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\data\typol\typology
NUMBER: 861
LANGUAGE: Pande
LOCATION: Central African Republic
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Ngundi
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 862
LANGUAGE: Mbati
LOCATION: S Central African Republic
POPULATION: 15,000
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Ngundi
OTHERSOURC: AGT
CONSONANTS:

    t k kp
b ʔb d ʔd ɡ ɡb
ɸ s
    z
m n ñ
    l

STOPS: b ʔb t d ʔd k ɡ kp ɡb
FRICATIVES: ɸ s z
NASALS: m n ñ
LATERALS: l
MODIFIEDCO: Nc b d ɡ ɡb z
GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i e ɛ
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u o ɔ
TONES: extra-hi hi mid lo ris fall
NUMBER: 863
LANGUAGE: Mbomotaba
ALTERNATEN: Babole, Dibole
LOCATION: Congo
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Ngundi
OTHERSOURC: WALS
CONSONANTS:

   




SYNTAX: SVO
NUMBER: 864
LANGUAGE: Bongili
LOCATION: Congo
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Ngundi
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 865
LANGUAGE: Lobala
LOCATION: Democratic Republic of Congo
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Ngundi
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 866
LANGUAGE: Mboko2
LOCATION: Congo
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Mboshi
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 867
LANGUAGE: Akwa
LOCATION: NE Congo
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Mboshi
OTHERSOURC: AGT
CONSONANTS:

   p t k kp
ɓ ɗ ɡ ɡb
    s
v z
m n ñ
    l

STOPS: p ɓ t ɗ k ɡ kp ɡb
FRICATIVES: v s z
NASALS: m n ñ
LATERALS: l
MODIFIEDCO: Nc b d ɡ ɡb z
GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i e ɛ
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u o ɔ
TONES: hi lo ris fall
NUMBER: 868
LANGUAGE: Ngare
LOCATION: Congo
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Mboshi
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 869
LANGUAGE: Koyo
LOCATION: Congo
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Mboshi
OTHERSOURC: E
CONSONANTS:

   




SYNTAX: SVO
NUMBER: 870
LANGUAGE: Mboshi
LOCATION: Congo
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Mboshi
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 871
LANGUAGE: Kwala
LOCATION: Democratic Republic of Congo
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Mboshi
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 872
LANGUAGE: Kuba
LOCATION: Congo
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Mboshi
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 873
LANGUAGE: Ngiri
ALTERNATEN: Mabaale
LOCATION: Democratic Republic of Congo
POPULATION: 6,000
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Bangi-Ntomba
OTHERSOURC: Tanghe, J. 1929. "Mable Stories," BSOAS 5, 359-78 & 571-86.
CONSONANTS:

   p t k
b (ɓ) d ɡ
    ɡ̌
f s
    ž
m n ŋ
    l

STOPS: p b (ɓ) t d k ɡ
AFFRICATES: ɡ̌
FRICATIVES: f s ž
NASALS: m n ŋ
LATERALS: l
MODIFIEDCO: Nc p b t d k ɡ ɡ̌ s
GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i I e ɛ
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u ʋ o ɔ
LONGVOWELS: v̄
NOUNNUMBER: s p
NOUNCLASSE: 14
DEMONSTRAT: 3
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2 5
3 6
3 & 6 vary with noun class

SYNTAX: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 874
LANGUAGE: Bobangi
LOCATION: Democratic Republic of Congo
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Bangi-Ntomba
GRAMMAR: GD: Whitehead, John. 1899. Grammar and Dictionary of the Bobangi Language. London. [Reprinted 1964 by Gregg Press, Ridgewood, NJ]
CONSONANTS:

   p t k
b d ɡ
    ts
    s
    z
m n
    l

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ
AFFRICATES: ts
FRICATIVES: s z
NASALS: m n
LATERALS: l
MODIFIEDCO: Nc
GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i I e
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u o ɔ
TONES:

   hi lo

STRESS: initial
NOUNNUMBER: s p
NOUNCLASSE: 11 (kinship terms, names of foreign origin)
DEMONSTRAT: 3 this here, that yonder visible, that remote invisible (=ref)
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2 5
3 6
3 & 6 vary with noun class

SYNTAX: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 875
LANGUAGE: Sengele
LOCATION: Democratic Republic of Congo
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Bangi-Ntomba
OTHERSOURC: WALS
CONSONANTS:

   




SYNTAX: SVO
NUMBER: 876
LANGUAGE: Sakata
LOCATION: Democratic Republic of Congo
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Bangi-Ntomba
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 877
LANGUAGE: Ntomba
ALTERNATEN: Bolia
LOCATION: Democratic Republic of Congo
POPULATION: 45,000
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Bangi-Ntomba
GRAMMAR: GD: Mamet, M. 1955. La langue ntomba. Tervuren: Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge.
CONSONANTS:

   p t k
b d
(f) s h
m n ŋ
    l

STOPS: p b t d k
FRICATIVES: (f) s h
NASALS: m n ŋ
LATERALS: l
MODIFIEDCO: Nc p b t d k ɡ s z ž
GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i e ɛ
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u o ɔ
LONGVOWELS: v̄ all
MODIFIEDVO: vowel harmony
TONES: hi lo ris fall
STRESS: root initial
NOUNNUMBER: s p
NOUNCLASSE: 9
DEMONSTRAT: 3 + ref
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2 5
3 6

SYNTAX: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 878
LANGUAGE: Losengo
DIALECT: Lingala
LOCATION: Democratic Republic of Congo
POPULATION: 7 million
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Bangi-Ntomba
DICTIONARY:

   Blavier, E. 1958. Dictionnaire-Woordenboeck: lingala-français-néerlandais. Leopoldville : La Librairie Congolaise.

GRAMMAR:

   GD: Guthrie, Malcolm. 1939. Grammaire et dictionnaire de lingala Cambridge, Eng: W. Heffer Sons. [Reprinted 1966 by Gregg Press, Farnborough, England].
Bwantsa-Kafungu, Pierre. 1970. Esquisse grammaticale de lingala. Kinshasa: Univ of Lovanium.
Ellington, John. 1974. A Handbook of Kinshasa Lingala. n.p.
Redden, James and F.Bongo. 1963. Lingala: Basic Course. Washington, D.C.: Foreign Service Institute.

TEXTBOOKS: Everbroeck, R. van. 1969. Le lingala: parlé et écrit. n.p.
CONSONANTS:

   p t k
b (d) (ɡ)
f s (h)
v z
m n
    l

STOPS: p b t (d) k (ɡ)
FRICATIVES: f v s z (h)
NASALS: m n
LATERALS: l
MODIFIEDCO:

   Nc b d ɡ v z (p t k f s)
cj b m n
cʷ p b t k ɡ ts s z m n

GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i e ɛ
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u o ɔ
SYLLABLE: (C)V Nˈ
TONES: hi lo ris fall (fall-ris)
STRESS: penult
NOUNNUMBER: s p
NOUNCLASSE: 8 (6 pl)
DEMONSTRAT: 2 + ref
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2 5
3hH 6hH
H=non-human

SYNTAX: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
PREPPOST: PREP
COMMENTS: Lingala is used as a trade language along the Zaire River.
NUMBER: 879
LANGUAGE: Buja
LOCATION: Democratic Republic of Congo
POPULATION: 100,000
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Bangi-Ntomba
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 880
LANGUAGE: Ngombe2
LOCATION: Democratic Republic of Congo
POPULATION: 150,000
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Ngombe
DICTIONARY: Rood, N. 1958. Ngombe-Nederlands-Frans Woordenboek. Tervuren: Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge.
GRAMMAR: GD: Ruskin, Edward Algernon. 1937. Notes on the Grammar of Lingombe. Bongandanga, Belgian Congo: CBM Press.
CONSONANTS:

   p t k kp
b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ɡb
    ɡ̌
    s h
m n
    l

STOPS: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ kp ɡb
AFFRICATES: ɡ̌
FRICATIVES: s h
NASALS: m n
LATERALS: l
MODIFIEDCO: Nc b d ɡ ɡb ɡ̌
GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i e ɛ
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u o ɔ
LONGVOWELS: v̄ all
TONES: hi lo ris fall
NOUNNUMBER: s p
NOUNCLASSE: 8 (persons)
DEMONSTRAT: 2 + ref
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2 5
3 6
3 & 6 vary with noun class

SYNTAX: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
PREPPOST: PREP
typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-tones,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-syntax,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-tones,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-syntax,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-nounnumber,typology-nounclasse,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-tones,typology-stress,typology-nounnumber,typology-nounclasse,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-syntax,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-modifiedvo,typology-tones,typology-stress,typology-nounnumber,typology-nounclasse,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-dialect,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-dictionary,typology-grammar,typology-textbooks,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-stress,typology-nounnumber,typology-nounclasse,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-comments,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-dictionary,typology-grammar,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-tones,typology-nounnumber,typology-nounclasse,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,
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