Grammar:Fortier, Joseph. 1971. Grammaire mbaye-moı̈ssala. Lyon: Afrique et Langage.
Other Sources:
Caprile, Jean-Pierre. 1968. Essai de phonologie d'un parler mbay. BSELAF 8. Caprile, Jean-Pierre. 1971. La dénomination des couleurs chez les mbay de Moı̈ssala. Paris: SELAF. WPF
Consonant system:
(p) t k b ɓ d ɗ̣ ɡ ɡ̌ s h m n l ɾ
Stops:(p) b ɓ t d ɗ̣ k ɡ
Affricates:ɡ̌
Fricatives:s h
Nasals:m n
Laterals:l
Vibrants:ɾ
Modified Consonants:Nc b d ɡ ɡ̌
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:ǝ a
Back Vowels:u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels:ṽ: all but ɔ
Modified Vowels:vowel harmony
Syllable:(C)V Nˈ lˈ rˈ
Tones:hi mid lo (+6 contour tones)
Stress:initial
Noun Number:s p
Demonstratives:3
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 3 6
Syntax:SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post:PREP/POST
Number:1284
Language:Sara
Location:SW Chad
Population:47,000
Classification:Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: West Central: Bongo-Bagirmi: Sara-Bagirmi: Sara
Dictionary:Hallaire, J. and J.Robinne. 1955-59. Dictionaire sara-français. Koumra-Fourviere, Chad.
Grammar:Palayer, Pierre. 1970. Éléments de grammaire sar (Tchad). Lyon: Afrique et Langage.
Other Sources:Bouquiaux, L. 1964. "A propos de la phonologie du sara," JAL 3, 160-72.
Consonant system:
p t k b ɓ d (ɗ) ɡ ɡ̌ s h m n ñ ŋ l v̊ r ʔr
Stops:p b ɓ t d (ɗ) k ɡ
Affricates:ɡ̌
Fricatives:s h
Nasals:m n ñ ŋ
Laterals:l
Vibrants:v̊ r ʔr
Modified Consonants:Nc b d ɡ ɡ̌
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
Front Vowels:i ɛ
Central Vowels:ǝ a
Back Vowels:u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels:ı̃ ɛ̃ ã ũ õ
Modified Vowels:vowel harmony
Syllable:(C)V(C) Nˈ lˈ rˈ
Tones:hi mid lo
Noun Number:s p
Demonstratives:2 + ref
Pronouns:
1 4ie 2 5 3 6
Syntax:SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post:PREP
Number:1285
Language:Babalia
Location:W Chad
Classification:Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: West Central: Bongo-Bagirmi: Sara-Bagirmi: Bagirmi
Consonant system:
Number:1286
Language:Bagirmi
Location:SW Chad
Population:35,000
Classification:Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: West Central: Bongo-Bagirmi: Sara-Bagirmi: Bagirmi
Grammar:
GD: Gaden, H. 1909. Essai de grammaire de la langue baguirmienne. Paris: Leroux. Stevenson, R. C. 1969. Bagirmi Grammar. Khartoum: Univ of Khartoum.
Other Sources:LA
Consonant system:
p t̪ ṭ c k (ʔ) b ɓ d̪ ḍ ɗ̣ ɟ ʄ ɡ (f) s (š) (h) (v) (z) m n̪ ñ ŋ l r
Stops:p b ɓ t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ ɗ̣ c ɟ ʄ k ɡ (ʔ)
Fricatives:(f) (v) s (z) (š) (h)
Nasals:m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals:l
Vibrants:r
Modified Consonants:Nc b d ɟ ɡ
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
Front Vowels:i e ɛ
Central Vowels:ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels:u o ɔ
Long Vowels:ī ē ā ū ō
Diphthongs:ai ei oi au ou ɨu
Tones:hi mid lo
Noun Number:s p
Demonstratives:2
Articles:def
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 3 6
Syntax:SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS N+Num+D
Prep/Post:PREP
Number:1287
Language:Fongoro
Location:Chad
Classification:Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: West Central: Bongo-Bagirmi: Sara-Bagirmi: Bagirmi
Consonant system:
Number:1288
Language:Disa
Location:Chad
Classification:Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: West Central: Bongo-Bagirmi: Sara-Bagirmi: Bagirmi
Consonant system:
Number:1289
Language:Gele
Location:Chad
Classification:Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: West Central: Bongo-Bagirmi: Sara-Bagirmi: Bagirmi
Consonant system:
Number:1290
Language:Gula
Location:Chad
Classification:Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: West Central: Bongo-Bagirmi: Sara-Bagirmi: Bagirmi
Other Sources:WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax:SVO
Number:1291
Language:Kenga
Location:SC Chad
Population:23,000
Classification:Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: West Central: Bongo-Bagirmi: Sara-Bagirmi: Bagirmi
Grammar:Vandame, Charles. 1968. Grammaire kenga. Lyon: Afrique et Langage.
Consonant system:
p t c k b ɓ d ɗ ɟ (ʄ) ɡ s z m n ñ ŋ l r
Stops:p b ɓ t d ɗ c ɟ (ʄ) k ɡ
Fricatives:s z
Nasals:m n ñ ŋ
Laterals:l
Vibrants:r
Vowel system:
Front Vowels:i e ɛ
Central Vowels:ǝ a
Back Vowels:u o ɔ
Long Vowels:v̄ all but ǝ
Syllable:(C)V(C) Nˈ
Tones:hi mid lo (+ 6 ris/fall tones)
Noun Number:s p
Demonstratives:2
Articles:def
Pronouns:
1 4ie 2 5 3 6
Syntax:SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post:PREP/POST
Number:1292
Language:Kuka
Location:SC Chad
Population:38,000
Classification:Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: West Central: Bongo-Bagirmi: Sara-Bagirmi: Bagirmi
Consonant system:
Number:1293
Language:Furu
Alternate Name:Bagiro
Location:Zaire
Population:5,000
Classification:Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: West Central: Bongo-Bagirmi: Kara
Other Sources:WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax:SVO
Number:1294
Language:Kara
Location:SW Sudan (NW Bahr al-Ghazal)
Population:1,900
Classification:Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: West Central: Bongo-Bagirmi: Kara
Grammar:Santandrea, Stefano. 1970. Brief Grammar Outlines of the Yulu and Kara Languages. Bologna: Nigrizia.
Consonant system:
p t̪ c k kp b ʔb d̪ ʔd̪ d ḍ ɟ ɡ ɡb č dz ɡ̌ ʔɡ̌ f (θ) s š h v ʕ m n ñ ŋ l v̊ ɾ
Stops:p b ʔb t̪ d̪ ʔd̪ d ḍ c ɟ k ɡ kp ɡb
Affricates:dz č ɡ̌ ʔɡ̌
Fricatives:f v (θ) s š ʕ h
Nasals:m n ñ ŋ
Laterals:l
Vibrants:v̊ ɾ
Modified Consonants:
c̄ d k h l ... Nc b d̪ kp ɡb
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
Front Vowels:i I e ɛ
Central Vowels:ǝ a
Back Vowels:u ʋ o ɔ
Tones:hi mid lo
Noun Number:s p
Demonstratives:3
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 3 6
Syntax:SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post:PREP
Number:1295
Language:Yulu
Location:SW Sudan (NW Bahr al-Ghazal)
Population:2,800
Classification:Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: West Central: Bongo-Bagirmi: Kara
Grammar:Santandrea, Stefano. 1970. Brief Grammar Outlines of the Yulu and Kara Languages. Bologna: Nigrizia.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k kp ʔ b ʔb d̪ ḍ ʔɗ̣ ɡ ɡb č dz ɡ̌ ʔɡ̌ f s h v ʕ m n̪ ñ ŋ l v̊ ɾ r
Stops:p b ʔb t̪ d̪ ḍ ʔɗ̣ k ɡ kp ɡb ʔ
Affricates:dz č ɡ̌ ʔɡ̌
Fricatives:f v s ʕ h
Nasals:m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals:l
Vibrants:v̊ ɾ r
Modified Consonants:Nc b d ɡb
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
Front Vowels:i (I) e ɛ
Central Vowels:(ǝ) a
Back Vowels:u (ʋ) o ɔ
Long Vowels:v̄ all
Tones:hi mid lo
Noun Number:s p
Demonstratives:2
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 3 6
Syntax:SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post:PREP
Number:1296
Language:Moru
Location:S Sudan
Population:23,000
Classification:Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: East Central: Moru-Madi
Other Sources:Cowan, William. 1965. "Note on the Phonemes of /mɔ̀rɔ́/," JAL 4,114-7.
Consonant system:
p t k kp b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ f s h v z m n ñ ŋ l r ɾ̣
Stops:p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ kp ɡb
Affricates:č ɡ̌
Fricatives:f v s z h
Nasals:m n ñ ŋ
Laterals:l
Vibrants:r ɾ̣
Modified Consonants:
Nc b d ɡ ɡb ɡ̌ v z r cʷ č ɡ̌ s z h
Glides:
j w
Vowel system:
Front Vowels:i e ɛ
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u ɯ ɔ
Syllable:(C)(C)(C)V(C)
Tones:hi mid lo fall
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 3 6
Syntax:SVO/SOV NA GN/NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post:POST
Number:1297
Language:Avukaya
Location:Sudan
Population:5,000
Classification:Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: East Central: Moru-Madi
Consonant system:
Number:1298
Language:Kaliko
Location:Zaire
Population:18,000
Classification:Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: East Central: Moru-Madi
Consonant system:
Number:1299
Language:Logo
Location:Zaire
Population:54,000
Classification:Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: East Central: Moru-Madi
Other Sources:LA
Consonant system:
Syntax:SVO/SOV NA ND N-NUM POSS-N N+Num+D
Prep/Post:POST
Number:1300
Language:Logbara
Location:Uganda
Population:144,000
Classification:Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: East Central: Moru-Madi
TextBooks:Barr, L. I. 1965. A Course in Lugbara. Kampala: East African Literature Bureau.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k kp ʔ b ɓ d̪ ɗ̣ ɡ ɡb ts ṭr dz ḍr f s h v z m n ñ ŋ l ɾ̣