GRAMMAR:Silver, Shirley Kling. 1966. The Shasta Language. Berkeley: Univ of California Diss.
OTHERSOURC:
Silver, Shirley. 1964. "Shasta and Karok: A Binary Comparison," in SCL, 170-81. Silver, Shirley. 1980. "Shasta and Konomihu," in American Indian and Indoeuropean Studies," ed. by Kathryn Klar, Margaret Langdon and Shirley Silver, The Hague, Mouton, 245-63.
CONSONANTS:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ ʔ ts tsʔ č čʔ s x h m n r
STOPS:p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ ʔ
AFFRICATES:ts tsʔ č čʔ
FRICATIVES:s x h
NASALS:m n
VIBRANTS:r
MODIFIEDCO:c̄ all but r j w
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u ɛ a
FRONTVOWEL:i ɛ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u
LONGVOWELS:v̄ all
SYLLABLE:C(C)(w)V(G)(C)
TONES:hi-lev lo-lev
STRESS:non-phonemic
DEMONSTRAT:3
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3 6
SYNTAX:SOV NA GN ND POSS-N
PREPPOST:POST
NUMBER:4902
LANGUAGE:Chimariko
LOCATION:N California
POPULATION:extinct
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Hokan: Northern
OTHERSOURC:Crawford, James M. 1976. "A Comparison of Chimariko and Yuman," in HS, 177-91.
CONSONANTS:
p ph pʔ t (th) tʔ ṭ (ṭh) ṭʔ k kh kʔ q qh qʔ ʔ tsʔ č čh čʔ s š x χ h m n l
STOPS:p phpʔ t (th) tʔ ṭ (ṭh) ṭʔ k kh kʔ q qh qʔ ʔ
AFFRICATES:tsʔ č čh čʔ
FRICATIVES:s š x χ h
NASALS:m n
LATERALS:l
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u e o a
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o
NUMBER:4903
LANGUAGE:Achumawi
LOCATION:NE California
POPULATION:40
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Hokan: Northern: Palaihnihan
DICTIONARY:Olmsted, D. L. 1966. Achumawi Dictionary. UCPL 45.
GRAMMAR:
Angulo, Jaime de and L. S. Freeland. 1931. "The Achumawi Language, " IJAL 6, 77-120.
OTHERSOURC:
Uldall, H. J. 1935. "A Sketch of Achumawi Phonetics," IJAL 8, 73-7. Olmsted, D. L. 1964. A History of Palaihnihan Phonology. UCPL 35. WPF
CONSONANTS:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ q qh qʔ ʔ č čh čʔ s š x χ h m n l ɾ
STOPS:p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ q qh qʔ ʔ
AFFRICATES:č čh čʔ
FRICATIVES:s š x χ h
NASALS:m n
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:ɾ
MODIFIEDCO:c̄
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
I ʋ ɛ ǝ ɔ a
FRONTVOWEL:I ɛ
CENTRALVOW:ǝ a
BACKVOWELS:ʋ ɔ
LONGVOWELS:ī e: ā ū o:
SYLLABLE:(C)V(C)
TONES:hi lo ris fall
ARTICLES:def
PRONOUNS:
1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3mf 6d 6
SYNTAX:SVO AN GN NUM-N POSS-N
PREPPOST:POST
NUMBER:4904
LANGUAGE:Atsugewi
LOCATION:NE California
POPULATION:6 (1958)
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Hokan: Northern: Palaihnihan
OTHERSOURC:
Olmsted, D. L. 1958. "Atsugewi Phonology," IJAL 24, 215-20. Olmsted, D. L. 1964. A History of Palaihnihan Phonology. UCPL 35. WPF
CONSONANTS:
p t tʔ k kʔ q ʔ (tθ) ts č čʔ ɡ̌ s sʔ š x h z m ʔm n ŋ l ɾ
STOPS:p t tʔ k kʔ q ʔ
AFFRICATES:(tθ) ts č čʔ ɡ̌
FRICATIVES:s sʔ z š x h
NASALS:m ʔm n ŋ
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:ɾ
MODIFIEDCO:c̄ p m n s l
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u e ǝ o a
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:ǝ a
BACKVOWELS:u o
LONGVOWELS:v̄ all
STRESS:phonemic
PRONOUNS:
1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6
NUMBER:4905
LANGUAGE:Yana
LOCATION:NC California
POPULATION:extinct
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Hokan: Northern: Yanan
DICTIONARY:Sapir, Edward and Morris Swadesh. 1960. Yana Dictionary. UCPL 22.
OTHERSOURC:
Haas, Mary R. 1964. "California Hokan," in SCL, 73-87. Nevin, Bruce E. 1976. "Transformational Analysis of Some Grammatical Morphemes in Yana," in HS, 237-50.
CONSONANTS:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ ʔ ts tsh tsʔ s x h m n l r
STOPS:p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ ʔ
AFFRICATES:ts tsh tsʔ
FRICATIVES:s x h
NASALS:m n
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:r
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u e o a
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o
LONGVOWELS:v̄ all
DIPHTHONGS:ai au ui
SYLLABLE:CV(C)(C)(C)
STRESS:on first heavy syllable; if no heavy syllables, initial
NOUNNUMBER:s (p) (pl optional for many animate nouns, particularly kinship terms)
DEMONSTRAT:3
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 *3
SYNTAX:NUM-N N-POSS
NOUNINCORP:noun incorp
NUMBER:4906
LANGUAGE:Yahi
LOCATION:N California
POPULATION:extinct (1916)
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Hokan: Northern: Yanan
OTHERSOURC:Kroeber, Theodora. 1961. Ishi in Two Worlds. Berkeley: Univ of California Press.
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:4907
LANGUAGE:Southeastern Pomo
LOCATION:N California
POPULATION:10
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Hokan: Northern: Pomo
GRAMMAR:Moshinsky, Julius. 1974. A Grammar of Southeastern Pomo. UCPL 72.
OTHERSOURC:WPF
CONSONANTS:
(p) pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ ṭ ṭʔ k kʔ q qʔ ʔ b d ts tsʔ f s š x χ h m n l (ɾ)
STOPS:(p) pʔ b t̪ t̪ʔ d ṭ ṭʔ k kʔ q qʔ ʔ
AFFRICATES:ts tsʔ
FRICATIVES:f s š x χ h
NASALS:m n
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:(ɾ)
MODIFIEDCO:c̄ t s
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
I ʋ ɛ ɔ a
FRONTVOWEL:I ɛ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:ʋ ɔ
LONGVOWELS:v̄ all
NOUNNUMBER:s (p) (pl for animate nouns only)
DEMONSTRAT:2
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3mf 6 3m, 3f and 6 have displaced and non-displaced forms.
SYNTAX:SOV GN NUM-N POSS-N
PREPPOST:POST
NUMBER:4908
LANGUAGE:Eastern Pomo
LOCATION:N California
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Hokan: Northern: Pomo
GRAMMAR:McLendon, Sally. 1975. A Grammar of Eastern Pomo. UCPL 74.
OTHERSOURC:WPF
CONSONANTS:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ ṭ ṭh ṭʔ k kh kʔ q qʔ ʔ b d ts tsh tsʔ č čh čʔ s š x h m m̥ n n̥ l l̥ r
STOPS:p ph pʔ b t th tʔ d ṭ ṭh ṭʔ k kh kʔ q qʔ ʔ
AFFRICATES:ts tsh tsʔ č čh čʔ
FRICATIVES:s š x h
NASALS:m m̥ n n̥
LATERALS:l l̥
VIBRANTS:r
GLIDES:j j̥ w w̥
VOWELS:
I ʋ ɛ ɔ a
FRONTVOWEL:I ɛ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:ʋ ɔ
LONGVOWELS:ī ē ā ū ō
MODIFIEDVO:vowel harmony
SYLLABLE:CV(C)(C)
STRESS:phonemic (often second)
NOUNNUMBER:s (p) (pl for personal nouns only)
DEMONSTRAT:2 + ref (+ that particular, that specific)
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3mfc 6mfc 6m=6f + indef
SYNTAX:SOV NA GN DN N-NUM POSS-N
PREPPOST:POST
COMMENTS:There are no young speakers.
NUMBER:4909
LANGUAGE:Northeastern Pomo
LOCATION:N California
POPULATION:1
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Hokan: Northern: Pomo: Russian River
OTHERSOURC:
McLendon, Sally. 1973. Proto Pomo. UCPL 71. WPF
CONSONANTS:
(p) t th tʔ ṭ ṭh ṭʔ k kh kʔ ʔ b d č čh čʔ f s š h m n l r
STOPS:(p) b t th tʔ d ṭ ṭh ṭʔ k kh kʔ ʔ
AFFRICATES:č čh čʔ
FRICATIVES:f s š h
NASALS:m n
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:r
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u e o a
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o
LONGVOWELS:v̄ all
STRESS:phonemic
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3mf
NUMBER:4910
LANGUAGE:Northern Pomo
LOCATION:N California
POPULATION:40
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Hokan: Northern: Pomo: Russian River
OTHERSOURC:
McLendon, Sally. 1973. Proto Pomo. UCPL 71. WPF
CONSONANTS:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ ṭ ṭh ṭʔ k kh kʔ ʔ b d ts tsʔ č čʔ s š h m n l
STOPS:p ph pʔ b t th tʔ d ṭ ṭh ṭʔ k kh kʔ ʔ
AFFRICATES:ts tsʔ č čʔ
FRICATIVES:s š h
NASALS:m n
LATERALS:l
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u e o a
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o
LONGVOWELS:v̄ all
STRESS:phonemic
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3
NUMBER:4911
LANGUAGE:Southern Pomo
LOCATION:N California
POPULATION:40
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Hokan: Northern: Pomo: Russian River
OTHERSOURC:
McLendon, Sally. 1973. Proto Pomo. UCPL 71. WPF
CONSONANTS:
ph pʔ t th tʔ ṭ ṭh ṭʔ k kh ǩʔ ʔ b d ts tsh tsʔ č čh čʔ s š h m n ŋ l
STOPS:ph p̌ʔ b t th ťʔ d ṭ ṭh ṭ̌ʔ k kh ǩʔ ʔ
AFFRICATES:ts tsh tsʔ č čh čʔ
FRICATIVES:s š h
NASALS:m n ŋ
LATERALS:l
MODIFIEDCO:c̄
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u e o a
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o
LONGVOWELS:v̄ all
STRESS:penult
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3mf
NUMBER:4912
LANGUAGE:Central Pomo
LOCATION:N California
POPULATION:40
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Hokan: Northern: Pomo: Russian River
OTHERSOURC:McLendon, Sally. 1973. Proto Pomo. UCPL 71. WPF
CONSONANTS:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ ṭ ṭh ṭʔ k kh kʔ q qh qʔ ʔ b d ts tsh tsʔ s sʔ h m n l
STOPS:p ph pʔ b t th tʔ d ṭ ṭh ṭʔ k kh kʔ q qh qʔ ʔ
AFFRICATES:ts tsh tsʔ
FRICATIVES:s sʔ h
NASALS:m n
LATERALS:l
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u e o a
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o
LONGVOWELS:v̄ all
STRESS:phonemic
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3mf
NUMBER:4913
LANGUAGE:Kashaya
ALTERNATEN:Southwestern Pomo
LOCATION:N California
POPULATION:50
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Hokan: Northern: Pomo: Russian River
OTHERSOURC:
Oswalt, Robert L. 1964a. Kashaya Texts. UCPL 36. Oswalt, Robert L. 1964b. "A Comparative Study of Two Pomo Languages," in SCL,149-62. McLendon, Sally. 1973. Proto Pomo. UCPL 71.
CONSONANTS:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ ṭ ṭh ṭʔ k kh kʔ q qh qʔ ʔ b d tsʔ č čh čʔ f s š h m n l (r)
STOPS:p ph pʔ b t th tʔ d ṭ ṭh ṭʔ k kh kʔ q qh qʔ ʔ
AFFRICATES:tsʔ č čh čʔ
FRICATIVES:f s š h
NASALS:m n
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:(r)
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u e o a
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o
LONGVOWELS:v̄ all
TONES:hi low
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 *3mf
NUMBER:4914
LANGUAGE:Washo
LOCATION:NE California
POPULATION:100
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Hokan: Washo
GRAMMAR:Jacobsen, William Horton, Jr. 1964. A Grammar of the Washo Language. Berkeley: Univ of California Diss.
OTHERSOURC:
Jacobsen, William H., Jr. 1958. "Washo and Karok: An Approach to Comparative Hokan," IJAL 24, 195-212. Lowie, Robert H. 1963. "Washo Texts, " AL 5:7, 1-30.
CONSONANTS:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ ʔ b d ɡ tsʔ dz s š h m m̥ n ŋ ŋ̥ l l̥
STOPS:p pʔ b t tʔ d k kʔ ɡ ʔ
AFFRICATES:tsʔ dz
FRICATIVES:s š h
NASALS:m m̥ n ŋ ŋ̥
LATERALS:l l̥
GLIDES:j j̥ w w̥
VOWELS:
I ɨ ʋ ɛ o a
FRONTVOWEL:I ɛ
CENTRALVOW:ɨ a
BACKVOWELS:ʋ o
LONGVOWELS:ī ǣ ɨ̄ ā ū ɔ̄
MODIFIEDVO:vowel harmony
SYLLABLE:(ʔ)CV(C)
STRESS:phonemic
NOUNNUMBER:s (p) (pl optional)
DEMONSTRAT:3
PRONOUNS:
1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3 6d 6
SYNTAX:SOV AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N D+A+N
PREPPOST:POST
NUMBER:4915
LANGUAGE:Salinan
LOCATION:C California
POPULATION:extinct
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Hokan: Salinan-Chumash
OTHERSOURC:
WALS WPF
CONSONANTS:
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3 6
SYNTAX:SVO
NUMBER:4916
LANGUAGE:Chumash
DIALECT:Barbareño
LOCATION:WC California
POPULATION:extinct (1965)
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Hokan: Salinan-Chumash
OTHERSOURC:
Beeler, M. S. 1970. "Sibilant Harmony in Chumash," IJAL 36, 14-7. Beeler, M. S. 1976. "Barbareño Chumash Grammar: A Farrago," in HS, 251-69. WPF
CONSONANTS:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ q qh qʔ ʔ ts tsh tsʔ č čh čʔ s sh sʔ š šh x xʔ h m ʔm n ʔn l ʔl
STOPS:p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ q qh qʔ ʔ
AFFRICATES:ts tsh tsʔ č čh čʔ
FRICATIVES:s sh sʔ š šh x xʔ h
NASALS:m ʔm n ʔn
LATERALS:l ʔl
GLIDES:j ʔj w ʔw
VOWELS:
i ɨ u e o a
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:ɨ a
BACKVOWELS:u o
MODIFIEDVO:vowel harmony
STRESS:penult
DEMONSTRAT:3
PRONOUNS:
1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6
SYNTAX:SVO(Island dialect)/VOS(Northern & Central dialects) NG DN POSS-N
NUMBER:4917
LANGUAGE:Esselen
LOCATION:C California
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Hokan: Salinan-Chumash
OTHERSOURC:WPF
CONSONANTS:
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3 6
NUMBER:4918
LANGUAGE:Seri
LOCATION:NW Mexico (Sonora)
POPULATION:few
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Hokan: Seri-Yuman: Seri
DICTIONARY:Moser, Edward and Mary B. de Moser. 1961. Vocabulario Seri. Mexico: SIL.
OTHERSOURC:
Moser, Edward W. and Mary B. Moser. 1965. "Consonant Vowel Balance in Seri (Hokan) Syllables," Linguistics 16, 50-67. Turner, Paul R. 1967. "Seri and Chontal (Tequistlateco)," IJAL 33, 235-9. Moser, Edward and Mary Moser. 1976. "Seri Noun Pluralization Classes," in HS, 285-96. Moser, Mary B. 1978. "Switch-Reference in Seri," IJAL 44, 113-20. WPF
CONSONANTS:
p t̪ k kʷ ʔ ɸ s š x xʷ h m n̪ ŋ l ɬ ɾ
STOPS:p t̪ k kʷ ʔ
FRICATIVES:ɸ s š x xʷ h
NASALS:m n̪ ŋ
LATERALS:l ɬ
VIBRANTS:ɾ
GLIDES:j w̥
VOWELS:
i ɛ o a
FRONTVOWEL:i ɛ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:o
NASALVOWEL:ṽ all
SYLLABLE:(C)(C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C) (not all combinations occur)
Wares, Alan Cambell. 1968. A Comparative Study of Yuman Consonantism. The Hague: Mouton. Mixco, M. 1976. "Historical Implications of Some Kiliwa Phonological Rules," in HS, 149-58. Mixco, Mauricio J. 1977. "The Innovation of /h,hw/ in Kiliwa," IJAL 43,167-75. WALS
CONSONANTS:
p ph t th k kh kʷ khʷ q qh ʔ č čh s x xʷ h hʷ ɣ m n ñ l