A global linguistic database : Query result

Number: 1581

Language: Geez

Location: N Ethiopia

Population: extinct

Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: North

Other Sources:

Bender, Marvin L. 1976. "Two Ethio-Semitic Languages," in LE.
LA

Consonant system:

   p p^ʔ t̪ t̪^ʔ k k^ʔ kʷ k^ʔʷ ʔ
b d̪ d̪^ʔ ɡ ɡʷ
f s̪ s̪^ʔ
m n̪
    l̪
    r

Stops: p p^ʔ b t̪ t̪^ʔ d̪ d̪^ʔ k k^ʔ ɡ kʷ k^ʔʷ ɡʷ ʔ

Fricatives: f s̪ s̪^ʔ

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l̪

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄ all but c^ʔ ʔ h

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ ?

Stress: penult

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4
2mf 5mf
3mf 6mf

Syntax: VSO AN/NA NG N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP

Comments: Geez is still used as a liturgical language by the Orthodox church.

Number: 1582

Language: Tigre

Dialect: Mensa

Location: NW Eritrea

Population: 117,000

Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: North

Dictionary:

Da Milano, Prospero Maria. 1936. Vocabulario pratico: italiano-tigray-amarico. Milan: Genio.
Littman, Enno and Maria Höfner. 1962 Wörterbuch der Tigrè-Sprache: Tigrè-Deutsch-Englisch. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner.

Grammar:

Leslau, Wolf. 1945. "Grammatical Sketches in Tigré (North Ethiopic), Dialect of Mensa," JAOS 65, 164-203.

TextBooks: Camperio, Manfredo. 1936. Manuale pratico della lingua tigrè con due dizionarietti. Milan: V. Hoepli.

Other Sources: Palmer, Frank R. 1962. The Morphology of the Tigre Noun. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, Univ of London.

Consonant system:

   p^ʔ t t^ʔ k q^ʔ ʔ
b d ɡ
    č č^ʔ
    ɡ̌
f s s^ʔ
m n ñ
    l
    r

Stops: p^ʔ b t t^ʔ d k ɡ q^ʔ ʔ

Affricates: č č^ʔ ɡ̌

Fricatives: f s s^ʔ

Nasals: m n ñ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e æ

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Modified Vowels: vowel harmony

Stress: VH

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: def

Pronouns:

1 4
2mf 5mf
3mf 6mf

Syntax: SOV AN/NA NG DN/ND NUM-N N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1583

Language: Tigrinya

Location: N Ethiopia (W Tigre)

Population: 5.1 million

Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: North

Dictionary: Bassano, Francesco de. 1918. Vocabolario tigray-italiano e repertorio italiano-tigray. Rome: C. de Luigi.

Grammar: Leslau, Wolf. 1941. Documents tigrigna. Paris: Klincksieck.

TextBooks: Conti Rossini, Carlo. 1940. Lingua tigrina. Milan: Mondadori.

Other Sources: Bender, Marvin L., et al. 1976. "Two Ethio-Semitic Languages," in LE, 99-199.

Consonant system:

   (p^ʔ) t̪ t̪^ʔ k k^ʔ kʷ k^ʔʷ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ ɡʷ
    (č) (č^ʔ)
    (ɡ̌)
f s̪ s̪^ʔ
m n̪ (ñ)
    l̪
    r

Stops: (p^ʔ) b t̪ t̪^ʔ d̪ k k^ʔ ɡ kʷ k^ʔʷ ɡʷ ʔ

Affricates: (č) (č^ʔ) (ɡ̌)

Fricatives: f s̪ s̪^ʔ

Nasals: m n̪ (ñ)

Laterals: l̪

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants:

c̄ all but ʔ ħ ʕ h
cʷ k k^ʔ ɡ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄

Modified Vowels: vowel harmony

Diphthongs: æj ɑj aj æw ɑw oj

Noun Number: s d

Gender: m f

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: def

Pronouns:

1 4
2mf 5mf
3mf 6mf

Syntax: SOV AN GN/NG DN/(ND) NUM-N N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP/(POST)

Number: 1584

Language: Amharic

Location: NC Ethiopia

Population: 8 million

Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: South: Transversal

Dictionary: Leslau, Wolf. 1976. Concise Amharic Dictionary. Berkeley: Univ of California Press.

Grammar:

Leslau, Wolf. 1969. An Amharic Reference Grammar. Los Angeles: Dept. of Near Eastern and African Languages, UCLA.
Cohen, Marcel. 1970. Traité de langue amharique. Paris: Institut d'Ethnologie.

TextBooks: Leslau, Wolf. 1968. Amharic Textbook. Berkeley: Univ of California Press.

Consonant system:

   (p) (p^ʔ) t̪ t̪^ʔ k k^ʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    č č^ʔ
    ɡ̌
f s̪ (s̪^ʔ) š h
    z̪ ž
m n̪ ñ
    l
    ɾ

Stops: (p) (p^ʔ) b t̪ t̪^ʔ d̪ k k^ʔ ɡ ʔ

Affricates: č č^ʔ ɡ̌

Fricatives: f s̪ (s̪^ʔ) z̪ š ž h

Nasals: m n̪ ñ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: ɾ

Modified Consonants:

c̄ all but ʔ h
cʷ all (k k^ʔ ɡ most common)

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Stress: non-phonemic

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f (sg only)

Demonstratives: 2 + ref

Articles: def ( indef)

Pronouns:

1 4
2mf 5mf
3mf 6mf
politeness: 2 pol & 3 pol

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP/POST

Number: 1585

Language: Argobba

Location: Ethiopia

Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: South: Transversal

Consonant system:

Pronouns:

1 4
2mf 5
3mf 6

Number: 1586

Language: Harari

Location: Ethiopia

Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: South: Transversal

Other Sources:

E
WPF

Consonant system:

Pronouns:

1 4
2mf 5
3mf 6

Syntax: SOV

Number: 1587

Language: East Gurage

Alternate Name: Silt'e

Dialect: Harari

Location: EC Ethiopia (NW Harerge)

Population: 35,000 (13,000)

Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: South: Transversal

Grammar:

Cohen, Marcel. 1931. Études d'éthiopien méridional. Paris: Paul Geuthner.
Cerulli, Enrico. 1936. La lingua e la storia di Harar. Rome: Istituto per l'Oriente.

Other Sources: LA

Consonant system:

    t t^ʔ k q^ʔ ʔ
b d ɡ
    č č^ʔ
    ɡ̌
f s š χ h
    z
m n ñ
    l
    r

Stops: b t t^ʔ d k ɡ q^ʔ ʔ

Affricates: č č^ʔ ɡ̌

Fricatives: f s z š χ h

Nasals: m n ñ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄

Diphthongs: ie uo

Stress: penult

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: def (indef)

Pronouns:

1 4
2mf 5
3mf 6
politeness: 2

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP/POST

Number: 1588

Language: Gafat

Location: NW Ethiopia

Population: extinct (c. 1950)

Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: South: Outer: N-Group

Grammar: GD: Leslau, Wolf. 1945. Gafat Documents. New Haven: American Oriental Society.

Consonant system:

   (p^ʔ) t̪ t̪^ʔ k k^ʔ kʷ k^ʔʷ
b bʷ d̪ ɡ ɡʷ
    č č^ʔ
    ɡ̌
f s̪ s̪^ʔ š x h hʷ
    z̪ ž
m n ñ
    l
    r

Stops: (p^ʔ) b bʷ t̪ t̪^ʔ d̪ k k^ʔ ɡ kʷ k^ʔʷ ɡʷ

Affricates: č č^ʔ ɡ̌

Fricatives: f s̪ s̪^ʔ z̪ š ž x h hʷ

Nasals: m n ñ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Modified Vowels: vowel harmony

Diphthongs: æj aj ǝj oj æw aw

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: def

Pronouns:

1 4
2mf 5
3mf 6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP/POST

Number: 1589

Language: Soddo

Alternate Name: Kistane

Location: C Ethiopia

Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: South: Outer: N-Group

Other Sources: WALS

Consonant system:

Syntax: SOV

Number: 1590

Language: Goggot

Location: C Ethiopia

Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: South: Outer: N-Group

Consonant system:

Number: 1591

Language: Muher

Location: C Ethiopia

Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: South: Outer: TT-Group

Grammar: Cohen, Marcel. 1931. Études d'éthiopien méridional. Paris: Paul Geuthner.

Consonant system:

   p t̪ t̪^ʔ k q^ʔb d̪ ɡ
    č č^ʔ
    ɡ̌
f s̪ š ç
    z̪ ž
m n̪ ñ
    l
    r

Stops: p b t̪ t̪^ʔ d̪ k ɡ q^ʔ

Affricates: č č^ʔ ɡ̌

Fricatives: f s̪ z̪ š ž ç

Nasals: m n̪ ñ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄ all ?

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ

Stress: non-phonemic

Noun Number: s p (pl rarely used)

Gender: m f

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4
2mf 5mf
3mf 6mf

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN N-NUM N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP/POST

Number: 1592

Language: Masqan

Location: Ethiopia

Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: South: Outer: TT-Group

Consonant system:

Number: 1593

Language: Central West Gurage

Alternate Name: Sebat Bet Gurage

Dialect: Chaha

Location: C Ethiopia

Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: South: Outer: TT-Group

Grammar: Leslau, Wolf. 1950. Ethiopic Documents: Gurage. New York: Viking Fund.

Other Sources: LA

Consonant system:

   p^h p^ʔ t̪ t̪^h t̪^ʔ k k^h k^ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    č č^ʔ
    ɡ̌
f s̪ š ç x
    z̪ ž
m n̪
    (l̪)
    r

Stops: p^h p^ʔ b t̪ t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k k^h k^ʔ ɡ

Affricates: č č^ʔ ɡ̌

Fricatives: f s̪ z̪ š ž ç x

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: (l̪)

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants:

c̄
cʷ p b k k^ʔ ɡ f x m c^j k k^ʔ ɡ (t)

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ ɐ a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ ?

Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C)

Stress: penult

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: def (indef)

Pronouns:

1 4
2mf 5mf
3mf 6mf

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP/POST

Number: 1594

Language: Peripheral West Gurage

Location: C Ethiopia

Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: South: Outer: TT-Group

Consonant system:

Number: 1595

Language: Proto-Kartvelian

Location: Georgia

Classification: Kartvelian

Other Sources: Gamkrelidze, Thomas V. 1966. "A Typology of Common Kartvelian," Lg 42, 69-83.

Consonant system:

   p^h p^ʔ t^h t^ʔ k^h k^ʔ q^h q^ʔb d ɡ
    t^sh t^sʔ ć^h ć^ʔ č^h č^ʔ
    d^z ɡ́ ɡ̌
    s ś š x h
    z ź ɣ
m n
    l
    r

Stops: p^h p^ʔ b t^h t^ʔ d k^h k^ʔ ɡ q^h q^ʔ

Affricates: t^sh t^sʔ d^z ć^h ć^ʔ ɡ́ č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌

Fricatives: s z ś ź š x ɣ h

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Number: 1596

Language: Georgian

Location: Georgia

Population: 3.3 million

Classification: Kartvelian

Grammar:

Tschenkéli, Kita. 1958. Einführung in die georgische Sprache, 2 vols. Zürich: Amirani.
Chikobava, A. S. 1967. "Gruzinskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 22-61.
Vogt, Hans. 1971. Grammaire de la langue géorgienne. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.

TextBooks:

Tsibaxashvili, G. I. 1973. Elementarnyj kurs gruzinskogo jazyka. Tbilisi: Tbilisi Univ.

Other Sources:

Robins, R. H. 1952. "Notes on the Phonetics of the Georgian Word," BSOAS 14, 55-72.
Chikobáva. Arnol'd. 1971. Gruzinskij jazyk. Tbilisi: Ganatleba.
AL 6:8.

Consonant system:

   p^h p^ʔ t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ q^ʔ b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^sh t̪^sʔ č^h č^ʔ
    d̪^z ɡ̌
    s̪ š χ h
v z̪ ž ʁ
m n̪
    l̪
    r

Stops: p^h p^ʔ b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ q^ʔ

Affricates: t̪^s^h t̪^sʔ d̪^z č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌

Fricatives: v s̪ z̪ š ž χ ʁ h

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l̪

Vibrants: r

Glides: j

Vowel system:

i u
e o
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Syllable: (c)(c)(c)(c)(c)(c)v(c)(c)(c)(c)(c)

Stress: initial

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 3

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: SOV AN/(NA) GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/(N-POSS) D+Num+A+N

Ergative: Erg

Comments: yes

Number: 1597

Language: Svan

Location: NW Georgia

Population: 35,000

Classification: Kartvelian

Grammar: Topuria, V. T. 1967. "Svanskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 77-94.

Consonant system:

   p^h p^ʔ t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ q^h q^ʔb d̪ ɡ
    t̪^sh t̪^sʔ č^h č^ʔ
    d̪^z ɡ̌
    s̪ š x h
(v) z̪ ž ɣ
m n̪
    l̪
    r

Stops: p^h p^ʔ b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ q^h q^ʔ

Affricates: t̪^s^h t̪^sʔ d̪^z č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌

Fricatives: (v) s̪ z̪ š ž x ɣ h

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l̪

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Stress: phonemic

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: SOV AN

Ergative: Erg

Prep/Post: PREP/POST

Number: 1598

Language: Mingrelian

Alternate Name: Zan

Location: W Georgia

Population: 300,000

Classification: Kartvelian: Zan

Grammar: Kiziria, A. I. 1967. "Zanskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 62-76.

Consonant system:

   p^h p^ʔ t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ q^ʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^sh t̪^sʔ č^h č^ʔ
    d̪^z ɡ̌
(f) s̪ š x h
v z̪ ž ɣ
m n̪
    l̪
    r

Stops: p^h p^ʔ b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ q^ʔ ʔ

Affricates: t̪^s^h t̪^sʔ d̪^z č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌

Fricatives: (f) v s̪ z̪ š ž x ɣ h

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l̪

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: (ǝ) a

Back Vowels: u o

Stress: final

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mfn 6mfn

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+A+N

Ergative: Erg

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1599

Language: Laz

Location: SW Georgia

Population: 50,000

Classification: Kartvelian: Zan

Other Sources: Dumézil, Georges. 1937. Contes lazes. Paris: Institut d'Ethnologie.

Consonant system:

Pronouns: indef

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+A+N

Number: 1600

Language: Basque

Location: N Spain

Population: 1 million

Classification: Dene-Caucasian

Dictionary:

Arbelaitz, O.M. 1968. Diccionario castellano-vasco y vasco-castellano. Bilbao: La Gran Enciclopedia Vasca.
Eiguren, Joe V. ed, 1974. English-Basque, Basque-English Dictionary. Nampa, Idaho: Basque Publications.

Grammar:

N'Diaye, Geneviиve. 1970. Structure de dialecte basque de Maya. The Hague: Mouton.
Lafitte, Pierre. 1962. Grammaire basque. Bayonne, Ikas.

TextBooks:

Lopez Mendizбbal, Isaac 1949. La lengua vasca. Buenos Aires: Editorial Vasca Ekin.
Eiguren, Joe V. 1974. How to Learn to Speak Basque. Nampa, Idaho: Basque Publications.

Other Sources:

Lochak, Dorita. 1960. "Basque Phonemics," AL 2:3, 12-31.
Bouda. Karl. 1949. Baskisch-kaukasische Etymologien. Heidelbeng. AL 6:8 & 8:3.

Consonant system:

   p t̪ (c) k
b d̪ (ɟ) ɡ
    t^s (ṭ^s) č
(f) s (ṣ) š x
m n̪ ñ
    l ʎ
    ɾ r

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ (c) (ɟ) k ɡ

Affricates: t^s (ṭ^s) č

Fricatives: (f) s (ṣ) š x

Nasals: m n̪ ñ

Laterals: l ʎ

Vibrants: ɾ r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
e o
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C)

Noun Number: s p

Articles: def

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: SOV NA GN ND NUM-N POSS-N

Ergative: Erg