Classification:Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bata
Consonant system:
Number:1422
Language:Musgu
Dialect:Vulum
Location:SW Chad (N Mayo-Kebbi)
Population:50,000 (8,500)
Classification:Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group B
Grammar:Tourneux, Henry. 1978. Le mulwi ou vulum de mogroum (Tchad). Paris: SELAF.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k b ɓ d̪ ɗ ɡ f s h v z m n̪ (ñ) ŋ l ɬ ɮ ɾ
Stops:p b ɓ t̪ d̪ ɗ k ɡ
Fricatives:f v s z h
Nasals:m n̪ (ñ) ŋ
Laterals:l ɬ ɮ
Vibrants:ɾ
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
Front Vowels:i (y) e (ø)
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o
Long Vowels:ī (ē) ā ū (ō)
Modified Vowels:vowel harmony
Syllable:(C)(C)V(C) Nˈ
Tones:hi lo ris fall
Noun Number:s p
Gender:m f (sing only)
Articles:def
Pronouns:
1 4ie 2 5 3mf 6hN N=non-hum
Syntax:SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post:PREP
Number:1423
Language:Gidar
Location:N Cameroon
Population:50,000
Classification:Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group B
Consonant system:
Number:1424
Language:Buduma
Location:W Chad (Lac)
Population:25,000
Classification:Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group B
Other Sources:
Benton, P. A. 1912. Notes on Some Languages of the Western Sudan. London: Oxford Univ Press. [Reprinted 1968 by Frank Cass & Co, London, as The Languages and Peoples of Bornu, vol 1.] WALS
Consonant system:
p t k b d ɡ č ɡ̌ f h m n l r
Stops:p b t d k ɡ
Affricates:č ɡ̌
Fricatives:f h
Nasals:m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
c̄ Nc b ɡ ɡ̌
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:ǝ a
Back Vowels:u o
Noun Number:s p
Demonstratives:2
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 3mf 6
Syntax:SVO NA NG ND N-POSS
Prep/Post:PREP
Number:1425
Language:Kotoko
Location:N Cameroon
Population:40,000
Classification:Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group B
Consonant system:
Noun Number:s p
Syntax:NG
Number:1426
Language:Logone
Alternate Name:Lagwan
Location:Cameroon
Classification:Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group B
Other Sources:WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax:SVO
Number:1427
Language:Hausa
Location:N Nigeria (Kano)
Population:20 million (12 million speak it as a first language)
Classification:Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Hausa
Dictionary:
Abraham, R. C. 1962. Dictionary of the Hausa Language. London: Univ of London Press. Skinner, Neil. 1970. English-Hausa Dictionary. Zatia: Northern Nigerian Publishing Company.
Grammar:
Abraham, R. C. 1959. The Language of the Hausa People. London: Univ of London Press. Taylor, F. W. 1959. A Practical Hausa Grammar. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
TextBooks:
Hodge, Carleton T. and Ibrahim Umaru. 1963. Hausa Basic Course. Washington, D.C.: Foreign Service Institute. Kraft, Charles H. and Marguerite E. Kraft. 1973. Introductory Hausa. Berkeley: Univ of California Press. Kraft, Charles H. and Anthony Kirk-Greene. 1973. Teach Yourself Hausa. London: English Universities Press. Cowan, J. Ronayne and Russell G. Schuh. 1975. Spoken Hausa. Ithaca, N.Y.: Spoken Language Services.
Other Sources:
Kraft, Charles H. 1963. A Study of Hausa Syntax, 3 vols. HSL 8-10. Hoffman, Carl. 1969. "Hausa," in TNL, 73-84.
Consonant system:
t k kʷ kj kʔ kʔʷ kʔj ʔ b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ɡʷ ɡj č ɡ̌ ɸ s sʔ š h z m n l ɾ ɾ̣
Stops:b ɓ t d ɗ k kʷ kj kʔ kʔʷ kʔj ɡ ɡʷ ɡj ʔ
Affricates:č ɡ̌
Fricatives:ɸ s sʔ z š h
Nasals:m n
Laterals:l
Vibrants:ɾ ɾ̣
Modified Consonants:c̄
Glides: j ʔj w
Vowel system:
Front Vowels:I ɛ
Central Vowels:ǝ
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels:ī ē ā ū ō
Diphthongs:ai au
Syllable:(C)V(C) Nˈ
Tones:hi lo fall downdrift
Noun Number:s p
Gender:m f
Demonstratives: 2 + ref
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 3mf 6 + indef
Syntax:SVO AN/NA NG DN/ND N-NUM N-POSS D+A+N+Num
Prep/Post:PREP
Number:1428
Language:Gwandara
Location:C Nigeria (Benue-Plateau)
Population:30,000
Classification:Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Hausa
Other Sources:Matsushita, Shuji. 1974. A Comparative Vocabulary of Gwandara Dialects. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa.
Consonant system:
p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ s š h z m n l ɾ
Stops:p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb
Affricates:č ɡ̌
Fricatives:s z š h
Nasals:m n
Laterals:l
Vibrants:ɾ
Modified Consonants:
cj p k ɡ cʷ b k ɡ č h
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o
Nasal Vowels:ṽ all
Tones:hi mid lo (+ 6 contour tones)
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 3 6
Syntax:N-POSS
Number:1429
Language:Karekare
Location:Nigeria
Classification:Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Bole
Consonant system:
Number:1430
Language:Bole
Location:NE Nigeria (Bornu)
Population:32,000
Classification:Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Bole
TextBooks:Lukas, J. 1971. "Über das erweiterte Verb im Bolanci (Nordnigerien)," JAL 10, 1-14.
Other Sources:Benton, P. A. 1912. Notes on Some Languages of the Western Sudan. London: Oxford Univ Press. [Reprinted 1968 by Frank Cass & Co, London, as The Languages and Peoples of Bornu, vol 1.]
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ɠ č ɡ̌ f s š h z m n ŋ l r
Stops:p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ ɠ ʔ
Affricates:č ɡ̌
Fricatives:f s z š h
Nasals:m n ŋ
Laterals:l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:Nc b d ɡ ɡ̌ z
Glides:j ʔj w
Vowel system:
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o
Long Vowels:v̄ all
Tones:hi fall
Noun Number:s p
Demonstratives:2
Articles:def
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 3mf 6
Syntax:SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post:PREP
Number:1431
Language:Bele
Location:Nigeria
Classification:Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Bole
Consonant system:
Number:1432
Language:Ngamo
Location:NE Nigeria (North-Eastern)
Population:18,000
Classification:Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Bole
Consonant system:
Number:1433
Language:Maha
Location:N Nigeria (North-Eastern)
Classification:Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Bole
Other Sources:Newman, Paul. 1965. "A Brief Note on the Maha Language," JWAL 2:1, 57-8.
Consonant system:
p t k b ɓ d ɗ ɡ č ɡ̌ s š h m n ŋ l ɬ ɮ r
Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ
Affricates:č ɡ̌
Fricatives:s š h
Nasals:m n ŋ
Laterals:l ɬ ɮ
Vibrants:r
Modified Consonants:
m̄ Nc
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o
Pronouns:
1 4 2mf 5 3mf 6
Number:1434
Language:Kirfi
Location:Nigeria
Classification:Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Bole
Consonant system:
Number:1435
Language:Deno
Location:Nigeria
Classification:Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Bole
Consonant system:
Number:1436
Language:Kubi
Location:Nigeria
Classification:Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Bole
Consonant system:
Number:1437
Language:Galambu
Location:Nigeria
Classification:Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Bole
Consonant system:
Number:1438
Language:Gera
Location:Nigeria
Classification:Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Bole
Consonant system:
Number:1439
Language:Kanakuru
Location:NE Nigeria (North-Eastern)
Population:20,000
Classification:Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Tangale
Other Sources:
STAL WALS
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ɡ̌ f s š m n ñ ŋ l r
Stops:p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ ʔ
Affricates:ɡ̌
Fricatives:f s š
Nasals:m n ñ ŋ
Laterals:l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:c̄
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels:ǝ a
Back Vowels:u o
Long Vowels:v̄
Tones:
hi lo
Syntax:SVO
Number:1440
Language:Tangale
Location:E Nigeria (North-Eastern)
Population:100,000
Classification:Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Tangale
Other Sources:
Jungraithmayr H. 1971. "The Tangale Vowel Harmony System Roconsidered," JAL 10, 28-33. WALS
