Classification:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone R: South Mbundu
Consonant system:
Number:1142
Language:Nyaneka
Population:40,000
Classification:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone R: South Mbundu
Consonant system:
Number:1143
Language:Nkumbi
Location:Angola
Classification:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone R: South Mbundu
Other Sources:Westphal, E. O. J. 1961. "Oluŋhkumbi Vocabulary," ALS 2, 49-63.
Consonant system:
p t k mb nd ŋɡ č ñɡ̌ f s h β m n ñ ŋ l
Stops:p mb t nd k ŋɡ
Affricates:č ñɡ̌
Fricatives:β f s h
Nasals:m n ñ ŋ
Laterals:l
Modified Consonants:
Nc p b t d k ɡ ɡ̌ f s h cj p t nd β s l cʷ p mb t nd k s š ç l
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o
Noun Number:s p
Noun Classes:18
Demonstratives:3
Syntax:N-NUM N-POSS
Number:1144
Language:Kwanyama
Classification:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone R: Ndonga
Consonant system:
Number:1145
Language:Ndonga
Location:N Namibia
Population:350,000
Classification:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone R: Ndonga
Other Sources:
Baucom, Kenneth L. 1972. "The Wambo Languages of South West Africa and Angola," JAL 11, 45-73. WALS
Consonant system:
p t k mb nd ŋɡ ts ñɡ̌ f θ s š x h v ð z ñz ̌ ɣ m n n̥ ñ l ʎ
Stops:p mb t nd k ŋɡ
Affricates:tsñɡ̌
Fricatives:f v θ ð s z š ñž x ɣ h
Nasals:m n n̥ ñ
Laterals:l ʎ
Modified Consonants:Nc p b d k ɡ ɡ̌ v ž
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
Front Vowels:i ɛ
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u ɔ
Modified Vowels:vowel harmony
Syllable:Nˈ
Tones:hi lo downstep upstep
Noun Number:s p
Noun Classes:9
Demonstratives:3
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class
Syntax:SVO
Number:1146
Language:Kwambi
Classification:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone R: Ndonga
Consonant system:
Number:1147
Language:Ngandyera
Classification:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone R: Ndonga
Consonant system:
Number:1148
Language:Herero
Location:Namibia
Population:40,000
Classification:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone R: Herero
Dictionary:Brincker, H. 1886. Wörterbuch und kurzgefasste Grammatik des Otji-Herero. Leipzig. [Reprinted 1964 by Gregg Press, Ridgewood, NJ]
Grammar:Viehe, G. 1897. Grammatik des Otjiherero. Stuttgart: W. Spemann.
Other Sources:WPF
Consonant system:
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 3* 6*
Number:1149
Language:Shona
Location:Zimbabwe
Population:2 million
Classification:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Shona
Dictionary:
Hannan, M. 1974. Standard Shona Dictionary. Salisbury: Rhodesia Literature Bureau.
Grammar:
GD: Biehler, E. 1950. A Shona Dictionary. Salisbury: The Jesuit Fathers. Fortune, G. 1955. An Analytical Grammar of Shona. London: Longmans.
TextBooks:Fortune, G. 1967. Elements of Shona. Salisbury: Longmans.
Other Sources:Jones, Daniel. 1911. The Pronunciation and Orthography of the Chindau Language. London: Univ of London.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k b ɓ d̪ ɗ ɡ pf t̪s č bv d̪z ɡ̌ f s̪ sʷ š β v z̪ zʷ ž ɦ m n̪ ñ ŋ (v̊) r
Stops:p b ɓ t̪ d̪ ɗ k ɡ
Affricates:pf bv t̪s d̪z č ɡ̌
Fricatives:β f v s̪ z̪ sʷ zʷ š ž ɦ
Nasals:m n̪ ñ ŋ
Vibrants:(v̊) r
Modified Consonants:
Nc b d ɡ ɡ̌ v z cʷ s z
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o
Syllable:(C)(C)V
Tones:hi lo downdrift
Stress:penult
Noun Number:s p
Noun Classes:9
Demonstratives:2 + ref
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 3* 6* 3 & 6 vary with noun class
Syntax:SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS N+Num+D+A
Prep/Post:PREP
Number:1150
Language:Zezuru
Classification:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Shona
Consonant system:
Number:1151
Language:Manyika
Classification:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Shona
Consonant system:
Number:1152
Language:Karanga
Location:SE Zimbabwe (Victoria)
Population:750,000
Classification:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Shona
Grammar:Marconnès, Francisque. 1931. A Grammar of Central Karanga. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand Univ Press.
Consonant system:
p t k b ʔb d ʔd ɡ pf ts č bv dz ɡ̌ f s s ̌ x β v z ž ɣ ɦ m n ŋ (l) r
Stops:p b ʔb t d ʔd k ɡ
Affricates:pf bv ts dz č ɡ̌
Fricatives:β f v s z š ž x ɣ ɦ
Nasals:m n ŋ
Laterals:(l)
Vibrants:r
Modified Consonants:
Nc b d ɡ v z cʷ s z
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o
Stress:penult
Noun Number:s p
Noun Classes:7
Demonstratives:2
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class
Syntax:SVO NA NG DN/ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post:PREP
Number:1153
Language:Ndau
Classification:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Shona
Consonant system:
Number:1154
Language:Kalanga
Classification:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Shona
Consonant system:
Number:1155
Language:Venda
Location:NE South Africa (Transvaal)
Population:150,000
Classification:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Venda
Dictionary:
Marole, L. T. and F. J. de Gama. 1954. English-Venda Vocabulary. Sibasa, South Africa: Marole Book Depot. Wentzel, P. J. and T. W. Muloiwa. 1976. Venda-Afrikaans-English. Pretoria: Univ of South Africa.
Grammar:Ziervogel, D., P. J. Wentzel and T. N. Makuya, eds. 1972. A Handbook of the Venda Language. Pretoria: Univ of South Africa.
Consonant system:
p ph t̪ t̪h t th k kh b d̪ d ɡ pf pfh ts tsh č čh bv dz ɡ̌ ɸ f s š x β v z ž ɣʷ ɦ m n̪ n ñ ŋ l̪ r ɹ̣
Stops:p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ t th d k kh ɡ
Affricates:pf pfh bv ts tsh dz č čh ɡ̌
Fricatives:ɸ β f v s z š ž x ɣʷ ɦ
Nasals:m n̪ n ñ ŋ
Laterals:l̪
Vibrants:r ɹ̣
Modified Consonants:
cj d k cʷ p ph b č čh ɡ̌ s z ɣ ŋ
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
Front Vowels:I ɛ
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels:v̄ all
Syllable:(C)(C)V Nˈ
Tones:hi lo
Noun Number:s p
Noun Classes:18
Demonstratives:3
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 3* 6* 3 & 6 vary with noun class
Syntax:SVO NA NG ND/(DN) N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post:PREP
Number:1156
Language:Tswana
Location:N South Africa
Population:852,000
Classification:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Sotho-Tswana
Dictionary:Brown, J. Tom. 1962. Secwana Dictionary. Lobatsi, South Africa: Bechuanaland Book Centre.
Grammar:Cole, Desmond T. 1955. An Introduction to Tswana Grammar. London: Longmans.
TextBooks:
Cole, Desmond T. and Dingaan Mpho Mokaila. 1962. A Course in Tswana. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ Press.
Consonant system:
ph pʔ th tʔ kh kʔ b tsh tsʔ tlh tlʔ čh čʔ kxh ɡ̌ ɸ s š x h m n ñ ŋ l r
Stops:ph pʔ b th tʔ kh kʔ
Affricates:tsh tsʔ tlh tlʔ čh čʔ ɡ̌ kxh
Fricatives:ɸ s š x h
Nasals:m n ñ ŋ
Laterals:l
Vibrants:r
Clicks:
ʘ / n/ ! || n|| (clicks are all rarely used)
Modified Consonants:cʷ many
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
Front Vowels:i I ɛ
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u ʋ ɔ
Syllable:(C)V Nˈ lˈ rˈ
Tones:hi lo
Stress:penult
Noun Number:s p
Noun Classes:9 (persons,trees, animals)
Demonstratives:4 (3 + this here)
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 3* 6* 3 & 6 vary with noun class
Syntax:SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post:PREP
Number:1157
Language:Northern Sotho
Alternate Name:Ndebele
Location:NE South Africa (Transvaal)
Population:800,000
Classification:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Sotho-Tswana
Dictionary:
Ziervogel, D. and P. C. Mokgokong. 1975. Comprehensive Northern Sotho Dictionary. Pretoria: J. L. van Schaik.
Grammar:Ziervogel, D. , D. P. Lombard and P. C. Mokgokong. 1969. A Handbook of the Northern Sotho Language. Pretoria: J. L. van Schaik.
Consonant system:
ph pʔ th tʔ kh kʔ b d psh pšh pšʔ tsh tsʔ tlh tlʔ čh čʔ kxh bž ɸs f f š s š x β (v) (z) ž ɣ (ɦ) m n ñ ŋ l ɬ r
Classification:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Sotho-Tswana
Dictionary:
Kriel, T. J. 1958. The New English-Sesotho Dictionary. Johannesburg: Afrikaanse Pers-Bookhandel. Mabille, A. and H. Dieterlen. 1961. Sourthern Sotho-English Dictionary. Morija: Morija Sesuto Book Depot.
Grammar:Guma, Samson Mbizo. 1971. An Outline Structure of Southern Sotho. Pietermaritzburg: Shuter and shooter.
TextBooks:
Doke, C. M. and S. M. Mofokeng. 1957. Textbook of Southern Sotho Grammar. London: Longmans. Demuth, Katherine and Tholoana Sekhesa. 1978. Basic Sesotho - An Oral Approach. Bloomington: African Studies Program, Indiana Univ.
Consonant system:
ph pʔ th tʔ kh kʔ b d pšh pšʔ tsh tsʔ tlh tlʔ čh čʔ kxh bž ɡ̌ f f š s š x (v) ɦ m n ñ ŋ l ɬ r
Classification:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Nguni
Dictionary:
McLaren, J. 1963. A New Concise Xhosa- English Dictionary. Cape Town: Longmans. Jennings, Lionel E. 1967. The Concise Trilingual Dictionary in English, Xhosa, Afrikaans. Lovedale, South Africa: The Lovedale Press.
Grammar:
Bennie, W. G. 1953. A Grammar of Xhosa. Lovedale, South Africa: The Lovedale Press. McLaren, J. 1955. A Xhosa Grammar. Cape Town: Longmans.
TextBooks:Jordan, A. C. 1966. A Practical Course in Xhosa. Capetown: Longmans.
Consonant system:
ph pʔ th tʔ ch cʔ kh kʔ b ɓ d ɟ ɡ pfʔ tsh tsʔ č čh kxʔ bv dz ɡ̌ f s š x h v z ɣ (ɦ) m n ñ ŋ l ɬ ɮ r