language is at least in part of the ergative type." Chafe, p. 65.
NOUNINCORP:noun incorp
NUMBER:4783
LANGUAGE:Wichita
LOCATION:S Kansas
POPULATION:200
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Keresiouan: Caddoan: Northern
GRAMMAR:Rood, David S. 1976. Wichita Grammar. New York: Garland.
OTHERSOURC:
Garvin. Paul L. 1950. "Wichita I: Phonemics," IJAL 16, 179-84. Rood, David S. 1975. "The Implications of Wichita Phonology," Lg 51, 315-37.
CONSONANTS:
t k kʷ ʔ ts s h (n) ɾ (n is an allophone of /ɾ/.)
STOPS:t k kʷ ʔ
AFFRICATES:ts
FRICATIVES:s h
NASALS:(n) (n is an allophone of ǀɾǀ.)
VIBRANTS:ɾ
MODIFIEDCO:
(n) is an allophone of /ɾ/ c̄ s ts n
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u ɛ a
FRONTVOWEL:i ɛ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u
LONGVOWELS:v̄
NASALVOWEL:v̄̃
SYLLABLE:(C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)
TONES:hi lo
STRESS:phonemic
ARTICLES:def
PRONOUNS:
1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6 There are no free pronouns; the pronominal system reflected here is found in verb inflection.
SYNTAX:SOV/OVS NA GN DN NUM-N POSS-N (Rood claims OVS is most common, but this may be the order for sentences with pronominal S and O; SOV is "less common" though perhaps basic for nominal S ad O. Cf. sentences 55, 65, p. 267.
NOUNINCORP:noun incorp
PREPPOST:"The language has neither prepositions nor postpositions." Rood, p. ?.
NUMBER:4784
LANGUAGE:Kitsai
LOCATION:Oklahoma
POPULATION:extinct (c.1930)
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Keresiouan: Caddoan: Northern
OTHERSOURC:Bucca, Salvador and Alexander Lesser. 1969. "Kitsai Phonology and Morphophonemics," IJAL 35, 7-19.
CONSONANTS:
t k ʔ s h n ɾ
STOPS:t k ʔ
FRICATIVES:s h
NASALS:n
VIBRANTS:ɾ
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u ɛ a
FRONTVOWEL:i ɛ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u
LONGVOWELS:v̄ all
STRESS:phonemic
NUMBER:4785
LANGUAGE:Pawnee
LOCATION:Nebraska
POPULATION:500
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Keresiouan: Caddoan: Northern
GRAMMAR:Parks, Douglas R. 1976. A Grammar of Pawnee. New York: Garland.
OTHERSOURC:
Weltfish, Gene. 1936. "The Vision Story of Fox-Boy, a South Band Pawnee Text," IJAL 9, 44-75. Taylor, Allan R. 1963. "Comparative Caddoan," IJAL 29, 113-31.
CONSONANTS:
p t k (ʔ) ts s h ɾ ("Pawnee . . . has no nasal consonants . . . neither phonetically nor phonemically." Parks, p. 19.
STOPS:p t k (ʔ)
AFFRICATES:ts
FRICATIVES:s h
NASALS:(Pawnee . . . has no nasal consonants . . . neither phonetically nor phonemically.ı Parks, p. 19.
VIBRANTS:ɾ
GLIDES:w
VOWELS:
I ʋ ɛ ɐ
FRONTVOWEL:I ɛ
CENTRALVOW:ɐ
BACKVOWELS:ʋ
LONGVOWELS:ī ē ā ū
SYLLABLE:(C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)
STRESS:initial in nouns
NOUNNUMBER:s p
DEMONSTRAT:3: this/that (not now)/that yonder + this now
PRONOUNS:
1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3* 6d 6 These pronouns are prefixes on the verb and 3 is usually realized as zero.
SYNTAX:SOV NA NG DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
ERGATIVE:erg
NOUNINCORP:noun incorp
PREPPOST:POST
COMMENTS:"Pawnee is not a spoken language today. It is occasionally used by a few older people, but in most situations English is always used." Parks, p. 2.
NUMBER:4786
LANGUAGE:Arikara
LOCATION:North Dakota
POPULATION:500
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Keresiouan: Caddoan: Northern
OTHERSOURC:Taylor, Allan R. 1963. "Comparative Caddoan," IJAL 29, 113-31.
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Keresiouan: Iroquoian: Northern: Five Nations
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:4790
LANGUAGE:Mohawk
LOCATION:N New York
POPULATION:1,500
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Keresiouan: Iroquoian: Northern: Five Nations
DICTIONARY:
Bonvillain, Nancy and Beatrice Francis. 1972. Mohawk and English Dictionary. Albany: New York States Education Dept. Michelson, Gunther. 1973. A Thousand Words of Mohawk. Ottawa: National Museum of Man.
GRAMMAR:Bonvillain Nancy. 1973. A Grammar of Akwesasne Mohawk. Ottawa: National Museums of Canada.
CONSONANTS:
t k ʔ ɡ̌ f s š h n ɾ
STOPS:t k ʔ
AFFRICATES:ɡ̌
FRICATIVES:f s š h
NASALS:n
VIBRANTS:ɾ
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i ɛ o a
FRONTVOWEL:i ɛ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:o
LONGVOWELS:ī ɛ̄ ā
NASALVOWEL:
ǝ̃ ũ ǝ̃̄ ũ̄
SYLLABLE:(C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)
TONES:falling
STRESS:penult
NOUNNUMBER:s d p
DEMONSTRAT:2
ARTICLES:def
PRONOUNS:
1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3mf 6dmf 6mf 3f has two forms: (1) fem & neuter, (2) fem & indef These are verbal prefixes.
SYNTAX:NA NUM-N POSS-N
NOUNINCORP:noun incorp
PREPPOST:POST
NUMBER:4791
LANGUAGE:Oneida
LOCATION:Wisconsin
POPULATION:1,500
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Keresiouan: Iroquoian: Northern: Five Nations
OTHERSOURC:Lounsbury, Floyd G. 1953. Oneida Verb Morphology. New Haven: Yale Univ Press.
CONSONANTS:
t k ʔ ɡ̌ s h n l
STOPS:t k ʔ
AFFRICATES:ɡ̌
FRICATIVES:s h
NASALS:n
LATERALS:l
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i e o a
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:o
LONGVOWELS:v̄ all
NASALVOWEL:
ǝ̃ ũ ǝ̃̄ ũ̄
NUMBER:4792
LANGUAGE:Onondaga
LOCATION:New York
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Keresiouan: Iroquoian: Northern: Five Nations
OTHERSOURC:Woodbury, Hanni. 1975. "Onondaga Noun Incorporation: Some Notes on the Interdependence of Syntax and Semantics," IJAL 41,10-20.
CONSONANTS:
t k ʔ s h n
STOPS:t k ʔ
FRICATIVES:s h
NASALS:n
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i e o a
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:o
LONGVOWELS:v̄ all
NASALVOWEL:
ɛ̃ ũ ɛ̃̄ ũ̄
SYNTAX:SVO/(SOV[with incorporation]) NUM-N POSS-N
NOUNINCORP:noun incorp
NUMBER:4793
LANGUAGE:Seneca
LOCATION:W New York
POPULATION:4,000
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Keresiouan: Iroquoian: Northern: Five Nations
DICTIONARY:
Chafe, Wallace L. 1967. Seneca Morphology and Dictionary. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Press.
GRAMMAR:
Chafe, Wallace L. 1963. Handbook of the Seneca Language. Albany: New York Education Dept. Preston, W. D. and C. F. Voegelin. 1949. "Seneca I," IJAL 15, 23-44. Holmer, Nils M. 1952-53. "Seneca II-III," IJAL 18, 217-22; 19, 281-9.
OTHERSOURC:
Chafe,Wallace L. 1959. "Internal Reconstruction in Seneca," Lg 35, 477-95. Chafe, Wallace L. 1960-61. "Seneca Morphology I-VIII," IJAL 26, 11-22, 123-9, 224-33, 283-9; 27, 42-5, 114-8, 223-5, 320-8.
CONSONANTS:
(b) t k ʔ dz s h (m) n
STOPS:(b) t k ʔ
AFFRICATES:dz
FRICATIVES:s h
NASALS:(m) n
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i e o æ a
FRONTVOWEL:i e æ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:o
LONGVOWELS:v̄ all
NASALVOWEL:
ɛ̃ ɔ̃ ɛ̃̄ ɔ̃̄
NOUNNUMBER:s d p
GENDER:m f n
DEMONSTRAT:2
ARTICLES:def
PRONOUNS:
1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3mfn 6dmM 6mM
SYNTAX:SOV NA NUM-N POSS-N
NOUNINCORP:noun incorp
PREPPOST:POST
NUMBER:4794
LANGUAGE:Cayuga
LOCATION:W New York
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Keresiouan: Iroquoian: Northern: Five Nations
DICTIONARY:Alexander, J. T. 1971. A Dictionary of the Cherokee Indian Language.
OTHERSOURC:
Bender, Ernest and Zellig S. Harris. 1946. "The Phonemes of North Carolina Cherokee," IJAL 12, 14-21. Bender, Ernest. 1949. "Cherokee II," IJAL 15, 223-8. Krueger,John R. 1963. "Two Early Grammars of Cherokee," AL 5:3, 1-57.
CONSONANTS:
t k kʷ d ɡ ts tl dl s h (m) n l
STOPS:t d k ɡ kʷ
AFFRICATES:ts tl dl
FRICATIVES:s h
NASALS:(m) n
LATERALS:l
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u e ɔ a
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u ɔ
NASALVOWEL:ǝ̃
DIPHTHONGS:ai au iu
SYLLABLE:(C)V
NOUNNUMBER:s p
GENDER:anim inan
SYNTAX:SOV AN GN/NG DN NUM-N POSS-N
NOUNINCORP:pronoun incorp
NUMBER:4798
LANGUAGE:Tsimshian
ALTERNATEN:Gitksan, Gitxsan
LOCATION:W Canada (N British Columbia)
POPULATION:3,000
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Penutian: Canadian
GRAMMAR:Schulenburg, A. C. Graf von der. 1894. Die Sprache der Zimshı̄an-Indianer. Braunschweig: Richard Sattler. [Reprinted 1972 by Martin Sändig, Wiesbaden]
OTHERSOURC:
Rigsby, Bruce. 1975. "Nass-Gitksan: An Analytic Ergative Syntax," IJAL 41, 346-54. Hoard, James E. 1978. "Obstruent Voicing in Gitksan: Some Implications for Distinctive Feature Theory," LSNC, 111-9. WPF
CONSONANTS:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ ʔ b d ɡ ɡʷ G ts tsʔ tlʔ s x xʷ χ h m ʔm n ʔn l ʔl ɬ
STOPS:p pʔ b t tʔ d k kʔ ɡ kʷ kʔʷ ɡʷ q qʔ G ʔ
AFFRICATES:ts tsʔ tlʔ
FRICATIVES:s x xʷ χ h
NASALS:m ʔm n ʔn
LATERALS:l ʔl ɬ
GLIDES:j ʔj w ʔw
VOWELS:
i u a
FRONTVOWEL:i
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u
LONGVOWELS:ī ē ā ū ō
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3 6
SYNTAX:VSO NA NG DN N-POSS
ERGATIVE:erg
NUMBER:4799
LANGUAGE:Lower Chinook
LOCATION:SW Washington
POPULATION:extinct
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Penutian: Washington
OTHERSOURC:
WALS E WPF
CONSONANTS:
PRONOUNS:
1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3mfn 6d 6
SYNTAX:VOS [According to E this language is SVO/VSO.]
ERGATIVE:Erg
NUMBER:4800
LANGUAGE:Upper Chinook
LOCATION:SW Washington
POPULATION:20
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Penutian: Washington
OTHERSOURC:Jacobs, Melville. 1958-59. Clackamas Chinook Texts, 2 vols. IJAL 24:2, Part II; 25:2, Part II.
CONSONANTS:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ ts tsʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ s š x xʷ χ χʷ m n l ɬ
