A global linguistic database : Query result

Number: 1149

Language: Shona

Location: Zimbabwe

Population: 2 million

Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Shona

Dictionary:

Hannan, M. 1974. Standard Shona Dictionary. Salisbury: Rhodesia Literature Bureau.

Grammar:

GD: Biehler, E. 1950. A Shona Dictionary. Salisbury: The Jesuit Fathers.
Fortune, G. 1955. An Analytical Grammar of Shona. London: Longmans.

TextBooks: Fortune, G. 1967. Elements of Shona. Salisbury: Longmans.

Other Sources: Jones, Daniel. 1911. The Pronunciation and Orthography of the Chindau Language. London: Univ of London.

Consonant system:

p t̪ k
b ɓ d̪ ɗ ɡ
p^f t̪^s č
b^v d̪^z ɡ̌
f s̪ sʷ š
β v z̪ zʷ ž ɦ
m n̪ ñ ŋ
(v̊) r

Stops: p b ɓ t̪ d̪ ɗ k ɡ

Affricates: p^f b^v t̪^s d̪^z č ɡ̌

Fricatives: β f v s̪ z̪ sʷ zʷ š ž ɦ

Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ

Vibrants: (v̊) r

Modified Consonants:

^Nc b d ɡ ɡ̌ v z
cʷ s z

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Syllable: (C)(C)V

Tones: hi lo downdrift

Stress: penult

Noun Number: s p

Noun Classes: 9

Demonstratives: 2 + ref

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3* 6*
3 & 6 vary with noun class

Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS N+Num+D+A

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1155

Language: Venda

Location: NE South Africa (Transvaal)

Population: 150,000

Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Venda

Dictionary:

Marole, L. T. and F. J. de Gama. 1954. English-Venda Vocabulary. Sibasa, South Africa: Marole Book Depot.
Wentzel, P. J. and T. W. Muloiwa. 1976. Venda-Afrikaans-English. Pretoria: Univ of South Africa.

Grammar: Ziervogel, D., P. J. Wentzel and T. N. Makuya, eds. 1972. A Handbook of the Venda Language. Pretoria: Univ of South Africa.

Consonant system:

   p p^h t̪ t̪^h t t^h k k^h
b d̪ d ɡ
p^f p^fh t^s t^sh č č^h
b^v d^z ɡ̌
ɸ f s š x
β v z ž ɣʷ ɦ
m n̪ n ñ ŋ
    l̪
    r ɹ̣

Stops: p p^h b t̪ t̪^h d̪ t t^h d k k^h ɡ

Affricates: p^f p^f^h b^v t^s t^s^h d^z č č^h ɡ̌

Fricatives: ɸ β f v s z š ž x ɣʷ ɦ

Nasals: m n̪ n ñ ŋ

Laterals: l̪

Vibrants: r ɹ̣

Modified Consonants:

c^j d k
cʷ p p^h b č č^h ɡ̌ s z ɣ ŋ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: I ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Syllable: (C)(C)V Nˈ

Tones: hi lo

Noun Number: s p

Noun Classes: 18

Demonstratives: 3

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3* 6*
3 & 6 vary with noun class

Syntax: SVO NA NG ND/(DN) N-NUM N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1156

Language: Tswana

Location: N South Africa

Population: 852,000

Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Sotho-Tswana

Dictionary: Brown, J. Tom. 1962. Secwana Dictionary. Lobatsi, South Africa: Bechuanaland Book Centre.

Grammar: Cole, Desmond T. 1955. An Introduction to Tswana Grammar. London: Longmans.

TextBooks:

Cole, Desmond T. and Dingaan Mpho Mokaila. 1962. A Course in Tswana. Washington,
D.C.: Georgetown Univ Press.

Consonant system:

   p^h p^ʔ t^h t^ʔ k^h k^ʔ b
    t^sh t^sʔ t^lh t^lʔ č^h č^ʔ k^xh ɡ̌
ɸ s š x h
m n ñ ŋ
    l
    r

Stops: p^h p^ʔ b t^h t^ʔ k^h k^ʔ

Affricates: t^s^h t^sʔ t^l^h t^l^ʔ č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌ k^x^h

Fricatives: ɸ s š x h

Nasals: m n ñ ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Clicks:

ʘ
/ n/
!
|| n||
(clicks are all rarely used)

Modified Consonants: cʷ many

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i I ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u ʋ ɔ

Syllable: (C)V Nˈ lˈ rˈ

Tones: hi lo

Stress: penult

Noun Number: s p

Noun Classes: 9 (persons,trees, animals)

Demonstratives: 4 (3 + this here)

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3* 6*
3 & 6 vary with noun class

Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1157

Language: Northern Sotho

Alternate Name: Ndebele

Location: NE South Africa (Transvaal)

Population: 800,000

Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Sotho-Tswana

Dictionary:

Ziervogel, D. and P. C. Mokgokong. 1975. Comprehensive Northern Sotho Dictionary. Pretoria: J. L. van Schaik.

Grammar: Ziervogel, D. , D. P. Lombard and P. C. Mokgokong. 1969. A Handbook of the Northern Sotho Language. Pretoria: J. L. van Schaik.

Consonant system:

   p^h p^ʔ t^h t^ʔ k^h k^ʔb d
p^sh p^šh p^šʔ t^sh t^sʔ t^lh t^lʔ č^h č^ʔ k^xhb^ž
ɸ^s f f^š s š x
β (v) (z) ž ɣ (ɦ)
m n ñ ŋ
    l ɬ
    r

Stops: p^h p^ʔ b t^h t^ʔ d k^h k^ʔ

Affricates: p^s^h p^š^h p^šʔ b^žt^s^h t^sʔ t^l^h t^lʔ č^h č^ʔ k^x^h

Fricatives: ɸ^s β f f^š(v) s (z) š ž x ɣ (ɦ)

Nasals: m n ñ ŋ

Laterals: l ɬ

Vibrants: r

Clicks: / ǂ ||

Modified Consonants: cʷ t t^h k k^h ɡ t^s t^lč^h s š x n ñ ŋ l ɬ r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i I ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Syllable: (C)V Nˈ lˈ

Noun Number: s p

Noun Classes: 15 (persons, natural phenomena, trees, instruments, animals, fruits, abstract)

Demonstratives: 3

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3* 6*
3 & 6 vary with noun class

Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1158

Language: Southern Sotho

Alternate Name: Sesotho

Location: Lesotho

Population: 3 million

Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Sotho-Tswana

Dictionary:

Kriel, T. J. 1958. The New English-Sesotho Dictionary. Johannesburg: Afrikaanse Pers-Bookhandel.
Mabille, A. and H. Dieterlen. 1961. Sourthern Sotho-English Dictionary. Morija: Morija Sesuto Book Depot.

Grammar: Guma, Samson Mbizo. 1971. An Outline Structure of Southern Sotho. Pietermaritzburg: Shuter and shooter.

TextBooks:

Doke, C. M. and S. M. Mofokeng. 1957. Textbook of Southern Sotho Grammar. London: Longmans.
Demuth, Katherine and Tholoana Sekhesa. 1978. Basic Sesotho - An Oral Approach. Bloomington: African Studies Program, Indiana Univ.

Consonant system:

   p^h p^ʔ t^h t^ʔ k^h k^ʔb d
p^šh p^šʔ t^sh t^sʔ t^lh t^lʔ č^h č^ʔ k^xhb^ž ɡ̌
f f^š s š x
(v) ɦ
m n ñ ŋ
    l ɬ
    r

Stops: p^h p^ʔ b t^h t^ʔ d k^h k^ʔ

Affricates: p^š^h p^šʔ b^žt^s^h t^sʔ t^l^h t^lʔ č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌ k^x^h

Fricatives: f f^š(v) s š x ɦ

Nasals: m n ñ ŋ

Laterals: l ɬ

Vibrants: r

Clicks:

! !^h n!
(in interjections and ideophones also: / /^h n/ || ||^h n||)

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ

Syllable: (C)V Nˈ lˈ

Tones: hi lo

Stress: penult

Noun Number: s p

Noun Classes: 7 (persons, proper names, kinship terms, animals, trees, plants)

Demonstratives: 3

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3* 6*
3 & 6 vary with noun class

Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1159

Language: Lozi

Location: S Zambia

Population: 230,000

Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Sotho-Tswana

Dictionary: Jalla, A. 1936a. Dictionary of the Lozi Language. London: United Society for Christian Literature.

Grammar: Jalla, A. 1936b. Elementary Grammar of the Lozi Language. London: United Society for Christian Literature.

Consonant system:

   p t k
b
    č
    (ɡ̌)
f s š
(v) z
m n ŋ
    l
    (r)

Stops: p b t k

Affricates: č (ɡ̌)

Fricatives: f (v) s z š

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: (r)

Modified Consonants: ^Nc p b t d k ɡ ɡ̌ s

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u ɔ

Stress: penult

Noun Number: s p

Noun Classes: 9 (persons, trees, abstract, contempt, animals, diminutive, nouns derived from verbs)

Demonstratives: 4 (3+ that over there)

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3* 6*
3 & 6 vary with noun class

Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1160

Language: Xhosa

Location: S South Africa

Population: 2.5 million

Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Nguni

Dictionary:

McLaren, J. 1963. A New Concise Xhosa- English Dictionary. Cape Town: Longmans.
Jennings, Lionel E. 1967. The Concise Trilingual Dictionary in English, Xhosa, Afrikaans. Lovedale, South Africa: The Lovedale Press.

Grammar:

Bennie, W. G. 1953. A Grammar of Xhosa. Lovedale, South Africa: The Lovedale Press.
McLaren, J. 1955. A Xhosa Grammar. Cape Town: Longmans.

TextBooks: Jordan, A. C. 1966. A Practical Course in Xhosa. Capetown: Longmans.

Consonant system:

   p^h p^ʔ t^h t^ʔ c^h c^ʔ k^h k^ʔ
b ɓ d ɟ ɡ
p^fʔ t^sh t^sʔ č č^h k^xʔb^v d^z ɡ̌
f s š x h
v z ɣ (ɦ)
m n ñ ŋ
    l ɬ
    ɮ
    r

Stops: p^h p^ʔ b ɓ t^h t^ʔ d c^h c^ʔ ɟ k^h k^ʔ ɡ

Affricates: p^fʔ b^v t^s^h t^sʔ d^z č č^h ɡ̌ k^xʔ

Fricatives: f v s z š x ɣ h (ɦ)

Nasals: m n ñ ŋ

Laterals: l ɬ ɮ

Vibrants: r

Clicks:

/^h /^ʔ ɡ/ n/ ^ŋ/ ^ŋ/^ɡ
||^h ||^ʔ ɡ|| n|| ^ŋ|| ^ŋ||^ɡ
!^h !^ʔ ɡ! n! ^ŋ! ^ŋ!^ɡ

Modified Consonants: ^Nc p^ʔ b t^ʔ d c^ʔ ɟ k^ʔ ɡ t^sh d^z t^l d^l č^h ɡ̌ f v

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u ɔ

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Modified Vowels: vowel harmony

Syllable: CV mˈ

Tones: hi lo fall

Stress: penult

Noun Number: s p

Noun Classes: 10 (persons trees plants)

Demonstratives: 3

Articles: def

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3* 6*
3 & 6 vary with noun class

Syntax: SVO NA NG ND/(DN) N-NUM N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP

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