A global linguistic database : Query result

Number: 1601

Language: Ubyx

Location: SW Russia (Abxaz ASSR)

Population: extinct (1992)

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northwest

Dictionary: Vogt, Hans. 1963. Dictionnaire de la langue oubykh. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.

Grammar:

Dumézil, Georges. 1931. La langue des oubykhs. Paris: Champion.
Kumaxov, M. A. 1967. "Ubyxskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 689-704.

Other Sources:

Dumézil, G. and A. Namitok. 1954. "Le système des sons de l'oubykh," Bulletin de la Société Linguistique de Paris 50.
Paris, Catherine. 1974. Système phonologique et phénomènes phonétiques dans le parler besney de Zennun Köyü (Tcherkesse oriental). Paris: Klincksieck.
Dumézil, Georges. 1975. Le verbe oubykh. Paris: Klincksieck.
AL 6:8

Consonant system:

   p^h p^ʔ t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ q^h q^ʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    t^sh t^sʔ t^lʔṭ^sḥṭ^sʔ č^h č^ʔ
    d^z ḍ^z ɡ̌
f s ṣ ṣ^ʔ z
m n̪
    l ɬ
    r

Stops: p^h p^ʔ b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ q^h q^ʔ ʔ

Affricates: t^sh t^sʔ d^z t^lʔṭ^shṭ^sʔ ḍ^z č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌

Fricatives: f s z ṣ ṣ^ʔ

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l ɬ

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants:

c^j č^h c^ʔ ɡ̌ š ž k^h k^ʔ ɡ x q^h q^ʔ χ ʁ
cʷ = t^h t^ʔ d t^sh t^sʔ d^z s z ṣ ẓ ṣ^ʔ k^h k^ʔ ɡ x q^h q^ʔc^ɒ(pharyngealized) p^h p^ʔ b v m q^h q^ʔ χ ʁ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

ǝ
a

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Long Vowels: ā

Diphthongs: ǝj ǝw

Stress: phonemic

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: SOV NA /(AN) GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Ergative: erg

Prep/Post: POST

Comments: The Ubyx lived, until 1864, on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, north of the Abxaz. In 1864 most of them moved to Turkey, where the last speaker died in 1992.

Number: 1602

Language: Abxaz

Alternate Name: Abkhaz

Location: SW Russia (Abxaz ASSR)

Population: 55,000

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northwest: Abxaz-Abaza

Dictionary: Brazhba, X. S., ed. 1964. Russko-abxazskij slovar'. Suxumi.

Grammar:

Lomtatidze, K. V. 1967. "Abxazskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 101-22.
Grammatika abxazskogo jazyka. 1968. Suxumi: Alashara.

Other Sources:

Paris, Catherine. 1974. Système phonologique et phénomènes phonétiques dans le parler besney de Zennun Köyü (Tcherkesse oriental). Paris: Klincksieck.
Dumézil, Georges. 1975. Le verbe oubykh. Paris: Klincksieck.

Consonant system:

   p^h p^ʔ t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ q^ʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^sh t̪^sʔč^h č^ʔ
    d̪^z ɡ̌
f s̪ š x h
v z̪ ž ɣ
m n̪
    l̪
    r

Stops: p^h p^ʔ b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ q^ʔ ʔ

Affricates: t̪^s^h t̪^sʔ d̪^z č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌

Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž x ɣ h

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l̪

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants:

c^j k^h k^ʔ ɡ q^ʔ č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌ š ž x ɣ
cʷ t^h t^ʔ d k^h k^ʔ ɡ q^ʔ t^sh t^sʔ d^z š ž̌ x ɣ h ɦ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

ǝ
a

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Diphthongs: aj aw ǝj ǝw

Stress: phonemic

Noun Number: s p

Gender: hum non-hum

Demonstratives: 3 [that yonder may be used as ref]

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2mf 5
3mfn 6

Syntax: SOV AN/NA GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1603

Language: Abaza

Location: SW Russia (Abxaz ASSR)

Population: 30,000

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northwest: Abxaz-Abaza

Dictionary:

Tugova, V. B. 1967. Abazinsko-russkij slovar'. Moscow: Sovetskaja Entsiklopedija.
Zhirov, X. D. and N. B. Ekba, eds. 1956. Russko-abazinskij slovar'. Moscow.

Grammar: Lomtatidze, K. V. 1967. "Abazinskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 123-44.

Other Sources:

Allen, W. S. 1956. "Structure and System in the Abaza Verbal Complex," Transactions of the Philological Society (Hertford).
Dumézil, Georges. 1975. Le verbe oubykh. Paris: Klincksieck.

Consonant system:

   p^h p^ʔ t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ q^h q^ʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^sh t̪^sʔ č^h č^ʔ
    d̪^z ɡ̌
(f) s̪ š χ h
    z̪ ž ʁ ɦ
m n̪̪
    l
    r

Stops: p^h p^ʔ b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ q^h q^ʔ ʔ

Affricates: t̪^s^h t̪^sʔ d̪^z č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌

Fricatives: (f) s̪ z̪ š ž χ ʁ h ɦ

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants:

c^j k^h k^ʔ ɡ q^ʔ č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌ š ž x ɣ l
cʷ = k^h k^ʔ ɡ q^h q^ʔ č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌ š ž̌ x ɣ h ɦ

Glides: j w

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Diphthongs: aj aw ǝj ǝw

Stress: phonemic

Noun Number: s p

Gender: a i

Demonstratives: 3

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2mf 5
3mfn 6

Syntax: SOV AN/NA GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1604

Language: Abaza

Dialect: Tapanta

Location: SW Russia (Abxaz ASSR)

Population: 85,000

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northwest: Abxaz-Abaza

Grammar: Genko, A. N. 1955. Abazinskij jazyk. Moscow: Academy of Sciences.

Other Sources: AL 6:8

Consonant system:

   p^h p^ʔ t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ q^ʔ q^h ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^sh t̪^sʔ č^h č^ʔ
    d̪^z ɡ̌
f f^ʔ s̪ ṣ̌ χ h
v z̪ ʁ ɦ
m n̪̪
    l ɬ ɬ^ʔ
    ɮ
    r

Stops: p^h p^ʔ b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ q^ʔ q^h ʔ

Affricates: t̪^s^h t̪^sʔ d̪^z č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌

Fricatives: f f^ʔ v s̪ z̪ ṣ̌ χ ʁ h ɦ

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l ɬ ɬ^ʔɮ

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

ǝ
a

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Syllable: (C)(C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)

Stress: phonemic

Noun Number: s p

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2mf 5
3mf 6

Syntax: SOV NA GN N-NUM POSS-N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1605

Language: Adygh

Alternate Name: Adyghe

Location: SW Russia (Adygej AO)

Population: 80,000

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northwest: Circassian

Dictionary:

Vodozhdokova, X. D., ed. 1960. Russko-adygejskij slovar'. Moscow.

Grammar:

Kumaxov, M. A. 1967. "Adygejskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 145-64.
Jakovlev, N. and D. Ashxamaf. 1941. Grammatika adygejskogo literaturnogo jazyka. Moscow: Academy of Sciences.

Other Sources:

Kumaxova, Z. J. 1972. Razvitie adygskix literaturnyx jazykov. Moscow: Nauka.
Paris, Catherine. 1974. Système phonologique et phénomènes phonétiques dans le parler besney de Zennun Köyü (Tcherkesse oriental). Paris: Klincksieck.
Dumézil, Georges. 1975. Le verbe oubykh. Paris: Klincksieck.

Consonant system:

   p^h p^ʔ t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ q^ʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^sh t̪^sʔ č^h č^ʔ d̪^z
f s̪ š š^ʔ x χ h
    z̪ ž ɣ ʁ
m n̪
    l ɬ ɬ^ʔ
    r

Stops: p^h p^ʔ b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ q^ʔ ʔ

Affricates: t̪^s^h t̪^sʔ d̪^z č^h č^ʔ

Fricatives: f s̪ z̪ š š^ʔ ž x ɣ χ ʁ h

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l ɬ ɬ^ʔ

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants:

c^j č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌ š ž
cʷ p^ʔ t^ʔ k^h k^ʔ ɡ q^ʔ ʔ t^sh d^z š š^ʔ ž x χ ʁ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

ɨ
ǝ

Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ

Long Vowels: ā

Diphthongs: ej ew we ǝj ǝw

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 3

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: SOV AN/NA GN DN NUM-N [1]/N-NUM [>1] POSS-N/N-POSS

Ergative: erg

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1606

Language: Kabardian

Location: SW Russia (Abxaz ASSR)

Population: 270,000

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northwest: Circassian

Dictionary:

Kardanov, B. M. 1957. Kabardinsko-russkij slovar'. Moscow.
Kardanov, B. M. and A. T. Bichoev. 1955. Russko-kabardinsko-cherkesskij slovar'. Moscow.

Grammar:

Grammatika kabardino-cherkesskogo literaturnogo jazyka. 1957. Moscow: Academy of Sciences.
Shagirov, A. K. 1967. "Kabardinskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 165-83.

Other Sources:

Kuipers, Aert H. 1960. Phoneme and Morpheme in Kabardian. The Hague: Mouton.
Henderson, Eugénie J. A. 1970. Acoustic Features of Certain Consonants and Consonant Clusters in Kabardian," BSOAS 33, 92-106.
Kumaxova, Z. J. 1972. Razvitie adygskix literaturnyx jazykov. Moscow: Nauka.
Paris, Catherine. 1974. Système phonologique et phénomènes phonétiques dans le parler besney de Zennun Köyü (tcherkesse oriental). Paris: Klincksieck.
Dumézil, Georges. 1975. Le verbe oubykh. Paris: Klincksieck.
AL 6:8

Consonant system:

   p^h p^ʔ t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ k^hʷ k^ʔʷ q^h q^ʔ q^hʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ ʔʷ
b d̪ ɡ ɡʷ
    t̪^sh t̪^sʔ č^h č^ʔ
    d̪^z ɡ̌
f f^ʔ s š š^ʔ v z
m n̪
    l ɬ ɬ^ʔ
    r

Stops: p^h p^ʔ b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ k^hʷ k^ʔʷ ɡʷ q^h q^ʔ q^hʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ ʔʷ

Affricates: t̪^sh t̪^sʔ d̪^z č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌

Fricatives: f f^ʔ v s z š š^ʔ

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l ɬ ɬ^ʔ

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

ǝ
a

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Long Vowels: (ı̄) (ē) ā (ū) (ō)

Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)

Stress: penult/antepenut

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 3 [yonder = ref]

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: SOV NA/(AN) GN DN N-NUM POSS-N

Ergative: erg

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1607

Language: Bats

Alternate Name: Tsova-Tush

Location: Georgia

Population: 3,000

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Nax

Grammar:

Desheriev, J. D. 1953. Batsbijskij jazyk. Moscow: Academy of Sciences.
Desheriev, J. D. 1967. "Batsbijskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 228-46.

Consonant system:

   p^h p^ʔ t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^sh t̪^sʔ č^h č^ʔ q^χ q^χʔ
m n
    l ɬ
    r

Stops: p^h p^ʔ b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ ʔ

Affricates: t̪^s^h t̪^sʔ č^h č^ʔ q^χ q^χʔ

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l ɬ

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄ t t^ʔ d n l

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

   i u
    ǝ o
    a

Front Vowels: i

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: ī ō ɑ̄

Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ ũ õ ɑ̃

Diphthongs:

ai ǝi ie oi ui
ãi ẽi ĩe õi ũi

Stress: root initial

Noun Number: s p

Noun Classes: 7: m, f, non-rational beings, nature, things, objects, ideas

Demonstratives: 3

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
*3 *6
3 & 6 vary with noun class

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Ergative: erg

Prep/Post: POST

Comments: all bilingual in Georgian

Number: 1608

Language: Chechen

Location: SW Russia (Chechen-Ingush ASSR)

Population: 420,000

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Nax: Chechen-Ingush

Dictionary: Matsiev, A. G. 1961. Chechensko-russkij slovar'. Moscow.

Grammar: Desheriev, J. D. 1967. "Chechenskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 190-209.

Other Sources:

Jakovlev, N. F. 1940. Sintaksis chechenskogo literaturnogo jazyka. Moscow: Academy of Sciences.
Chokaev, K. Z. 1968, 1970. Morfologija chechenskogo jazyka, 2 vols. Groznyj.
Magomedov, A. G. 1974. Sistema glasnyx checheno-ingushskogo jazyka. n.p.: Checheno-ingushskoe Knizhnoe Izdatel'stvo.

Consonant system:

   p^h p^ʔ t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^sh t̪^sʔ č^h č^ʔ q^χ q^χʔ
    d̪^z ɡ̌
m n
    l
    r

Stops: p^h p^ʔ b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ ʔ

Affricates: t̪^s^h t̪^sʔ d̪^z č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌ q^χ q^χʔ

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄ t^h d k^h ɡ s z χ m n l r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i y u
e ø o
æ a

Front Vowels: i y e ø æ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Nasal Vowels:

ı̃ ẽ ã ũ
ı̄̃ ē̃ ā̃ ū̃

Diphthongs:

ie uo oa uø
ĩe ũo ũø
iē uō u↔ō
ĩē ũō ũ↔ō

Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C)

Stress: root initial

Noun Number: s p

Noun Classes: 6

Demonstratives: 3

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Ergative: erg

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1609

Language: Ingush

Location: SW Russia (Chechen-Ingush ASSR)

Population: 158,000

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Nax: Chechen-Ingush

Dictionary:

Ozdoev, I. A. 1961. Orfograficheskij slovar' ingushskogo jazyka. Groznij.
Ozdoev, I. A. 1980. Russko-ingushskij slovar'. Moscow: Russkij Jazyk.

Grammar: Dolakova, P. I. 1967. "Ingushskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 210-27.

Other Sources: Magomedov, A. G. 1974. Sistema glasnyx checheno-ingushskogo jazyka. n.p.: Checheno-ingushskoe Knizhnoe Izdatel'stvo.

Consonant system:

   p^h p^ʔ t̪ t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ q^h q^ʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    t^sh t^sʔ č^h č^ʔ
    d^z ɡ̌
m n̪
    l
    r r̥

Stops: p^h p^ʔ b t̪ t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ q^h q^ʔ ʔ

Affricates: t^s^h t^sʔ d^z č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r r̥

Modified Consonants: c̄ p^h t^h d k^h t^s^h d^z ɡ̌ s z m n l r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
e o
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: ī ǣ ā

Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ã ũ

Diphthongs: ie uo oa ĩe

Syllable: (C)V(C)

Noun Number: s p

Noun Classes: 6: m f...

Demonstratives: 3

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: SOV AN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Ergative: erg

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1610

Language: Avar

Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)

Population: 270,000

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Avar

Dictionary: Saidov, M. S. and S. I. Mikailov. 1951. Russko-avarskij slovar'. Maxachkala.

Grammar: Madieva, G. I. 1967. "Avarskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 255-71.

Other Sources: Bokarev, A. A. 1949. Sintaksis avarskogo jazyka. Moscow: Academy of Sciences.

Consonant system:

   p^h t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ k^hʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ ɡʷ
    t̪^sh t̪^sʔ t̄^lʔ č^h č^ʔ q̄^χ q̄^χʔ
m n̪
    l ɬ
    r

Stops: p^h b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ k^hʷ ɡʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ

Affricates: t̪^sh t̪^sʔ t̄^lʔ č^h č^ʔ q̄^χ q̄^χʔ

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l ɬ

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄ k^h k^ʔ q q^ʔ ʔ t^s^h (t^l) t^sʔ t^l^ʔ č^h č^ʔ s š x χ χʷ ɬ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
e o
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Modified Vowels: vowel harmony

Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C)

Stress: phonemic, but usually 1st or 2nd

Noun Number: s p

Noun Classes: 3: masc, fem, non-hum

Demonstratives: 5 (3 + that above, that below)

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
*3mfH *6mfH
H=non-human

Syntax: SOV AN POSS-N

Ergative: erg

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1611

Language: Andi

Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)

Population: 9,000

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Andi

Grammar: Tsertsvadze, I. I. 1967. "Andijskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 276-92.

Consonant system:

   p^h t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ k^hʷ k^ʔʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ ɡʷ
    t̪^sh t̪^sʔ t^lh t^lʔ č^h č^ʔ q^χ q^χʔ
    ɡ̌
m n̪
    l ɬ
    r

Stops: p^h b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ k^hʷ k^ʔʷ ɡʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ

Affricates: t̪^s^h t̪^sʔ t^l^h t^l^ʔ č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌ q^χ q^χʔ

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l ɬ

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄ b d k^h k^ʔ ɡ q^h q^ʔ q^hʷ q^ʔʷ t^s^h t^sʔt^l^ʔ č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌ s š x l ɬ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
e o
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ ?

Nasal Vowels: ṽ ?

Diphthongs: diphthongs

Stress: phonemic

Noun Number: s p

Noun Classes: 5: m f animate N (non-human) inanimate (2 classes)

Demonstratives: 5 (3 + that above, that below)

Pronouns:

1mf 4ie
2mf 5
*3 *6
3 & 6 vary with noun class

Syntax: SVO/SOV AN GN

Ergative: erg

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1612

Language: Botlix

Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)

Population: 3,000

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Andi

Grammar:

GD: Gudava, T. E. 1962. Botlixskij jazyk. Tbilisi
Gudava, T. E. 1967. "Botlixskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 293-306.

Consonant system:

   p^h t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^sh t̪^sʔ t̄^lh t̄^lʔ č^h č^ʔk̄^x k̄^xʔ q̄^χ q̄^χʔ
    ɡ̌
m n̪
    l ɬ
    r

Stops: p^h b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ ʔ

Affricates: t̪^sh t̪^sʔ t̄^lh t̄^lʔ č^h č^ʔɡ̌ k̄^x k̄^xʔ q̄^χ q̄^χʔ

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l ɬ

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄ k^ʔ t^s^h t^sʔ č^h č^ʔ k^x s š ç x ɬ t^l^h t^l^ʔ k^xʔ q^χ q^χʔ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
e o
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ ã ũ (õ)

Stress: phonemic

Noun Number: s p

Noun Classes: 3: m, f, N (=things, phenomena, animals)

Demonstratives: 3

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
*3mfH *6
H=non-human

Syntax: AN GN

Ergative: erg

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1613

Language: Godoberi

Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)

Population: 2,500

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Andi

Grammar: Gudava, T. E. 1967. "Godoberinskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 307-21.

Other Sources: Job, Michael, ed. 2004. The Indigenous Languages of the Caucasus, Vol. 3: The Northeast Caucasian Languages, Part 1. Ann Arbor: Caravan Books.

Consonant system:

   p^h t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    (t̪^sh) t̪^sʔ t̄^l t^lʔ č^h č^ʔ k̄^xq̄^χ q^χʔ
m n̪
    l ɬ
    r

Stops: p^h b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ ʔ

Affricates: (t̪^sh) t̪^sʔ t̄^l t^lʔ č^h č^ʔ k̄^xq̄^χ q^χʔ

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l ɬ

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants:

c̄ t^h q t^sh t^l č^h k^x s š ç x ɬ
c^j k^h k^ʔ ɡ k̄ t̄

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
e o
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ã ũ

Stress: phonemic

Noun Number: s p

Noun Classes: 3: m, f, N (in pl only hum/non-hum)

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: SOV AN

Ergative: erg

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1614

Language: Chamalal

Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)

Population: 4,000

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Andi

Grammar:

Magomedbekova, Z. M. 1967. "Chamalinskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 384-399.
Bokarev, A. A. 1949. Ocherk grammatiki chamalinskogo jazyka. Moscow: Academy of Sciences.

Consonant system:

   p^h t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^sh t̪^sʔ t^l t^lʔ č^h (č^ʔ) (q^χ) q^χʔ ɡ̌
    s̪ s̪̄^ʔ š š̄^ʔ z̪
m n̪
    l ɬ
    r

Stops: p^h b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ ʔ

Affricates: t̪^s^h t̪^sʔ t^l t^l^ʔ č^h (č^ʔ) ɡ̌ (q^χ) q^χʔ

Fricatives: s̪ s̪̄^ʔ z̪ š š̄^ʔ

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l ɬ

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄ s s^ʔ (š) š^ʔ ç x (x^ʔ) ɬ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
e (o)
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u (o)

Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū

Nasal Vowels:

ı̃ ẽ ã ũ
ı̃̄ ã̄ ũ̄

Stress: phonemic

Noun Number: s p

Noun Classes: 5: m f n1 n2 n3 (pl: hum/non-hum)

Demonstratives: 6 (2 + this above, this below, that above, that below)

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
3 6
3 & 6 vary with noun class.

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Ergative: erg

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1615

Language: Bagulal

Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)

Population: 4,000

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Andi

Grammar: Gudava, T. E. 1967. "Bagvalinskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 351-67.

Consonant system:

   p^h t̪^h t̪^ʔ c^h c^ʔ k^h k^ʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɟ ɡ
    t̪^sʔ t^lʔ č^h č^ʔ q^χ q^χʔ
    s̪ s̪̄^ʔ š š̄^ʔ z̪
m n̪
    l ɬ̄
    r

Stops: p^h b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ c^h c^ʔ ɟ k^h k^ʔ ɡ ʔ

Affricates: t̪^sʔ t^l^ʔ č^h č^ʔ q^χ q^χʔ

Fricatives: s̪ s̪̄^ʔ z̪ š s̄̌^ʔ

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l ɬ̄

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄ s š ɬ ç x s^ʔ š^ʔ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
e (o)
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u (o)

Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū (ō)

Nasal Vowels:

ı̃ (ẽ) ã ũ (õ)
ı̃̄ (ẽ̄) ã̄ ũ̄ (ȭ)

Stress: phonemic?

Noun Number: s p

Noun Classes: 3: masc, fem, non-hum (In pl, hum/non-hum only)

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
*3mfH *6hH
H=non-human

Ergative: erg

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1616

Language: Tindi

Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)

Population: 5,000

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Andi

Grammar: Gudava, T. E. 1967. "Tindinskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 368-83.

Consonant system:

   p t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    (t̪^sh) t̪^sʔ t^l t^lʔ č č^ʔk̄^x q^χ q^χʔ
m n̪
    l ɬ
    r

Stops: p b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ ʔ

Affricates: (t̪^sh) t̪^sʔ t^l t^lʔ č č^ʔk̄^x q^χ q^χʔ

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l ɬ

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄ t^s t^l č k^x s š ç x ɬ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
e o
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: ̄v̄ all

Nasal Vowels:

ṽ all
v̄̃ all (ẽ̄ ȭ rare)

Syllable: (C)V(C)

Stress: phonemic

Noun Number: s p

Noun Classes: 3: m f N (pl: human/N only)

Demonstratives: 6 (2 + this above, this below, that above, that below)

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
3 6
3 & 6 vary with noun class.

Syntax: SVO AN NUM-N

Ergative: erg

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1617

Language: Karata

Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)

Population: 5,000

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Andi

Grammar: Magomedbekova, Z. M. 1967. "Karatinskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 322-35.

Consonant system:

   p^h t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    (t̪^sh) t̪^sʔt̄^lh t^lʔč^ʔk̄^xk̄^xʔq̄^χq̄^χʔ
m n̪
    l ɬ
r

Stops: p^h b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ ʔ

Affricates: (t̪^sh) t̪^sʔt̄^lh t^lʔč^ʔk̄^xk̄^xʔq̄^χq̄^χʔ

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l ɬ

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄ k^ʔ q^χ q^χʔ t^s^h t^sʔ t^l^ʔ č^h č^ʔ k^x s š ç x ɬ t^l^h

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
e o
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Nasal Vowels: ı̃ (ẽ) ã (õ) ũ

Noun Number: s p

Noun Classes: 3: m f N (pl: hum/N)

Demonstratives: 4 (2 + that above, that below)

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
3mfH 6hH

Syntax: GN

Ergative: erg

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1618

Language: Axvax

Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)

Population: 5,000

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Andi

Grammar:

Magomedbekova, Z. M. 1967a. "Axvaxskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 336-50.
Magomedbekova, Z. M. 1967b. Axvaxskij jazyk. Tbilsi: Metsniereba.

Consonant system:

   p^h (p^ʔ) t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    (t̪^sh) t̪^sʔ t^lh t^lʔ č^h č^ʔ q^χ q^χʔ ɡ̌
    s̪ š ç̄ x χ h
    z̪ ž ɣ ʁ
m n̪
    l ɬ
    r

Stops: p^h (p^ʔ) b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ ʔ

Affricates: (t̪^s^h) t̪^sʔ t^l^h t^l^ʔ č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌ q^χ q^χʔ

Fricatives: s̪ z̪ š ž ç̄ x ɣ χ ʁ h

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l ɬ

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄ k^ʔ q q^ʔ t^s^h t^sʔ t^l t^l^ʔ (č^h) (č^ʔ) (k^x) s (š) ç x ɬ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
e o
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Nasal Vowels:

ṽ all
v̄̃ all

Noun Number: s p

Noun Classes: 3: masc hum, fem hum, non-hum [In pl only hum/non-hum]

Demonstratives: 8 (3 + this not far, this above, this below, that above, that below)

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
*3mfH *6hH
H=non-human

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN POSS-N

Ergative: erg

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1619

Language: Xvarshi

Dialect: Inxokari

Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)

Population: 1,800

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Dido

Grammar: Bokarev, E. A. 1967. "Xvarshinskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 421-35.

Other Sources: TJD

Consonant system:

   p p^ʔ t̪ t̪ʷ t̪^ʔ k kʷ k^ʔ qʷ q̌^ʔʷ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^s t̪^sʔ t^l t^lʔ č č^ʔq^χ q^χʔ
m n̪
    l ɬ
    r

Stops: p p^ʔb t̪ t̪ʷ t̪^ʔ d̪ k kʷ k^ʔ ɡ qʷ q̌^ʔʷ ʔ

Affricates: t̪^s t̪^sʔ t^l t^l^ʔ č č^ʔq^χ q^χʔ

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l ɬ

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i ɨ u
e o
ɑ

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ɨ

Back Vowels: u o ɑ

Nasal Vowels: ṽ all

Modified Vowels: v̰ (pharynɡealized) all but ɨ

Syllable: (C)V(C)

Stress: phonemic

Noun Number: s p

Noun Classes: 6: m f a i,diminutives, the words 'child' & 'family'

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3mM *6mM
[m=masc; M=non-masc]

Syntax: SVO/SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Ergative: erg

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1620

Language: Dido

Alternate Name: Tsez

Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)

Population: 7,000

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Dido-Hinux

Grammar: Bokarev, E. A. 1967. "Tsezskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 404-20.

Other Sources:

TJD
Job, Michael, ed. 2004. The Indigenous Languages of the Caucasus, Vol. 3: The Northeast Caucasian Languages, Part 1. Ann Arbor: Caravan Books.

Consonant system:

   p p^ʔ t̪ t̪^ʔ k k^ʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^s t̪^sʔ t^l t^lʔ č č^ʔq^χ q^χʔ
m n̪
    l ɬ
    r

Stops: p p^ʔ b t̪ t̪^ʔ d̪ k k^ʔ ɡ ʔ

Affricates: t̪^s t̪^sʔ t^l t^l^ʔ č č^ʔq^χ q^χʔ

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l ɬ

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
e o
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: ē ā

Modified Vowels: v̰ (pharynɡealized) all

Syllable: (C)V(C)

Stress: phonemic

Noun Number: s p

Noun Classes: 4: m f a i

Demonstratives: 3: near/far/far invisible

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3(mM) *6(mM)
m=masc; M=non-masc; in oblique cases only

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Ergative: erg

Prep/Post: POST