Типологическая база данных : Результат запроса

NUMBER: 5001

LANGUAGE: Otomi

LOCATION: S Mexico

POPULATION: 300,000

CLASSIFICA: Amerind: Central: Oto-Manguean: Otomian: Central

OTHERSOURC:

Hensey, Fritz G. 1972. "Otomi Phonology and Spelling Reform with Reference to Learning Problems," IJAL 38, 93-5.
Bernard, H. Russell and Jesús Salinas Pedraza. 1976. Otomi Parables, Folktales and Jokes. NATS 1:2.

CONSONANTS:

   p p^h p^ʔ t t^h t^ʔ k k^h k^ʔ kʷ ʔ
b ^ʔb d ɡ ɡʷ
    t^s
    š h
    z ž
m ^ʔm m̥ n ^ʔn n̥
    (l)
    r ^ʔɾ

STOPS: p p^h p^ʔ b ^ʔb t t^h t^ʔ d k k^h k^ʔ ɡ kʷ ɡʷ ʔ

AFFRICATES: t^s

FRICATIVES: z š ž h

NASALS: m ^ʔm m̥ n ^ʔn n̥

LATERALS: (l)

VIBRANTS: r ^ʔɾ

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

i ɨ u
e ǝ o
æ a

FRONTVOWEL: i e æ

CENTRALVOW: ɨ ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u o

NASALVOWEL: ı̃ ẽ ũ ɑ̃

TONES: hi lo mid-fall

NUMBER: 5002

LANGUAGE: Otomi

DIALECT: Mezquital

LOCATION: EC Mexico (Hidalgo)

POPULATION: 300,000

CLASSIFICA: Amerind: Central: Oto-Manguean: Otomian: Central

OTHERSOURC:

Sinclair, Donald E and Kenneth L Pike. 1948. "The Tonemes of Mesquital Otomi," IJAL 14, 91-8.
Leon, Frances. 1962, "Revisión de la fonologı́a del Otomı́," Anales del Instituto Nacional de Antropologı́a e Historia 15, 315-30.
Hess, H. Harwood. 1968. The Syntactic Structure of Mezquital Otomi. The Hague: Mouton.
Wallis, Ethel E. 1968. "The Word and the Phonological Hierarchy of Mezquital Otomi," Lg 44, 76-90.
Lanier, Nancy. 1968. "Three Structural Layers in Mezquital Otomi Clauses," Linguistics 43, 32-85.
Bernard, H. Russell. 1973. "Otomı́ Phonology and Orthography," IJAL 39, 180-4.
WPF

CONSONANTS:

   p t̪ k ʔ
    t^s (č)
ɸ θ s s ̌ x h
β ð z (ž) ɣ
m n̪ ñ
    (l)
    r

STOPS: p t̪ k ʔ

AFFRICATES: t^s (č)

FRICATIVES: ɸ β θ ð s z š (ž) x ɣ h

NASALS: m n̪ ñ

LATERALS: (l)

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

i ɨ u
e ǝ o
ɔ
æ a

FRONTVOWEL: i e æ

CENTRALVOW: ɨ ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u o ɔ

LONGVOWELS: v̄

NASALVOWEL: ı̃ ẽ ã ũ

MODIFIEDVO: vowel harmony

SYLLABLE: (C)(C)CV(C)(C)

TONES: hi lo ris

ARTICLES: def

PRONOUNS:

1 4ie
2 5
3 6

SYNTAX: VOS AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N

PREPPOST: PREP

NUMBER: 5003

LANGUAGE: Otomi

DIALECT: Temoayan

LOCATION: S Mexico (Mexico)

POPULATION: 300,000

CLASSIFICA: Amerind: Central: Oto-Manguean: Otomian: Central

OTHERSOURC: Andrews, Henrietta. 1949. "Phonemes and Morphophonemes of Temoayan Otomi," IJAL 15, 213-22. E

CONSONANTS:

   p p^h p^ʔ t t^h t^ʔ k k^h k^ʔ kʷ k^hʷ k^ʔʷ ʔ
b d ɡ ɡʷ
    t^s t^sh t^sʔ č č^h č^ʔ
    s š h
    z ž
m n ñ
    (l)
    r

STOPS: p p^h p^ʔ b t t^h t^ʔ d k k^h k^ʔ ɡ kʷ k^hʷ k^ʔʷ ɡʷ ʔ

AFFRICATES: t^s t^s^h t^sʔ č č^h č^ʔ

FRICATIVES: s z š ž h

NASALS: m n ñ

LATERALS: (l)

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

i ɨ u
e ǝ o
ɛ ɔ
a

FRONTVOWEL: i e ɛ

CENTRALVOW: ɨ ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u o ɔ

NASALVOWEL: ı̃̃ ã ũ

SYLLABLE: (C)(C)(C)V(C)

TONES: hi lo ris

SYNTAX: VOS

NUMBER: 5004

LANGUAGE: Otomi

DIALECT: Tenango

LOCATION: Mexico (Hidalgo)

POPULATION: 300,000

CLASSIFICA: Amerind: Central: Oto-Manguean: Otomian: Central

OTHERSOURC:

Jenkins, Joyce. 1958. "Morphological Phoneme Sequences in Eastern Otomi," Phonetica 2, 1-11.
Blight, Richard C. and Eunice V. Pike. 1976. "The Phonology of Tenango Otomi," IJAL 42, 51-7.
E

CONSONANTS:

   p t k ʔ
b d ɡ
    (č)
ɸ s š x h
    z
m n
    (l)
    ɾ

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ ʔ

AFFRICATES: (č)

FRICATIVES: ɸ s z š x h

NASALS: m n

LATERALS: (l)

VIBRANTS: ɾ

MODIFIEDCO: c̄ s m n

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

i ɨ u
e ǝ o
ɔ
æ a

FRONTVOWEL: i e æ

CENTRALVOW: ɨ ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u o ɔ

NASALVOWEL: ı̃ æ̃ ã ũ

TONES: hi lo ris

ARTICLES: def

SYNTAX: VOS DN

NUMBER: 5005

LANGUAGE: Matlatzinca

LOCATION: Mexico (Mexico)

POPULATION: 2,000

CLASSIFICA: Amerind: Central: Oto-Manguean: Otomian: Southern

CONSONANTS:

NUMBER: 5006

LANGUAGE: Ocuiltec

LOCATION: Mexico (Mexico)

POPULATION: few

CLASSIFICA: Amerind: Central: Oto-Manguean: Otomian: Southern

OTHERSOURC: WALS

CONSONANTS:

SYNTAX: SVO

NUMBER: 5007

LANGUAGE: Proto-Mixtecan

LOCATION: Mexico

CLASSIFICA: Amerind: Central: Oto-Manguean: Mixtecan

OTHERSOURC: Mak, Cornelia and Robert Longacre. 1960. "Proto-Mixtec Phonology," IJAL 26, 23-40.

CONSONANTS:

    t k kʷ
    ⁿd ^ŋɡ ^ŋɡʷ
    θ x xʷ
m n
    l

STOPS: t ⁿd k ^ŋɡ kʷ ^ŋɡʷ

FRICATIVES: θ x xʷ

NASALS: m n

LATERALS: l

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

   i ɯ u
e o
    ɔ
    a

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u ɯ o ɔ

NUMBER: 5008

LANGUAGE: Trique

LOCATION: S Mexico (Oaxaca)

POPULATION: 8,000

CLASSIFICA: Amerind: Central: Oto-Manguean: Mixtecan

OTHERSOURC:

Longacre, Robert E. 1959. "Trique Tone Morphemics," AL 1:4, 5-42.
Longacre, Robert E. 1966. "Trique Clause and Sentence: A Study in Contrast, Variation and Distribution," IJAL 32, 242-52.
Hollenbach, Barbara E. 1974. "Reduplication and Anomalous Rule Ordering in Copala Trique," IJAL 40, 176-81.
Hollenbach, Barbara E. 1976. "Tense-Negation Interplay in Copala Trique," IJAL 42, 126-32.

CONSONANTS:

   p t k ʔ
b d ɡ
    t^s č̣ č
    s ṣ̌ š h
    z ž
m n
    l
    ɾ̣

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ ʔ

AFFRICATES: t^s č̣ č

FRICATIVES: s z ṣ̌ š ž h

NASALS: m n

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: ɾ̣

MODIFIEDCO: c̄ m n l j w

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

e o
a

FRONTVOWEL: e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: o

LONGVOWELS: ī ē ā ū ō

NASALVOWEL: ṽ

TONES:

lo-mid-fall mid-fall mid-lev mid-ris-to-hi-mid mid-ris-to-hi hi-mid-lev hi-fall

SYNTAX: VSO NA NG ND NUM-N N-POSS

PREPPOST: PREP

NUMBER: 5009

LANGUAGE: Mixtec

DIALECT: Jicaltepec

LOCATION: S Mexico (W Oaxaca)

POPULATION: 250,000

CLASSIFICA: Amerind: Central: Oto-Manguean: Mixtecan

GRAMMAR: Bradley, C. Henry. 1970. A Linguistic Sketch of Jicaltepec Mixtec. SIL 25.

CONSONANTS:

   p t̪ t^j k kʷ ʔ
^mb ⁿd ⁿd^j ^ŋɡ
    č
(ɸ) s (s^j) š (x)
m n ñ
    l
    ɾ

STOPS: p ^mb t̪ t^j ⁿd ⁿd^j k ^ŋɡ kʷ ʔ

AFFRICATES: č

FRICATIVES: (ɸ) s (s^j) š (x)

NASALS: m n ñ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: ɾ

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

i u
e o
a

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u o

NASALVOWEL: ṽ all

SYLLABLE: (C)V(ʔ)

TONES: hi mid low

GENDER: m f animal inanimate sacred

DEMONSTRAT: 3: proximal/distal/indifferent to distance

ARTICLES: def

PRONOUNS:

1 4ie
2 5
*3mfAir
m f A=animal i=inanimate r=sacred
polite/familiar: 1 2 4 5

SYNTAX: VSO NA NG ND NUM-N N-POSS Num+N+A+D

PREPPOST: PREP

NUMBER: 5010

LANGUAGE: Mixtec

DIALECT: San Miguel

LOCATION: S Mexico (Oaxaca)

POPULATION: 250,000

CLASSIFICA: Amerind: Central: Oto-Manguean: Mixtecan

DICTIONARY: Dyk, Anne and Betty Stoudt. 1965. Vocabulario mixteco. Mexico City: SIL.

OTHERSOURC:

Pike, Kenneth L. 1944. "Analysis of a Mixteco Text," IJAL 10, 113-38.
Dyk, Anne. 1959. Mixteco Texts. SIL 3.

CONSONANTS:

   p t k kʷ ʔ
^mb ⁿd ^ŋɡ
    č
^ñɡ̌
    s ṣ̌ š x
β ð ž
m n ñ
    l
    r

STOPS: p ^mb t ⁿd k ^ŋɡ kʷ ʔ

AFFRICATES: č^ñɡ̌

FRICATIVES: β ð s ṣ̌ š ž x

NASALS: m n ñ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

i ɯ u
e o
a

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u ɯ o

NASALVOWEL: ṽ all but e

TONES: hi mid lo

PRONOUNS:

1 4ie
2 5
3 6

SYNTAX: VSO AN NG ND NUM-N N-POSS

PREPPOST: PREP

NUMBER: 5011

LANGUAGE: Mixtec

DIALECT: Ayutla

LOCATION: S Mexico (Guerrero)

POPULATION: 250,000

CLASSIFICA: Amerind: Central: Oto-Manguean: Mixtecan

OTHERSOURC:

Pankratz, Leo and Eunice V. Pike. 1967. "Phonological Morphotonemics of Ayutla Mixtec," IJAL 33, 287-99.
Hills, Robert and William R. Merrifield. 1974. "Ayutla Mixtec, Just in Case," IJAL 40, 283-91.

CONSONANTS:

   (p) t t^j k kʷ ʔ
(^mb) d d^j (ɡ) (ɡʷ)
    č
    s š (h) (hʷ)
v
m n ñ
    l
    (r)

STOPS: (p) (^mb) t t^j d d^j k (ɡ) kʷ (ɡʷ) ʔ

AFFRICATES: č

FRICATIVES: v s š (h) (hʷ)

NASALS: m n ñ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: (r)

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

i u
e o
a

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u o

LONGVOWELS: (v̄)

NASALVOWEL:

ı̃ (ẽ) ã ũ
v̄̃

MODIFIEDVO: ̃̄

SYLLABLE: (C)(C)V(ʔ)

TONES: hi mid lo

SYNTAX: VSO NA NG ND NUM-N N-POSS

PREPPOST: PREP

NUMBER: 5012

LANGUAGE: Mixtec

DIALECT: Molinos

LOCATION: S Mexico (W Oaxaca)

POPULATION: 250,000

CLASSIFICA: Amerind: Central: Oto-Manguean: Mixtecan

OTHERSOURC:

Merrifield, William R. and Betty J. Stoudt. 1967. "Molinos Mixtec Clause Structure," Linguistic 32, 58-78.
Hunter, Georgia and Eunice V. Pike. 1969. "The Phonology and Tone Sandhi of Molinos Mixtec," Linguistics 47, 24-40.

CONSONANTS:

   (p) t̪ k kʷ ʔ
    č
    s̪ š h
β ð ž (ɣ)
m n̪ ñ ŋ
    l
    (r)

STOPS: (p) t̪ k kʷ ʔ

AFFRICATES: č

FRICATIVES: β ð s̪ š ž (ɣ) h

NASALS: m n̪ ñ ŋ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: (r)

VOWELS:

i u
e o
a

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u o

NASALVOWEL: ı̃ (ẽ) ã ũ õ

SYLLABLE: (C)(C)(C)V(ʔ)

TONES: hi mid lo downdrift

SYNTAX: VSO NA N-POSS

PREPPOST: PREP

NUMBER: 5013

LANGUAGE: Mixtec

DIALECT: Peñoles

LOCATION: S Mexico (Oaxaca)

POPULATION: 250,000

CLASSIFICA: Amerind: Central: Oto-Manguean: Mixtecan

GRAMMAR: Daly, John P. 1973. A Generative Syntax of Peñoles Mixtec. SIL 42.

CONSONANTS:

   p t k kʷ ʔ
^mb ⁿd ^ŋɡ ^ŋɡʷ
    č
    ^ñɡ̌
f s š h
β ð ž
m n ñ
    l
    r

STOPS: p ^mb t ⁿd k ^ŋɡ kʷ ^ŋɡʷ ʔ

AFFRICATES: č ^ñɡ̌

FRICATIVES: β f ð s š ž h

NASALS: m n ñ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

VOWELS:

i ɨ u
e o
a

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: ɨ a

BACKVOWELS: u o

LONGVOWELS: v̄ all

NASALVOWEL:

ṽ all
v̄̃ all

TONES: hi lo

STRESS: penult

NOUNNUMBER: s p

ARTICLES: indef

SYNTAX: VSO NA NG ND NUM-N N-POSS

PREPPOST: PREP

NUMBER: 5014

LANGUAGE: Mixtec

DIALECT: San Esteban

LOCATION: S Mexico (Oaxaca)

POPULATION: 250,000

CLASSIFICA: Amerind: Central: Oto-Manguean: Mixtecan

OTHERSOURC:

Mak, Cornelia. 1950. "A Unique Tone Perturbation in Mixteco," IJAL 16, 82-6.
Mak, Cornelia. 1953. "A Comparison of Two Mixtec Tonemic Systems," IJAL 19, 85-100.

CONSONANTS:

   p t k kʷ ʔ
^mb ⁿd ^ŋɡ
    č
^ñɡ̌
β ð s š h
    ž
m n n̥ ñ
    l
    (ɾ)

STOPS: p ^mb t ⁿd k ^ŋɡ kʷ ʔ

AFFRICATES: č^ñɡ̌

FRICATIVES: β ð s š ž h

NASALS: m n n̥ ñ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: (ɾ)

GLIDES:

j

VOWELS:

i ɯ u
e o
a

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u ɯ o

NASALVOWEL: ṽ all

TONES: hi hi-mid lo-mid lo ?ris ?fall

SYNTAX: VSO NA NG ND NUM-N N-POSS

PREPPOST: PREP

NUMBER: 5015

LANGUAGE: Mixtec

DIALECT: Eastern Jamiltepec

LOCATION: S Mexico (W Oaxaca)

POPULATION: 250,000

CLASSIFICA: Amerind: Central: Oto-Manguean: Mixtecan

OTHERSOURC:

Pensinger, Brenda and Larry Lyman. 1975. "Some Eastern Jamiltepec Mixtec Phrase Constructions," IJAL 41, 158-61.
WPF

CONSONANTS:

   p t t^j k k^j ʔ
^mb ⁿd ⁿd^j ^ŋɡ
    θ s š
v
m n ñ
    l
    ɾ

STOPS: p ^mb t t^j ⁿd ⁿd^j k k^j ^ŋɡ ʔ

FRICATIVES: v θ s š

NASALS: m n ñ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: ɾ

GLIDES:

j

VOWELS:

i ɨ u
e o
a

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: ɨ a

BACKVOWELS: u o

LONGVOWELS: v̄

NASALVOWEL:

ṽ
v̄̃

TONES: hi mid lo

DEMONSTRAT: 3

ARTICLES: def

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
3mf 6

SYNTAX: VSO NA NG ND NUM-N N-POSS Num+N+A+D

PREPPOST: PREP

NUMBER: 5016

LANGUAGE: Mixtec

DIALECT: Coatzospan

LOCATION: S Mexico (N Oaxaca)

POPULATION: 250,000

CLASSIFICA: Amerind: Central: Oto-Manguean: Mixtecan

OTHERSOURC: Small, Priscilla. 1979. "Prominence and Dominance in Coatzospan Mixtec Narrative," in DSML, 353-??.

CONSONANTS:

   p t k kʷ ʔ
^mb ⁿd ^ŋɡ ^ŋɡʷ
    t^s č
ⁿd^z ^ñɡ̌
    s š x
β ð ð^j
m n ñ
    l
    ɾ

STOPS: p ^mb t ⁿd k ^ŋɡ kʷ ^ŋɡʷ ʔ

AFFRICATES: t^s ⁿd^z č^ñɡ̌

FRICATIVES: β ð ð^j s š x

NASALS: m n ñ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: ɾ

VOWELS:

i ɨ u
e o
a

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: ɨ a

BACKVOWELS: u o

NASALVOWEL: ṽ

TONES: hi mid lo hi-fall

SYNTAX: VSO NA NG ND N-POSS N+A+D

PREPPOST: PREP

NUMBER: 5017

LANGUAGE: Mixtec

DIALECT: Santo Tomás Ocotepec

LOCATION: S Mexico

POPULATION: 250,000

CLASSIFICA: Amerind: Central: Oto-Manguean: Mixtecan

OTHERSOURC: Mak, Cornelia. 1958. "The Tonal System of a Third Mixtec Dialect," IJAL 24, 61-70.

CONSONANTS:

   p t k kʷ ʔ
^mb ⁿd ^ŋɡ
    č
    ^ñɡ̌
    s š h
β ð z ž
m n ñ
    l

STOPS: p ^mb t ⁿd k ^ŋɡ kʷ ʔ

AFFRICATES: č ^ñɡ̌

FRICATIVES: β ð s z š ž h

NASALS: m n ñ

LATERALS: l

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

i u
e o
a

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u o

NASALVOWEL: ṽ all

TONES: hi mid lo

SYNTAX: VSO NA NG N-NUM N-POSS

PREPPOST: PREP

NUMBER: 5018

LANGUAGE: Mixtec

DIALECT: Huajuapan

LOCATION: S Mexico (Oaxaca)

POPULATION: 250,000

CLASSIFICA: Amerind: Central: Oto-Manguean: Mixtecan

OTHERSOURC: Pike, Eunice V. and John H. Cowan. 1967. "Huajuapan Mixtec Phonology and Morphophonemics," AL 9:5, 1-15.

CONSONANTS:

   (p) t k kʷ
(^mb) ⁿd (^ŋɡ)
    č
(ɸ) s š (h)
(β) ð ž (ɣ)
m n ñ
    l
    (ɾ) (r)

STOPS: (p) (^mb) t ⁿd k (^ŋɡ) kʷ

AFFRICATES: č

FRICATIVES: (ɸ) β ð s š ž (ɣ) (h)

NASALS: m n ñ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: (ɾ) (r)

GLIDES: (w)

VOWELS:

i y
e o
a

FRONTVOWEL: i y e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: o

NASALVOWEL: ṽ all but y

SYLLABLE: (C)(C)V

TONES: hi mid lo

STRESS: initial

SYNTAX: VSO NA NUM-N N-POSS

NUMBER: 5019

LANGUAGE: Cuicatec

LOCATION: Mexico (NE Oaxaca)

POPULATION: 12,000

CLASSIFICA: Amerind: Central: Oto-Manguean: Mixtecan

OTHERSOURC:

Angulo, Jaime de and L. S. Freeland. 1935. "The Zapotekan Linguistic Group," IJAL 8, 1-38 &111-30.
Needham, Doris and Marjorie Davis. 1946. "Cuicateco Phonology," IJAL 12, 139-46.

CONSONANTS:

    t̪^h k^h k^hʷ ʔ
b d̪
    č^h
    s̪ x
m n̪
    (l̪)
    (r)

STOPS: b t̪^h d̪ k^h k^hʷ ʔ

AFFRICATES: č^h

FRICATIVES: s̪ x

NASALS: m n̪

LATERALS: (l̪)

VIBRANTS: (r)

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

i ʋ
e
ɛ ɔ
a

FRONTVOWEL: i e ɛ

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: ʋ ɔ

NASALVOWEL: ṽ all

SYLLABLE: (C)(C)(C)V(C), Nˈ

TONES: hi mid lo

STRESS: non-phonemic

ARTICLES: def

PRONOUNS:

1 4ie
2 5
3ha

SYNTAX: VSO NA NG NUM-N N-POSS Num+N+A

PREPPOST: PREP

NUMBER: 5020

LANGUAGE: Mazatec

LOCATION: S Mexico (N Oaxaca)

POPULATION: 85,000

CLASSIFICA: Amerind: Central: Oto-Manguean: Popolocan

OTHERSOURC:

Pike, Kenneth L. and Eunice Victoria Pike. 1947. "Immediate Contitutents of Mazateco Syllables," IJAL 13, 78-91.
Cowan, George M. 1965. Some Aspects of the Lexical Structure of a Mazatec Historical Text. SIL 11.

CONSONANTS:

   (p) t k ʔ
(b)
    t^s č̣ č
    s ṣ̌ h
β (ð) (ɣ)
m n ñ
    l
    (ɾ) (r)

STOPS: (p) (b) t k ʔ

AFFRICATES: t^s č̣ č

FRICATIVES: β (ð) s ṣ̌ (ɣ) h

NASALS: m n ñ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: (ɾ) (r)

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

i
ɛ o
a

FRONTVOWEL: i ɛ

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: o

NASALVOWEL: ṽ all

SYLLABLE: (C)(C)(C)V

TONES: hi hi-mid lo-mid lo

PRONOUNS:

1 4ie
2 5
3

SYNTAX: VSO NA NG DN N-POSS