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\data\typol\typology
Number: 1541
Language: Gidole
Alternate Name: Dirasha
Location: SW Ethiopia (SE Gemu Gofa)
Population: 5,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Eastern: Lowland: Oromoid
Other Sources: E
Consonant system:

   




Syntax: SOV
Number: 1542
Language: Konso
Alternate Name: Komso
Location: SW Ethiopia (SE Gemu Gofa)
Population: 60,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Eastern: Lowland: Oromoid
Other Sources: E
Consonant system:

   




Syntax: SOV
Number: 1543
Language: Dahalo
Alternate Name: Sanye
Location: SE Kenya (S Northeastern)
Population: 3,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Southern: Dahalo
Other Sources:

   Elderkin, E. Derek. 1976. "Southern Cushitic," in NSLE, 279-97.
Heine, Bernd. 1978. "The Sam Languages: A History of Rendille, Boni and Somali," AFL 6:2, 1-93.
Tucker, A. N., M. A. Bryan and James Woodburn. 1977. "The East African Click Languages: A Phonetic Comparison," in Zur Sprachgeschicte und Ethnohistorie in Africa, ed. by W. Möhlig, F. Rottland and B. Heine, Berlin, Dietrich Reimer, 300-22.

Consonant system:

   p pʔ mph t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ ŋk ʔ
ɓ mb d̪ ɗ nd ɡ ŋɡ
 ts tl tlh č
    dz ɡ̌
f s ħ ɦ
β v ɣ ʕ
m n̪ ñ
    l
    r

Stops: p pʔ mph ɓ mb t̪ t̪ʔ d̪ ɗ nd k kʔ ŋk ɡ ŋɡ ʔ
Affricates: ts dz tl tlh č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f β v s ɣ ħ ʕ ɦ
Nasals: m n̪ ñ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Clicks: / n/ /ʔ
Modified Consonants:
Glides: j w
Vowel system:

   i u
e o
    a

Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄
Syllable: (C)V(N)
Tones: hi lo
Noun Number: s p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2 + ref
Pronouns:

   1 4
2 5
3mf 6

Syntax: SOV NA NG ND NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1544
Language: Ma'a
Location: NE Tanzania (Tanga)
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Southern: Ma'a
Other Sources: Elderkin, E. Derek. 1976. "Southern Cushitic," in NSLE, 279-97.
Consonant system:

    t k ʔ
b d ɟ ɡ
f s š x h
β
m n
    l
    r

Stops: b t d ɟ k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: β f s š x h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:

   c̄ n
Nc

Glides: w
Vowel system:

   

Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Noun Number: s p
Noun Classes: nc
Pronouns:

   1 4
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SVO NA N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1545
Language: Asa
Location: Tanzania
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Southern: Rift
Consonant system:

   




Number: 1546
Language: Kw'adza
Location: Tanzania
Population: extinct
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Southern: Rift
Consonant system:

   




Number: 1547
Language: Iraqw
Location: NE Tanzania (Arusha)
Population: 111,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Southern: Rift
Other Sources:

   Whiteley, W. H. 1958. A Short Description of Item Categories in Iraqw. Kampala: East African Institute of Social Research.
Whiteley, W. H. 1960. "The Verbal Radical in Iraqw," ALS 1, 79-95.
Elderkin, E. Derek. 1976. "Southern Cushitic," in NSLE, 279-97.

Consonant system:

   p t k kʷ q qʷ ʔ
b ɓ d (ɗ) ɡ ɡʷ
    tsʔ tl
m n ŋ ŋʷ
    l ɬ
    r

Stops: p b ɓ t d (ɗ) k kʷ ɡ ɡʷ q qʷ ʔ
Affricates: tsʔ tl
Nasals: m n ŋ ŋʷ
Laterals: l ɬ
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:

   c̄ s
Nc ?

Glides: j w
Vowel system:

   

Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: (ǝ) a
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels: ī ē ū ō ɑ̄
Syllable: (C)V(C) Nˈ
Tones: hi lo (ris) (fall) downdrift
Noun Number: s p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2 + ref
Pronouns:

    1 4
2mf 5mf
3 6

Syntax: SOV NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1548
Language: Alagwa
Alternate Name: Alawa
Location: NC Tanzania (Arusha)
Population: 13,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Southern: Rift
Other Sources: LA
Consonant system:

   




Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Noun Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:

   1 4
2mf 5
3 6

Syntax: N-POSS
Number: 1549
Language: Burunge
Location: NC Tanzania (N Dodoma)
Population: 11,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Southern: Rift
Other Sources:

   LA
WALS
E

Consonant system:

   




Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Noun Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:

   1 4
2mf 5
3 6

Syntax: SOV[already introduced object]/SVO[newly introduced object] N-POSS
Number: 1550
Language: Proto-Semitic
Location: Arabia
Population: c. 4,000 B.C.
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic
Grammar:

    Gray, Louis H. 1934. Introduction of Semitic Comparative Linguistics. New York: Columbia Univ Press.
Moscati, Sabatino, et al. 1964. An Introduction to the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.

Consonant system:

   p t k q ʔ
b d ɡ
m n
    l
    r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ q ʔ
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:

   c̄
cɒ t θ ð s

Glides: j w
Vowel system:

   

Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: ai au
Syllable: CV(C)
Noun Number: s d p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:

   1 4
2mf 5d 5mf
3mf 6d 6mf

Syntax: N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1551
Language: Eblaic
Location: N Syria
Population: extinct
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic
Consonant system:

   




Number: 1552
Language: Akkadian
Location: E Iraq
Population: c. 2000 B.C.
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: East
Dictionary:

   Gelb, I. J. 1957. Glossary of Old Akkadian. Chicago: Univ of Chicago Press.

Grammar:

   Reiner, Erica. 1966. A Linguistic Analysis of Akkadian. The Hague: Mouton.
Castellino, G. R. 1970. Grammatica accadica introduttiva. Rome: Istituto di Studi del Vicino Oriente.
Lipin, L. A. 1973. The Akkadian Language. Moscow: Nauka.

Other Sources: Gelb, Ignace J. 1969. Sequential Reconstruction of Proto-Akkadian. Chicago: Univ of Chicago Press.
Consonant system:

   p t k q ʔ
b d ɡ
    s š x
    z
m n
    l
    r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ q ʔ
Fricatives: s z š x
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:

   c̄
cɒ t s

Glides: j w
Vowel system:

   

Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: ai
Noun Number: s d p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:

   1 4
2mf 5mf
3mf 6mf

Syntax: SOV NA NG ND NUM-N/N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1553
Language: Old Aramaic
Location: Syria
Population: c. 900 B.C .
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Aramaic
Grammar: Degen, Rainer. 1969. Altaramäische Grammatik. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner.
Consonant system:

   p t̪ k ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
m n̪
    l̪
    r

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cɒ t k θ ð s
Glides: j w
Vowel system:

   

Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū
Diphthongs: ai aw
Syllable: CV(C)(C)
Noun Number: s d p`
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:

   1 4
2mf 5mf
3mf 6mf

Syntax: VSO NA NG ND N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1554
Language: Syriac
Location: Turkey
Population: extinct
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Aramaic
Consonant system:

   




Number: 1555
Language: Assyrian
Dialect: Mandaic
Location: N Iraq
Population: 500,000 (extinct)
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Aramaic
Dictionary: Drower, E. S and R. Macuch. 1963. A Mandaic Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Grammar: Macuch, Rudolf. 1965. Handbook of Classical and Modern Mandaic. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Other Sources: Yamauchi, Edwin M. 1967. Mandaic Incantation Texts. New Haven: American Oriental Society.
Consonant system:

   p t k q
b d ɡ
    (č)
    (ɡ̌)
m n
    l
    r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ q
Affricates: (č) (ɡ̌)
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:

   c̄
cɒ t s

Glides: j w
Vowel system:

   

Front Vowels: i e æ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all but æ ǝ
Diphthongs: ei eu ai ou oi au
Stress: non-phonemic (penult/antepenult)
Noun Number: s p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:

    1 4
2 5
*3mf *6mf

Syntax: SVO NA NG DN NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1556
Language: Assyrian
Dialect: Syriac
Location: NE Syria
Population: 500,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Aramaic
Dictionary:

   Oraham, A. 1943. Assyrian-English Dictionary. Chicago.
Costaz, Louis. n.d. Dictionnaire syriaque-français New York: Altai Press.

Grammar:

    GD: Garbell, Irene. 1965. The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Persian Azerbaijan. The Hague: Mouton.
Costaz, Louis. 1955. Grammaire syriaque. Beruit: Imprimérie Catholique.
Tsereteli, K. G.1964. Sovremennyj assirijskij jazyk. Moscow: Nauka.
Arsanis, G. V. 1968. "Sovremennyj assirijskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 489-507.
Jacobi, Heidi. 1973. Grammatik des thumischen Neuaramäisch. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner.
Sara, Solomon I. 1974. A Description of Modern Chaldean. The Hague: Mouton.

TextBooks: Robinson, Theodore H. 1962. Paradigms and Exercises in Syriac Grammar. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Other Sources:

    Hetzron, Robert. 1969. "The Morphology of the Verb in Modern Syriac (Christian Colloquial of Urmi), JAOS 89, 112-27.
Solomon, Zomaya S. and Robert K. Headley, Sr. 1973. "The Phonology of Modern Spoken Syriac," AL 15, 136-47.

Consonant system:

   ph th kh (q) ʔ
b d ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
(f) θ s š x h
(v) ð z (ž) ɣ
m n
    l
    ɾ

Stops: ph b th d kh ɡ (q) ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: (f) (v) θ ð s z š (ž) x ɣ h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants:

   c̄
cɒ t ð s l ɾ

Glides: j w
Vowel system:

   

Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: (ǝ) a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: ai au
Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)
Stress: penult
Noun Number: s p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:

    1 4
2mf 5
*3mf *6

Syntax: VSO/SVO NA NG DN NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1557
Language: Aramaic
Alternate Name: Neo-Aramaic
Location: Lebanon
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Aramaic
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:

   




Noun Number: s d p
Gender: m f
Pronouns:

   1 4
2mf 5mf
3mf 6mf

Syntax: SOV
Number: 1558
Language: Classical Hebrew
Location: Israel
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: North: Northwest
Grammar:

    Lambert, Mayer. 1972. Traité de grammaire hébraı̈que. Hildesheim: H. A. Gerstenberg.
Blau, Joshua. 1976. A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.

TextBooks: Davidson, A. B.1966. An Introductory Hebrew Grammar. Edinburgh: T. T. Clark.
Consonant system:

   p t̪ k q ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
m n
    l
    r

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ q ʔ
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cɒ t s
Glides: j w
Vowel system:

   

Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄
Diphthongs: aj aw
Stress: mostly final (sometimes penult)
Noun Number: s d p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:

    1 4
2mf 5mf
*3mf *6mf

Syntax: VSO NA NG ND NUM-N/(N-NUM [1]) N-POSS Num+N+A+D
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1559
Language: Hebrew
Location: Israel
Population: 2.5 million
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: North: Northwest
Dictionary: Sivan, Reuven and Edward A. Levenston. 1975. The New Bantam-Megiddo Hebrew & English Dictionary. New York: Bantam.
TextBooks:

   Rosén, Haiim B. 1966. A Textbook of Israeli Hebrew. Chicago: Univ of Chicago Press.
Mansoor, Menahem. 1972. Modern Hebrew. Madison.
Harrison, R. K. n.d. Teach Yourself Hebrew. London: English Universities Press.

Other Sources: Chayen, M. J. 1973. The Phonetics of Modern Hebrew. The Hague: Mouton.
Consonant system:

   p t̪ k (q) ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪s
    ʁ
m n̪
    l

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ (q) ʔ
Affricates: t̪s
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ʁ
Modified Consonants: c̄ all but tɒ sɒ
Glides: j
Vowel system:

   

Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: (ǝ) a
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō
Stress: mostly final (sometimes penult)
Noun Number: s (d) p (dual only used for body parts and things which come in pairs)
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:

   1 4
2mf 5mf
3mf 6mf

Syntax: SVO NA NG ND NUM-N/(N-NUM [1]) N-POSS Num+N +A +D
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1560
Language: Phoenician
Location: Syria
Population: extinct
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: North: Northwest
Consonant system:

   




typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-syntax,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-syntax,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-clicks,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-nounnumber,typology-gender,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-syllable,typology-nounnumber,typology-nounclasse,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-nounnumber,typology-gender,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-modifiedvo,typology-nounnumber,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-modifiedvo,typology-nounnumber,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-diphthongs,typology-syllable,typology-nounnumber,typology-gender,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-dictionary,typology-grammar,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-diphthongs,typology-nounnumber,typology-gender,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-diphthongs,typology-syllable,typology-nounnumber,typology-gender,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-dialect,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-dictionary,typology-grammar,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-diphthongs,typology-stress,typology-nounnumber,typology-gender,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-dialect,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-dictionary,typology-grammar,typology-textbooks,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-diphthongs,typology-syllable,typology-stress,typology-nounnumber,typology-gender,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-nounnumber,typology-gender,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-textbooks,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-diphthongs,typology-stress,typology-nounnumber,typology-gender,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-dictionary,typology-textbooks,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-stress,typology-nounnumber,typology-gender,typology-demonstrat,typology-articles,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,
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