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\data\typol\typology
Number: 1561
Language: Ugaritic
Location: N Syria
Population: c. 1400 B.C.
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: North: Northwest
Grammar: GD: Gorden, Cyrus H. 1965. Ugaritic Textbook. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute.
Consonant system:

   p t k q ʔ
b d ɡ
m n
    l
    r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ q ʔ
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cɒ t s z
Glides: j w
Vowel system:

   

Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: ī ā ū
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Noun Number: s d p
Gender: m f
Pronouns:

   1 4d 4
2mf 5d 5
3mf 6d 6mf

Syntax: VSO NA NG ND NUM-N/N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1562
Language: Moabite
Location: Jordan
Population: extinct
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: North: Northwest
Consonant system:

   




Number: 1563
Language: Classical Arabic
Location: Saudi Arabia
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite
Dictionary: Abcarius, J. John. 1974. English-Arabic Reader's Dictionary. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
Grammar:

   Blachère, Régis. 1958. Éléments de l'arabe classique. Paris: Maisoneuve et Larose.
Yushmanov, N. V. 1961. The Structure of the Arabic Language. Washigton, D.C.: CAL.
Bateson, Mary Catherine. 1967. Arabic Language Handbook. Wahington, D.C.: CAL.
Fischer, Wolfdietrich. 1972. Grammatik des klassischen Arabisch. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.

TextBooks:

   Ani, Salman H. al- and Jacob Y. Shammas. 1969. A Basic Course of Literary Arabic. Montreal: Institute of Islamic Studies, McGill Univ.
Tritton, Arthur S. 1970. Arabic. London: English Universities Press.
Bishai, Wilson B. 1971. Concise Grammar of Literary Arabic: A New Approach. Dubuque, IA: Kendall & Hunt.

Consonant system:

    t̪ k q ʔ
b d̪
    ɡ̌
m n
    l
    r

Stops: b t̪ d̪ k q ʔ
Affricates: ɡ̌
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:

   c̄ all ?
cɒ t d ð s (z) (l)

Glides: j w
Vowel system:

   

Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: aj aw
Syllable: CV(C)
Stress: non-phonemic (last long syllable/initial)
Noun Number: s d p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:

   1 4
2mf 5d 5mf
3mf 6d 6mf

Syntax: VSO NA NG DN NUM-N/(N-NUM [1,2]) N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1564
Language: Eastern Arabic
Dialect: Saudi Arabian
Location: Saudi Arabia
Population: 50 million
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite
Grammar: Schreiber, Giselher. 1970. Der arabische Dialekt von Mekka. Münster: Univ of Münster Diss.
Other Sources:

    Ingham, Bruce. 1971. "Some Characteristics of Meccan Speech," BSOAS 34, 273-97.
Bakalla, M. H. 1973. The Phonology and Morphology of Meccan Arabic. London: Univ of London Diss.
E

Consonant system:

    t̪ k (q) (ʔ)
b d̪ ɡ
    ɡ̌
m n
    l
    r

Stops: b t̪ d̪ k ɡ (q) (ʔ)
Affricates: ɡ̌
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:

   c̄ all
cɒ t d s z

Glides: j w
Vowel system:

   

Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō
Syllable: CV(C)(C)
Stress: non-phonemic
Noun Number: s d p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:

   1 4
2mf 5
3mf 6

Syntax: VSO NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1565
Language: Eastern Arabic
Dialect: Palestinian
Location: Israel
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite
Dictionary: Elihai, Yohanan. 1973. Dictionnaire de l'arabe parlé palestinien. Paris: Klincksieck.
Grammar: Driver, Godfrey Rolles. 1925. A Grammar of the Colloquial Arabic of Syria and Palestine. London: Probsthain and Co.
TextBooks: Kapliwatzky, Jochanan. 1968. Colloquial Arabic. Jerusalem: Rubin Mass.
Consonant system:

    t̪ k q ʔ
b d̪
    ɡ̌
m n
    l
    r

Stops: b t̪ d̪ k q ʔ
Affricates: ɡ̌
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cɒ t d s z
Glides: j w
Vowel system:

   

Front Vowels: I ɛ æ
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō
Stress: non-phonemic
Noun Number: s d p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:

   1 4
2mf 5
3mf 6

Syntax: SVO NA NG DN NUM-N/(N-NUM [1]) N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1566
Language: Eastern Arabic
Dialect: Gulf
Location: United Arab Emirates
Population: 50 million
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite
Grammar: Qafisheh, Hamdi A. 1977. A Short Reference Grammar of Gulf Arabic. Tucson: Univ of Arizona Press.
TextBooks: Qafisheh, Hamdi A. 1975. A Basic Course in Gulf Arabic. Tucson: Univ of Arizona Press.
Consonant system:

   (p) t̪ k q ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
m n
    l̪
    ɾ

Stops: (p) b t̪ d̪ k ɡ q ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants:

   c̄
cɒ t ð s l

Glides: j w
Vowel system:

   

Front Vowels: I
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ʋ (ɔ)
Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ɔ̄
Diphthongs: iw ij aw āw aj āj uw
Syllable: (C)CV(C)(C) (no CCVCC)
Stress: non-phonemic
Noun Number: s d p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:

   1 4
2mf 5
3mf 6

Syntax: SVO NA NG DN NUM-N/(N-NUM [1,2]) N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1567
Language: Eastern Arabic
Dialect: Iraqi
Location: Iraq
Population: 50 million ( 10 million)
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite
Dictionary: Clarity, Beverly E., Karl Stowasser and Ronald G. Wolf, eds. 1964. A Dictionary of Iraqi: English-Arabic. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ Press.
Grammar: Erwin, Wallace M. 1963. A Short Reference Grammar of Iraqi Arabic. Washington, D.C.: Georgetwon Univ Press.
TextBooks: Erwin, Wallace M. 1969. A Basic Course in Iraqi Arabic. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ Press.
Other Sources: Ani, Salman H. al-. 1970. Arabic Phonology. The Haque: Mouton.
Consonant system:

   (p) t̪ k q ʔ
b d̪ (ɡ)
    č
    ɡ̌
m n̪
    l̪
    ɾ

Stops: (p) b t̪ d̪ k (ɡ) q ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants:

   c̄ all
cɒ (p) (b) t (f) ð s (z) (m) (l)

Glides: j w
Vowel system:

   

Front Vowels: I æ
Back Vowels: ʋ (o)
Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō
Diphthongs: aj āj aw āw iw ēw
Syllable: (C)CV(C)(C)
Stress: non-phonemic (last long syllable/penult in 2-syllable words; antepenult in words of 3 or more syllables)
Noun Number: s d p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:

   1 4
2mf 5
3mf 6

Syntax: SVO NA NG DN NUM-N/(N-NUM [1,2]) N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1568
Language: Eastern Arabic
Dialect: Lebanese
Location: Lebanon
Population: 50 million
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite
TextBooks: Kassab, Jean. 1970. Manuel du parler arabe moderne au moyen-orient. Paris: Paul Geuthner.
Consonant system:

    t k (q) ʔ
b d
m n
    l
    r

Stops: b t d k (q) ʔ
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:

   c̄ all
cɒ t d s z

Glides: j w
Vowel system:

   

Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ
Syllable: CV(C)
Stress: non-phonemic
Noun Number: s d p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:

   1 4
2mf 5
3mf 6

Syntax: VSO/SVO NA NG DN/ND NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1569
Language: Eastern Arabic
Dialect: Syrian
Location: Syria
Population: 50 million (7 million)
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite
Dictionary: Stowasser, Karl and Moukhtar Ani. 1964. A Dictionary of Syrian Arabic. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ Press.
Grammar:

   Cowell, Mark W. 1964. A Reference Grammar of Syrian Arabic. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ Press.
Grotzfeld, Heinz. 1965. Syrisch-arabische Grammatik. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.

TextBooks:

   Benedict, Warren C. and Ziad N. Kayyal. 1971. Levantine Arabic Basic Course, 4 vols. Beirut: Foreign Service Institute.
Ferguson, Charles A., et al. 1961. Damascus Arabic. Washington, D.C.: CAL.

Consonant system:

   (p) t̪ k q ʔ
b d̪ (ɡ)
m n̪
    l
    r

Stops: (p) b t̪ d̪ k (ɡ) q ʔ
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:

   c̄ all
cɒ b t d s z m n

Glides: j w
Vowel system:

   

Front Vowels: I e æ
Central Vowels: (ǝ)
Back Vowels: ʋ o
Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō
Stress: last long syllable; otherwise initial
Noun Number: s d p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:

   1 4
2mf 5
3mf 6

Syntax: VSO/SVO NA NG DN/ND NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1570
Language: Eastern Arabic
Dialect: Egyptian
Location: Egypt
Population: 50 million
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite
Dictionary: Elias, Edward A. 1962. Practical Dictionary of the Colloquial Arabic of the Middle East. Cairo: Elias' Modern Press.
Grammar:

    Tomiche, Nada. 1964. Le parler arabe du Caire. The Hague: Mouton.
Khalafallah, Abdelghany A. 1969. A Descriptive Grammar of Saɛi:di: Egyptian Colloquial Arabic. The Hague: Mouton.
Wise, Hilary. 1975. A Transformational Grammar of Spoken Egyptian Arabic. Oxford: Blackwell.

TextBooks:

    Mitchell, T. F. 1962. Collloquial Arabic. London: English Universities Press.
Harrell, Richard S., Laila Y. Tewfik and George D. Selim. 1963. Lessons in Colloquial Egyptian Arabic. Washigton, D.C.: Georgetown Univ Press.

Other Sources: Harrel, Richard S. 1957. The Phonelogy of Colloquial Egyptian Arabic. New York: American Council of Learned Societies.
Consonant system:

    t̪ k q ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
m n̪
    l̪
    ɾ

Stops: b t̪ d̪ k ɡ q ʔ
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants:

   c̄ all
cɒ t d s z

Glides: j w
Vowel system:

   

Front Vowels: I (e) (æ)
Back Vowels: ʋ (o) ɑ
Long Vowels: ī ē ǣ ū ō ɑ̄
Syllable: CV(C)(C)
Stress: non-phonemic (mostly penult)
Noun Number: s d p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:

   1 4
2mf 5
3mf 6

Syntax: SVO NA NG ND NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1571
Language: Eastern Arabic
Dialect: Cypriot Maronite
Location: Cyprus
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite
Grammar: Tsiapera, Maria. 1964. A Descriptive Analysis of Cypriot Maronite Arabic. The Hague: Mouton.
Consonant system:

    p t̪ k ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
m n̪
    l̪
    r

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:

   cj p k v z n l
cɒ t ð s

Glides: j w
Vowel system:

   

Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Noun Number: s (d) p
Gender: m f
Articles: def
Pronouns:

   1 4
2mf 5
3mf 6

Syntax: SVO NA N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1572
Language: Eastern Arabic
Dialect: Chad
Location: Chad
Population: 50 million
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite
Dictionary: Roth-Laly, Arlette. 1969-72. Lexique des parlers arabes tchado-soudanais, 4 vols. Paris: CNRS.
Grammar: Hagège, Claude. 1973. Profil d'un parler arabe du Tchad. Paris: Paul Geuthner.
TextBooks: Abu Absi, Samir and Andre Sinaud. 1968. Basic Chad Arabic. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Consonant system:

    t c k ʔ
b d ɗ ɟ ɡ ɠ
f s š χ h
    z
m n ñ
    l
    r

Stops: b t d ɗ c ɟ k ɡ ɠ ʔ
Fricatives: f s z š χ h
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ ɟ f r only
Glides: j w
Vowel system:

   

Front Vowels: i (e)
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o ɑ
Long Vowels: ī ē ɨ̄ ā ū
Noun Number: s (d) p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:

   1 4
2mf 5mf
3mf 6mf

Syntax: SVO NA NG ND NUM-N/(N-NUM [1,2]) N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1573
Language: Western Arabic
Dialect: Tunisian
Location: Tunisia
Population: 50 million
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite
Dictionary: Nicolas, A. 1938. Dictionnaire arabe-français. Idiome tunisien. Tunis: C. Abella.
TextBooks: Inglefield, Patrick L., Kacem Ben-Hamza and Toufik Abida. 1970. Tunisian Arabic Basic Course, 2 vols. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Other Sources: Maamouri, Mohamed. 1967. The Phonology of Tunisian Arabic. Ithaca: Cornell Univ Diss.
Consonant system:

    t k q
b d ɡ
m n
    l
    r

Stops: b t d k ɡ q
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:

   c̄
cɒ b t d ð s m l r

Glides: j w
Vowel system:

   

Front Vowels: I
Central Vowels: ǝ
Back Vowels: ʋ
Long Vowels: ī ǣ ū
Stress: non-phonemic (final/penult)
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:

   1 4
2 5
3mf 6

Syntax: SVO NA NG DN NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1574
Language: Western Arabic
Dialect: Algerian
Location: Algeria
Population: 50 million
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite
Dictionary: Belkhassem, Ben Sédira. 1954. Dictionnaire français-arabe de la langue parlé en Algérie. Algiers.
Grammar: Grand'henry, Jacques. 1976. Les parlers arabes de la région du mzab. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
TextBooks: Tapiéro, Norbert. 1971. Manuel d'arabe algérien moderne. Paris: Klincksieck.
Consonant system:

    t̪ k q (ʔ)
b d̪ ɡ
    ɡ̌
m n̪
    l
    r

Stops: b t̪ d̪ k ɡ q (ʔ)
Affricates: ɡ̌
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:

   c̄
cɒ t d s z l r

Glides: j w
Vowel system:

   

Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: (ǝ) a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: ej ou
Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C)
Stress: non-phonemic (final/penult)
Noun Number: s (d) p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:

   1 4
2mf 5
3mf 6

Syntax: VSO/SVO NA NG DN NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1575
Language: Western Arabic
Dialect: Moroccan
Location: Morocco
Population: 50 million (17 million )
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite
Dictionary:

   Harrell, Richard S., ed. 1966. A Dictionary of Moroccan Arabic: Arabic-English. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ Press.
Sobelman, Harvey and Richard S. Harrell, eds. 1963. A Dictionary of Moroccan Arabic: English-Moroccan. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ Press.

Grammar:

   Harrell, Richard S. 1962. A Short Reference Grammar of Moroccan Arabic. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ Press.
Marçais, P. 1977. Esquisse grammaticale de l'arabe maghrébin. Paris: Maisonneuve.

TextBooks:

   Harrell, Richard S. 1965. A Basic Course in Moroccan Arabic. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ Press.
Abdel-Massih, Ernest T. 1973. An Introduction to Moroccan Arabic. Ann Arbor: Center for Near Eastern and North African Studies.

Consonant system:

   (p) t̪ k q ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
m n̪
    l̪
    ɾ

Stops: (p) b t̪̪ d̪ k ɡ q ʔ
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants:

   c̄ all but z
cɒ t d s ɾ (b z m l)
cʷ b k ɡ q f χ ʁ m

Glides: j w
Vowel system:

   

Front Vowels: e
Central Vowels: ɐ
Back Vowels: o
Long Vowels: ī ā ū
Diphthongs: aj aw ej ew
Stress: non-phonemic (final/penult)
Noun Number: s (d) p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def indef
Pronouns:

   1 4
2mf 5
3mf 6

Syntax: SVO/(VSO) NA NG DN NUM-N N-POSS D+N+A
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1576
Language: Western Arabic
Dialect: Mauritanian
Location: Mauritania
Population: 50 million
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite
Grammar: Cohen, David. 1963. Le dialecte arabe hassaniya de Mauritanie. Paris: Klincksieck.
TextBooks: Leriche, A. 1952. Cours de langue maure. Saint Louis: IFAN.
Consonant system:

    t̪ c k qɒ ʔ
b d̪ ɟ ɡ
m n̪ ñ
    l̪
    r

Stops: b t̪ d̪ c ɟ k ɡ qɒ ʔ
Nasals: m n̪ ñ
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:

   c̄
cɒ t d q ð s z l r (b ɡ f m n)

Glides: j w
Vowel system:

   

Front Vowels: I
Central Vowels: ǝ ɐ
Back Vowels: ʋ
Long Vowels: ī ā ū
Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C)
Stress: non-phonemic
Noun Number: s d p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2 + ref
Articles: def
Pronouns:

   1 4
2mf 5mf
3mf 6mf

Syntax: SVO NA NG DN NUM-N N-POSS
Number: 1577
Language: Maltese
Location: Malta
Population: 50 million (325,000)
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite
Dictionary: Busuttil, Edgar D. 1941. Kalepin (dizjunarju) malti-ingliz. Valletta, Malta: St. Joseph Institute.
Grammar: Aquilina, Joseph. 1959. The Structure of Maltese. Malta: Royal Univ of Malta.
TextBooks: Aquilina, Joseph. 1965. Teach Yourself Maltese. London: English Universities Press.
Other Sources:

   Borg, Alexander. 1973. "The Segmental Phonemes of Maltese," Linguistics 109, 5-11.
Fenech, Edward. 1978. Contemporary Journalistic Maltese. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Consonant system:

   p t̪ k ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    ts č
    dz ɡ̌
m n̪
    l
    r

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ts dz č ɡ̌
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ all but v
Glides: j w
Vowel system:

   

Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: ie ew iw ej aj aw
Stress: non-phonemic
Noun Number: s (d) p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def (indef)
Pronouns:

   1 4
2 5
3mf 6

Syntax: SVO NA/(AN) NG DN NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1578
Language: Epigraphic South Arabian
Location: Yemen
Population: extinct
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South
Consonant system:

   




Number: 1579
Language: South Arabian
Dialect: Shahari
Location: S Oman
Population: 426,000 (5,000)
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South
Other Sources: Johnstone, T. M. 1975. " The Modern South Arabian Languages," AFL 1, 93-121.
Consonant system:

    t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    ɡ̌
f θ s̪ s̪ʔ š sʔ
 ð ðʔ z̪
m n
    l ʔl ɬ
    ɮ
    r ʔr

Stops: b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ɡ̌
Fricatives: f θ ð ʔð s̪ s̪ʔ z̪ š sʔ
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l ʔl ɬ ɮ
Vibrants: r ʔr
Glides: j w
Vowel system:

   

Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all ?
Noun Number: s (d) p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:

   1 4d 4
2mf 5d 5mf
3mf 6d 6mf

Syntax: NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1580
Language: South Arabian
Dialect: Harsusi
Location: South Yemen
Population: 426,000 (400,000)
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South
Dictionary: Johnstone, T. M. 1977. Harsusi Lexicon. London: Oxford Univ Press.
Other Sources: Johnstone, T. M. 1975. "The Modern South Arabian Languages," AFL 1, 93-121.
Consonant system:

    t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    ɡ̌
f θ s̪ s̪ʔ š šʔ
 ð ʔð z̪
m n
    l ʔl ɬ
    ɮ
    r ʔr

Stops: b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ɡ̌
Fricatives: f θ ð ʔð s̪ s̪ʔ z̪ š šʔ
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l ʔl ɬ ɮ
Vibrants: r ʔr
Glides: j w
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō
Diphthongs: aj aw ej ew ēw īw ōj ūj
Noun Number: s (d) p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:

   1 4d 4
2mf 5d 5mf
3mf 6d 6mf

Syntax: NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
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