A global linguistic database : Query result

Number: 1161

Language: Zulu

Location: E South Africa

Population: 3 million

Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Nguni

Dictionary:

Doke, C. M. and B. W. Vilakazi. 1953. Zulu-English Dictionary. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand Univ Press.
Doke, C. M. , D. M. Malcolm and J. M. A. Sikakana. 1958. English- Zulu Dictionary. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand Univ Press.

Grammar: Malcolm, D. M. 1966. A New Zulu Manual. Johannesburg: Longmans.

TextBooks:

Doke, Clement M. 1961. Textbook of Zulu Grammar. Cape Town: Longmans.
Ziervogel, D., J. A. Louw and P. C. Taljaard. 1976. A Handbook of the Zulu Language. Pretoria: J. L. van Schaik.

Consonant system:

   p^h p^ʔ t^h t^ʔ k k^h k^ʔ
b ɓ d ɡ
^mp^fʔ t^sʔ ⁿt^lʔ (č) č^ʔ k^lʔ
mb^v ⁿd^l ɡ̌
f s š (x) h
v z ɦ
m n ñ ŋ
    l ɬ
    ɮ
    (r)

Stops: p^h p^ʔ b ɓ t^h t^ʔ d k k^h k^ʔ ɡ

Affricates: ^mp^fʔ ^mb^v t^sʔ ⁿt^l^ʔ ⁿd^l (č) č^ʔ ɡ̌ k^l^ʔ

Fricatives: f v s z š (x) h ɦ

Nasals: m n ñ ŋ

Laterals: l ɬ ɮ

Vibrants: (r)

Clicks:

/ /^h ɡ/ n/ ^ŋ/^ɡ
|| ||^h ɡ|| n|| ^ŋ||^ɡ
! !^h ɡ! n! ^ŋ!^ɡ

Modified Consonants: ^Nc p^fʔ b^v t^sʔ d^z t^l^ʔ d^l č^ʔ ɡ̌ k^l^ʔ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u ɔ

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Syllable: mˈ rˈ

Tones: hi lo fall

Stress: penult

Noun Number: s p

Noun Classes: 8

Demonstratives: 3

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3* 6*
3 & 6 vary with noun class

Syntax: SVO NA NG ND/DN N-NUM N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1162

Language: Swati

Location: Swaziland

Population: 1.3 million

Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Nguni

Grammar: Ziervogel, D. 1976. A Grammar of the Swati Language. Pretoria: J. L. van Schaik.

Consonant system:

   p^h p^ʔ t^h t^ʔ k^h k^ʔ
b ɓ d ɡ
    t^sh t^ɸh č k^xʔ d^z d^l d^β ɡ̌
f s š x
v z ž ɦ
m n ñ ŋ
    l ɬ
    r

Stops: p^h p^ʔ b ɓ t^h t^ʔ d k^h k^ʔ ɡ

Affricates: t^s^h d^z d^l t^ɸ^h d^β č ɡ̌ k^xʔ

Fricatives: f v s z š ž x ɦ

Nasals: m n ñ ŋ

Laterals: l ɬ

Vibrants: r

Clicks:

/ /^h n/ n/^h ɡ/ ^ŋ/ ^ŋ/^ɡ
(|| and ! are used only in foreiɡn words)

Modified Consonants: ^Nc p^h p^ʔ b t d k^h k^ʔ ɡ d^l t^s d^zt^ɸ d^β č ɡ̌ k^xʔ f v s z š ɬ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u ɔ

Tones: hi lo fall

Stress: on root & penult syllable

Noun Number: s p

Noun Classes: 13 (6 pl) (persons, relatives, natural phenomena, fruit, birds, foodstuffs, flat objects)

Demonstratives: 3

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3* 6*
3 & 6 vary with noun class

Syntax: SVO NA NG ND/DN N-NUM N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1163

Language: Ndebele

Location: S Zimbabwe

Population: 700,000

Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Nguni

Dictionary: Pelling, J. N. 1966. A Pratical Ndebele Dictionary. Bulawayo, Zimbabwe: Daystar.

Grammar: Ziervogel, D. 1959. A Grammar of Northern Transvaal Ndebele. Pretoria: J. L. van Schaik.

Consonant system:

   p p^h t t^h k k^h
b ɓ d ɡ
    t^s t^sh k^l d^l ɡ̌
f s h
v z
m n ŋ
    l ɬ
    (r)

Stops: p p^h b ɓ t t^h d k k^h ɡ

Affricates: t^s t^s^h d^l ɡ̌ k^l

Fricatives: f v s z h

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l ɬ

Vibrants: (r)

Clicks:

/ /^h ɡ/ n/ n/^h
|| ||^h ɡ|| n|| n||^h
! !^h ɡ! n! n! n!^h

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u ɔ

Syllable: Nˈ

Tones: hi lo

Stress: penult

Noun Number: s p

Noun Classes: 8 (persons, names, natural phenomena, instruments)

Demonstratives: 3

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6
3 & 6 vary with noun class

Syntax: SVO NA NG ND/DN N-NUM N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1164

Language: Ngoni

Population: 103,000

Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Nguni

Consonant system:

Number: 1165

Language: Tswa

Population: 500,000

Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Tswa-Ronga

Consonant system:

Number: 1166

Language: Tonga₃

Location: Zambia

Population: 450,000

Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Tswa-Ronga

Grammar:

Hapgood, C. R. 1940. Tonga Grammar. London: Longmans.
Collins, B. 1962. Tonga Grammar. London: Longmans.

TextBooks: Hapgood, C. R. 1953. A Practical Introduction to Tonga. London: Longmans.

Consonant system:

   p t k
b d ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
f s
β v z
m n ñ ŋ
    l

Stops: p b t d k ɡ

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Fricatives: β f v s z

Nasals: m n ñ ŋ

Laterals: l

Modified Consonants:

^Nc p b t d k ɡ č ɡ̌ f vʷ sʷ z z^j
cʷ many
c^j b t s z ⁿz m l

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄

Syllable: (C)(C)V Nˈ

Tones: hi lo

Stress: penult

Noun Number: s p

Noun Classes: 9 (men & animals, abstract, nouns derived from infinitives, small thin objects, nouns derived from verbs)

Demonstratives: 4 (3+ near both speaker and person spoken to)

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6
3 & 6 vary with noun class

Syntax: SVO NA NG ND/(DN) N-NUM/(NUM-N) N-POSS N+D+A

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1167

Language: Tsonga

Location: NE South Africa (Transvaal)

Population: 1.5 million

Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Tswa-Ronga

Dictionary: Cuenod, R. 1967. Tsonga-English Dictionary. Johannesburg: Swiss Mission in South Africa.

Grammar: Ribeiro, Armando. 1965. Gramática Changana (Tsonga). Caniçado: Editorial Evangelizar.

TextBooks: Ouwehand, M. 1964. Everday Tsonga. Johannesburg: Swiss Mission in South Africa.

Other Sources: Baumbach, E. J. M. 1974. Introduction to the Speech Sounds and Speech Sound Changes of Tsonga. Pretoria: J. L. van Schaik.

Consonant system:

   p p^h t t^h k k^h
b d ɡ
p^f t^s t^sh ṭ^s ṭ^sh t^l t^lh č č^h
b^v d^z ḍ^z d^l ɡ̌
f s š
v z ɦ
m n ñ ŋ
    l ɬ
    r

Stops: p p^h b t t^h d k k^h ɡ

Affricates: p^fb^v t^s t^s^h d^z ṭ^s ṭ^s^h ḍ^z t^l t^l^h d^l č č^h ɡ̌

Fricatives: f v s z š ɦ

Nasals: m n ñ ŋ

Laterals: l ɬ

Vibrants: r

Clicks: (/ n/ g/)

Modified Consonants:

^Nc ?
c^j ?
cʷ k k^h ɡ ṭ^sn ñ ŋ l
c̤ (aspirated) b d ɡ ɡ̌ m n r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Tones: hi lo

Stress: penult

Noun Number: s p

Noun Classes: 8 (people, plants, animals, fruit, abstract, instruments)

Demonstratives: 3

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3* 6*
3 & 6 vary with noun class

Syntax: SVO NA NG ND/(DN) N-NUM/NUM-N N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1168

Language: Ronga

Location: Mozambique

Population: 1 million

Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Tswa-Ronga

Dictionary:

Quintão, José Luı́s. 1951a. Dicionários Xironga-Português e Português-Xironga. Lisbon: Agência Geral das Colónias.
Sá Nogueira, Rodrigo de. 1960. Dicionário Ronga-Português. Lisbon: Junta de Investigações do Ultramar.

Grammar:

Junod, Henri A. 1896. Grammaire ronga. Lausanne: Georges Bridel.
Quintão, José Luı́s. 1951b. Gramática de Xironga (Landim). Lisbon: Agência Geral das Colónias.

Consonant system:

   p t̪ ṭ k
b d̪ ḍ ɡ
p^s t̪^s t^l č
(b^z) d̪^z d^l ɡ̌
f s̪ š h
(β) v z̪ ž
m n̪ ŋ
    l̪ ɬ̪
    ṛ

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ k ɡ

Affricates: p^s(b^z) t̪^s d̪^z t^l d^l č ɡ̌

Fricatives: (β) f v s̪ z̪ š ž h

Nasals: m n̪ ŋ

Laterals: l̪ ɬ̪

Vibrants: ṛ

Modified Consonants:

^Nc
c^j
cʷ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Stress: penult

Noun Number: s p

Noun Classes: 8

Demonstratives: 5 (3 + that further on, that very far)

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6
3 & 6 vary with noun class

Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1169

Language: Chopi

Location: Mozambique

Population: 200,000

Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Chopi

Dictionary: Santos, Luı́s Feliciano dos. 1950. Dicionário Português-Chope e Chope-Português. Lourenço Marques: Imprensa Nacional.

Grammar:

Santos, Luiz Feliciano dos. 1941. Gramática da Lı́ngua Chope. Lourenço Marques: Imprensa Nacional.
Junod, Henri Philippe. n.d. Éléments de grammaire tchopi. Lisbon: Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa.

Consonant system:

   p p^h t t^h k k^h
b ɓ (d) ɗ ɡ
p^f t^s t^sh č
(b^v) d^z ɡ̌
    s š h
m n ñ ŋ
    l
    r

Stops: p p^h b ɓ t t^h (d) ɗ k k^h ɡ

Affricates: p^f (b^v) t^s t^s^h d^z č ɡ̌

Fricatives: s š h

Nasals: m n ñ ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Clicks: || !

Modified Consonants:

^Nc p b t d k ɡ p^f t^s d^z č ɡ̌ s
c^j
cʷ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Syllable: Nˈ

Tones: hi mid lo

Stress: penult

Noun Number: s p

Noun Classes: 8

Demonstratives: 4 (3 + very far)

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6
3 & 6 vary with noun class

Syntax: SVO NA NG ND/(DN) N-NUM N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1170

Language: Tonga-Inhambane

Location: Mozambique

Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Chopi

Consonant system:

Number: 1171

Language: Songhai

Dialect: Zarma

Location: SW Niger (Niamey)

Population: 600,000 (175,000)

Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Songhai

Dictionary: Marie, E. 1914. Vocabulaire français-djerma et djerma-français. Paris: Leroux.

Grammar: Tersis, Nicole. 1972. Le Zarma. Paris: SELAF.

TextBooks: Cooper, Paul V. and Oliver Rice. 1966. Djerma Basic Course. Washington, D.C.: English Language Services.

Consonant system:

   p t c k kʷ
b d ɟ ɡ ɡʷ
f s x
    z
m n ñ ŋ
    l
    ɾ

Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ

Fricatives: f s z x

Nasals: m n ñ ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: ɾ

Modified Consonants:

c̄ b t d k ɡ m n l r j
^Nc (p t c k s z) b d ɟ ɡ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
e o
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Nasal Vowels: ã (ı̃ ẽ õ)

Modified Vowels: vowel harmony

Syllable: (C)V(C) Nˈ

Tones: hi lo ris fall ris-fall fall-ris

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: def

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+A+Num+D

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1172

Language: Songhai

Dialect: Gao

Location: Mali (Gao)

Population: 600,000

Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Songhai

Dictionary:

Williamson, Kay. 1967. Songhai Word List. Research Notes from the Department of Linguistics and Nigerian Languages 1.3. Ibadan: Univ of Ibadan.
Zimmerman, D. W. 1968. Dictionaire français-sonrai. n.p.

Grammar: GD: Prost, A. 1956. La langue sonay et ses dialects. Dakar: IFAN.

Other Sources: Nicolaı̈, Robert. 1978. "Les parlers songhay occidentaux (Tombouctou-Jenne-Ngorku)," SAL 9, 1-34.

Consonant system:

   (p) t k
b d ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
f s h
    z
m n ñ ŋ
    l
    r

Stops: (p) b t d k ɡ

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Fricatives: f s z h

Nasals: m n ñ ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants:

c̄ p b t d k ɡ m n l r
^Nc (p) b t d k ɡ č ɡ̌ f s z

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Nasal Vowels: (ṽ)

Diphthongs: aj aw ew

Syllable: (C)V(C)

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 3

Articles: def

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1173

Language: Songhai

Dialect: Dendi

Location: SW Niger

Population: 600,000 (15,000)

Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Songhai

Dictionary: Tersis, Nicole. 1968. Le dendi (Niger): phonologie, lexique dendi-français. BSELAF 10.

Consonant system:

   (p) t c k
b d ɟ ɡ
f s h
v z
m n ñ ŋ
    l
    r

Stops: (p) b t d c ɟ k ɡ

Fricatives: f v s z h

Nasals: m n ñ ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄ b t d k ɡ m n l r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: (v̄ all)

Modified Vowels: vowel harmony

Syllable: (C)V(C) Nˈ

Tones: hi lo fall

Syntax: SOV

Number: 1174

Language: Songhai

Dialect: West

Location: Mali

Population: 600,000 (15,000)

Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Songhai

Other Sources: E

Consonant system:

   (p) t c k
b d ɟ ɡ
f s h
v z
m n ñ ŋ
    l
    r

Stops: (p) b t d c ɟ k ɡ

Fricatives: f v s z h

Nasals: m n ñ ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄ b t d k ɡ m n l r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: (v̄ all)

Modified Vowels: vowel harmony

Syllable: (C)V(C) Nˈ

Tones: hi lo fall

Syntax: SVO

Number: 1175

Language: Kanuri

Location: NE Nigeria (North Eastern)

Population: 2.5 million

Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Saharan: Western

Dictionary: Benton, Philip A. 1911. Kanuri Readings. London: Oxford Univ Press. [Reprinted 1968 in The Languages and Peoples of Bornu, vol. 2, London, Frank Cass]

Grammar:

Benton, Philip A. 1917. Primer of Kanuri Grammar. London: Oxford Univ Press. [Reprinted 1968 in The Languages and Peoples of Bornu, vol 2, London.
GD: Lukas, Johannes. 1937. A Study of the Kanuri Language. London: Oxford Univ Press. [Reprinted 1967 by Dawsons of Pall Mall, London.]

TextBooks: Awobuluyi, Oladele. 1969. Introductory Kanuri. Washington D.C.: CAL.

Other Sources:

Ward, Ida C. 1926. "Some Notes on the Pronunciation of the Kanuri Language of West Africa," BSOAS 4, 139-46.
Awobuluyi, Oladele. 1971. "The Phonology of Yerwa Kanuri," Research Notes from the Department of Linguistics and Nigerian Languages 4.1, 1-21. Ibadan: Univ of Ibadan.
STAL
LA

Consonant system:

   p t k ʔ
b d ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
f s š h
    z
m n n ̃ ŋ
    l ľ
    ɾ

Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Fricatives: f s z š h

Nasals: m n ñ ŋ

Laterals: l ľ

Vibrants: ɾ

Modified Consonants:

c̄
^Nc ?

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Modified Vowels: vowel harmony

Diphthongs: ai ei oi ui au ea ǝi ǝu io iu ou

Syllable: (C)(C)V(C) Nˈ

Tones: hi lo ris fall

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SOV NA NG/(GN) ND N-NUM N-POSS N+A+Num+D

Prep/Post: (PREP)/POST

Number: 1176

Language: Kanembu

Location: Chad

Population: 2,250

Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Saharan: Western

Other Sources: WALS

Consonant system:

Syntax: SOV

Number: 1177

Language: Tubu

Alternate Name: Tebu, Kashirda

Location: N Chad

Population: 200,000

Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Saharan: Western

Grammar:

GD: Jourdan, P. 1935. Notes grammaticales et vocabulaire de la langue daza. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner.
Le Coeur, Charles and M. Le Coeur. 1955. Grammaire et textes teda-daza. Dakar: IFAN.

Other Sources: LA

Consonant system:

   p t k
b d ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
ɸ s š h
    z
m n ñ ŋ
    l
    ɾ

Stops: p b t d k ɡ

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Fricatives: ɸ s z š h

Nasals: m n ñ ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: ɾ

Modified Consonants: c̄

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i I e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u ʋ o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Nasal Vowels: ṽ

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 2 + ref

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SOV NA GN/NG ND N-NUM N-POSS N+D+A

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1178

Language: Zagawa

Location: E Chad

Population: 60,000

Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Saharan: Eastern

Other Sources: LA

Consonant system:

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i (I) e ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u (ʋ) o ɔ

Tones: hi mid lo

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SOV NA ND N-NUM N-POSS

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1179

Language: Berti

Location: N Sudan

Population: extinct

Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Saharan: Eastern

Consonant system:

Number: 1180

Language: Mimi₁

Dialect: Gaudefroy-Demombynes

Location: Sudan

Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Maban

Other Sources: Gaudefroy-Demombynes, M. 1905. "Documents sur les langues de l'Oubangui-Chari," Actes du XVI Congrès International des Orientalistes."

Consonant system: