OTHERSOURC:Wares, Alan Cambell. 1968. A Comparative Study of Yuman Consonantism. The Hague: Mouton.
CONSONANTS:
p t ṭ k kʷ ʔ č s š x xʷ m n ñ l ɬ ʎ ɾ
STOPS:p t ṭ k kʷ ʔ
AFFRICATES:č
FRICATIVES:s š x xʷ
NASALS:m n ñ
LATERALS:l ɬ ʎ
VIBRANTS:ɾ
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u e o a
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o
LONGVOWELS:v̄ all
STRESS:stem final
SYNTAX:SOV
NUMBER:4923
LANGUAGE:Mohave
LOCATION:NW Arizona
POPULATION:2,800
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Hokan: Seri-Yuman: Yuman: River
OTHERSOURC:
Wares, Alan Cambell. 1968. A Comparative Study of Yuman Consonatism. The Hague: Mouton. Munro, Pamela. 1976. Mojave Syntax. New York:Garland.
CONSONANTS:
p t (ṭ) k kj kʷ q qʷ ʔ č θ s (š) h hʷ v ð m n (ṇ) ñ l ʎ r
STOPS:p t (ṭ) k kj kʷ q qʷ ʔ
AFFRICATES:č
FRICATIVES:v θ ð s (š) h hʷ
NASALS:m n (ṇ) ñ
LATERALS:l ʎ
VIBRANTS:r
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
I ʋ e ǝ o ɐ
FRONTVOWEL:I e
CENTRALVOW:ǝ ɐ
BACKVOWELS:ʋ o
LONGVOWELS:ī ē ā ū ō
TONES:hi mid lo ris fall
STRESS:stem final
DEMONSTRAT:2
ARTICLES:def
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 *3 *6
SYNTAX:SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N
PREPPOST:POST
COMMENTS:"I have not heard anyone under forty converse fluently in the language, although many young Mojaves can understand their elders' speech." Munro, x.
NUMBER:4924
LANGUAGE:Yuma1
LOCATION:SE California
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Hokan: Seri-Yuman: Yuman: River
OTHERSOURC:WPF
CONSONANTS:
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3 6
NUMBER:4925
LANGUAGE:Maricopa
LOCATION:SW Arizona
POPULATION:2,800
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Hokan: Seri-Yuman: Yuman: River
OTHERSOURC:
Wares, Alan Cambell. 1968. A Comparative Study of Yuman Consonantism. The Hague: Mouton. Sunn, Nick and Henny O. Harwell. 1976. "An Account of Maricopa Origins," NATS 1:3, 26-30. WPF
CONSONANTS:
p t k kj kʷ q qʷ ʔ č s š x xʷ β ð m n ñ l ʎ r
STOPS:p t k kj kʷ q qʷ ʔ
AFFRICATES:č
FRICATIVES:β ð s š x xʷ
NASALS:m n ñ
LATERALS:l ʎ
VIBRANTS:r
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
I ʋ ɛ ɔ a
FRONTVOWEL:I ɛ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:ʋ ɔ
LONGVOWELS:v̄ all
STRESS:stem final
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3 6
SYNTAX:SOV NA ND N-NUM
PREPPOST:POST
NUMBER:4926
LANGUAGE:Paipai
LOCATION:NW Mexico (N Baja California)
POPULATION:150
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Hokan: Seri-Yuman: Yuman: Pai
OTHERSOURC:Wares, Alan Cambell. 1968. A Comparative Study of Yuman Consonantism. The Hague: Mouton.
CONSONANTS:
p t k kj kʷ q qʷ ʔ č s ṣ x xʷ χ β m n ñ l (ɬ) ʎ r
STOPS:p t k kj kʷ q qʷ ʔ
AFFRICATES:č
FRICATIVES:β s ṣ x xʷ χ
NASALS:m n ñ
LATERALS:l (ɬ) ʎ
VIBRANTS:r
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u e o a
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o
LONGVOWELS:v̄ all
NUMBER:4927
LANGUAGE:Walapai
ALTERNATEN:Hualapai
LOCATION:NW Arizona
POPULATION:1,500
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Hokan: Seri-Yuman: Yuman: Pai
OTHERSOURC:
Redden, James E. 1966. "Walapai I: Phonology," IJAL 32, 1-16. Winter, Werner. 1966. "Yuman Languages II: Wolf's Son - A Walapai Text," IJAL 32, 17-40.
CONSONANTS:
p t̪ k q ʔ č θ s̪ h v m n̪ ñ ŋ l̪ ɾ̣
STOPS:p t̪ k q ʔ
AFFRICATES:č
FRICATIVES:v θ s̪ h
NASALS:m n̪ ñ ŋ
LATERALS:l̪
VIBRANTS:ɾ̣
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u e ǝ o
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o
LONGVOWELS:v̄ all
SYLLABLE:(C)(C)(G)V(C)(C)(C)
NOUNNUMBER:s p
DEMONSTRAT:4: this close/this/that/that further away
ARTICLES:4: the particular, that indefinite, that other indefinite, the former-non-present, no longer existing.
Shaterian, A. V. 1976. "Yavapai [+ sonorant] Segments," in HS, 87-93. Kendall, Martha B. 1976. Selected Problems in Yavapai Syntax. New York: Garland.
CONSONANTS:
p t k kj kʷ q qʷ ʔ č θ s (š) h hʷ v m n ñ l ṛ
STOPS:p t k kj kʷ q qʷ ʔ
AFFRICATES:č
FRICATIVES:v θ s (š) h hʷ
NASALS:m n ñ
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:ṛ
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u e o a
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o
LONGVOWELS:v̄ all
NASALVOWEL:ṽ a
STRESS:root final
NOUNNUMBER:s (p)
DEMONSTRAT:8: this one nearby /this one/that one specific/that one/that one there (visible)/that one (distant)/that one (invisible or non-existent)/that other one
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 *3 *6
SYNTAX:SOV NA GN DN/ND N-NUM POSS-N
PREPPOST:POST
COMMENTS:"Young Yavapais are almost entirely monolingual in English." Kendall, p. xii.
NUMBER:4930
LANGUAGE:Waicuri
LOCATION:NW Mexico (S Baja California)
POPULATION:extinct
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Hokan: Waicuri-Quinigua
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:4931
LANGUAGE:Maratino
LOCATION:EC Mexico
POPULATION:extinct
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Hokan: Waicuri-Quinigua
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:4932
LANGUAGE:Quinigua
LOCATION:EC Mexico
POPULATION:extinct
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Hokan: Waicuri-Quinigua
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:4933
LANGUAGE:Tonkawa
LOCATION:C Texas
POPULATION:5
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Hokan: Coahuiltecan
DICTIONARY:Hoijer, Harry. 1949. An Analytical Dictionary of the Tonkawa Language. UCPL 5.
GRAMMAR:Hoijer, Harry. 1946. "Tonkawa," in LSNA, 289-311.
OTHERSOURC:
Haas, Mary R. 1959. "Tonkawa and Algonquian," AL 1:2, 1-6. Hoijer, Harry. 1972. Tonkawa Texts. UCPL 73.
CONSONANTS:
p t̪ k kʷ ʔ t̪s s̪ x xʷ h m n̪ l̪
STOPS:p t̪ k kʷ ʔ
AFFRICATES:t̪s
FRICATIVES:s̪ x xʷ h
NASALS:m n̪
LATERALS:l̪
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
I u ɛ ɔ a
FRONTVOWEL:I ɛ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u ɔ
LONGVOWELS:ī ē ā ū ō
SYLLABLE:(C)CV(C)(C)
STRESS:non-phonemic
DEMONSTRAT:3 + ref
SYNTAX:SOV NA GN ND
NUMBER:4934
LANGUAGE:Karankawa
LOCATION:SE Texas
POPULATION:extinct
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Hokan: Coahuiltecan
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:4935
LANGUAGE:Coahuiltec
LOCATION:NE Mexico (Coahuila)
POPULATION:extinct
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Hokan: Coahuiltecan
OTHERSOURC:
Troike, Rudolph C. 1963. "A Contribution to Coahuilteco," IJAL 29, 295-9. Kaufman, Terrence. 1976. "Areal Linguistics and Middle America," in NLA 2, 63-87. WALS
CONSONANTS:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ ʔ ts č s š x xʷ m n l
STOPS:p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ ʔ
AFFRICATES:ts č
FRICATIVES:s š x xʷ
NASALS:m n
LATERALS:l
MODIFIEDCO:Troike adds tsʔ čʔʔl ʔ h o
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u e a
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u
LONGVOWELS:v̄ all
SYNTAX:SOV
NUMBER:4936
LANGUAGE:Cotoname
LOCATION:EC Mexico
POPULATION:extinct
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Hokan: Coahuiltecan
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:4937
LANGUAGE:Comecrudo
LOCATION:EC Mexico
POPULATION:extinct
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Hokan: Coahuiltecan
OTHERSOURC:CTIL 11, 468
CONSONANTS:
p t k kʷ ts s h hʷ m n l
STOPS:p t k kʷ
AFFRICATES:ts
FRICATIVES:s h hʷ
NASALS:m n
LATERALS:l
MODIFIEDCO:cʔ ?
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u a
FRONTVOWEL:i
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u
LONGVOWELS:v̄
STRESS:phonemic
NUMBER:4938
LANGUAGE:Tlamelula
LOCATION:S Mexico (Oaxaca)
POPULATION:5,000
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Hokan: Tequistlatecan
GRAMMAR:Waterhouse, Viola Grace. 1962. The Grammatical Structure of Oaxaca Chontal. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
OTHERSOURC:Turner, Paul R. 1969. "Proto-Chontal Phonemes," IJAL 35, 34-7.
CONSONANTS:
p t c k kʔ ʔ b d ɡ pfʔ ts tsʔ tlʔ č čʔ f s š x m ʔm n ʔn n̥ ñ ʔñ l ʔl ɬ ʎ ʎ̥ ɾ r
STOPS:p b t d c k kʔ ɡ ʔ
AFFRICATES:pfʔ ts tsʔ tlʔ č čʔ
FRICATIVES:f s š x
NASALS:m ʔm n ʔn n̥ ñ ʔñ
LATERALS:l ʔl ɬ ʎ ʎ̥
VIBRANTS:ɾ r
GLIDES:j j̥ w w̥ ʔw
VOWELS:
i u ɛ o a
FRONTVOWEL:i ɛ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o
LONGVOWELS:v̄ all
SYLLABLE:(C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)
STRESS:phonemic
NOUNNUMBER:s p
DEMONSTRAT:3
ARTICLES:def
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 *3 *6
SYNTAX:VSO AN GN/NG DN N-NUM POSS-N
PREPPOST:PREP
NUMBER:4939
LANGUAGE:Tequistlatec
ALTERNATEN:Chontal
LOCATION:S Mexico (S Oaxaca)
POPULATION:5,000
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Hokan: Tequistlatecan
OTHERSOURC:
Waterhouse, Viola and May Morrison. 1950. "Chontal Phonemes," IJAL 16, 35-9. Turner, Paul R. 1967a. "Seri and Chontal (Tequistlateco)," IJAL 33, 235-9. Turner, Paul R. 1967b. "Highland Chontal Phrase Syntagmemes," IJAL 33, 282-6. Turner, Paul R. 1967c. "Highland Chontal Phonemes," AL 9:4, 26-32.
CONSONANTS:
p t k kʔ ʔ b d ɡ ts tsʔ tlʔ č čʔ f fʔ s š h m n n̥ ŋ l ɬ
STOPS:p b t d k kʔ ɡ ʔ
AFFRICATES:ts tsʔ tlʔ č čʔ
FRICATIVES:f fʔ s š h
NASALS:m n n̥ ŋ
LATERALS:l ɬ
GLIDES:j w w̥
VOWELS:
i u e o a
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o
SYLLABLE:(C)(C)CV(C)(C), but no CCCVCC
ARTICLES:def
SYNTAX:AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
NOUNINCORP:noun incorp
NUMBER:4940
LANGUAGE:Jicaque
ALTERNATEN:Tol
LOCATION:NW Honduras
POPULATION:300
CLASSIFICA:Amerind: Hokan: Southern
OTHERSOURC:
Conzemius, Edward. 1923. "The Jicaques of Honduras," IJAL 2, 163-70. Greenberg, Joseph H. and Morris Swadesh. 1953. "Jicaque as a Hokan Language, " IJAL 19, 216-22. Fleming, Ilah and Ronald K. Dennis. 1977. "Tol (Jicaque): Phonology," IJAL 43, 121-7. Oltrogge, David. 1977. "Proto Jicaque-Subtiaba-Tequistlateco: A Comparative Reconstruction," in Two Studies in Middle American Comparative Linguistics, SIL 55, 1-52.
CONSONANTS:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ ʔ ts tsh tsʔ s h β m n ŋ l