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A global linguistic database : Search within this database Total of 5736 records 287 pages
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Number: 1621
Language: Hinux
Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)
Population: 200
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Dido-Hinux
Grammar: Bokarev, E. A. 1967. "Ginuxskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 436-54.
Other Sources: TJD
Consonant system: p pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔ ʷ ʔ b d̪ ɡ ɡʷ t̪s t̪sʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ qχ qχʔ qχ ʷ qχʔ ʷ m n̪ l ɬ r
Stops: p pʔ b t̪ t̪ʔ d̪ k kʔ ɡ kʷ kʔ ʷ ɡʷ ʔ
Affricates: t̪s t̪sʔ tl tl ʔ č čʔ qχ qχʔ qχ ʷ qχʔ ʷ
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l ɬ
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ d s n l
Glides: j w
Vowel system: i y u e o ɑ
Front Vowels: i y e
Back Vowels: u o ɑ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Modified Vowels: (v̰ (pharynɡealized) marɡinal)
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: phonemic
Noun Number: s p
Noun Classes: 4: m f a i [f, a & i all contain inanimate nouns, i.e. gender is not semantically pure.]
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3ai *6 a=m+f+a
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N Num+A+N
Ergative: erg
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1622
Language: Bezhta
Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)
Population: 2,500
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Bezhta-Hunzib
Grammar: Bokarev, E. A. and G. I. Madieva. 1967. "Bezhitinskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 455-71.
Other Sources: TJD
Consonant system: ph pʔ t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ t̪sh t̪sʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ qχ qχʔ s̪ š χ h z̪ ž ʁ m n̪ l ɬ r
Stops: ph pʔ b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ ʔ
Affricates: t̪sh t̪sʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ qχ qχʔ
Fricatives: s̪ z̪ š ž χ ʁ h
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l ɬ
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system: i y u e ø o æ ɑ
Front Vowels: i y e ø æ
Back Vowels: u o ɑ
Long Vowels: ī ē ū ō ɑ̄
Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ ũ õ ɑ̃
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: non-phonemic
Noun Number: s p
Noun Classes: 4: m f animate/inanimate inanimate/abstract
Demonstratives: 3
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Ergative: erg
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1623
Language: Bezhta
Dialect: Tljadal
Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)
Population: 2,500
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Bezhta-Hunzib
Other Sources: TJD
Consonant system: p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ ʔ b d ɡ t̪s t̪sʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ qχ qχʔ m n̪ l ɬ r
Stops: p pʔ b t tʔ d k kʔ ɡ ʔ
Affricates: t̪s t̪sʔ tl tl ʔ č čʔ qχ qχʔ
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l ɬ
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j
Vowel system: i y u e ø o æ ɑ
Front Vowels: i y e ø æ
Back Vowels: u o ɑ
Long Vowels: ī ū ō ɑ̄
Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ ũ õ ɑ̃
Noun Number: s p
Noun Classes: 6: m f + 4 misc
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Ergative: erg
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1624
Language: Hunzib
Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)
Population: 600
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Bezhta-Hunzib
Grammar: Bokarev, E. A. 1967. "Gunzibskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 472-87.
Other Sources: TJD
Consonant system: p pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ t̪sh t̪sʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ qχ qχʔ m n̪ l ɬ r
Stops: p pʔ b t̪ t̪ʔ d̪ k kʔ ɡ ʔ
Affricates: t̪s h t̪sʔ tl tl ʔ č čʔ qχ qχʔ
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l ɬ
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system: i ɨ u e ǝ ɤ o ɑ
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ
Back Vowels: u o ɤ ɑ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: non-phonemic
Noun Number: s p
Noun Classes: 6: m f anim mixed1 mixed2 the word `child'
Demonstratives: 3
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Ergative: erg
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1625
Language: Lak
Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)
Population: 64,000
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Lak-Dargwa
Dictionary: Murkelinskij, G. B. 1953. Russko-lakskij slovar'. Maxachkala. Xajdakov, S. M. 1962. Laksko-russkij slovar'. Moscow.
Grammar: Zhirkov, L. I. 1955. Lakskij jazyk. Moscow: Academy of Sciences. Murkelinskij, G. B. 1967. "Lakskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 488-507.
Consonant system: ph pʔ t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ kh ʷ kʔ ʷ qh qʔ qh ʷ ʔ b d̪ ɡ tsh tsʔ tsʔ ʷ čh čʔ m n̪ l r
Stops: ph pʔ b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ kh ʷ kʔ ʷ qh qʔ qh ʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts h tsʔ tsʔ ʷ čh čʔ
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ ph th kh qh ts č s š x χ
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Modified Vowels: ḛ ø̰ æ̰ only (pharynɡealized)
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)
Noun Number: s p
Noun Classes: 5: m f anim & inan, things & ideas, the word 'house'
Demonstratives: 5 (3 + that above, that below)
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Ergative: erg
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1626
Language: Dargwa
Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)
Population: 160,000
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Lak-Dargwa
Grammar: Abdullaev, Z. G. 1967. "Darginskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 508-23.
Consonant system: ph pʔ t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ qh qʔ ʔ d̪ ɡ G t̪sh t̪sʔ čh čʔ d̪z ɡ̌ m n̪ l r
Stops: ph pʔ t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ qh qʔ G ʔ
Affricates: t̪s h t̪sʔ d̪z čh čʔ ɡ̌
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Modified Vowels: ǝ̰ (pharynɡealized)
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Noun Number: s p
Noun Classes: 3: m f a+i
Demonstratives: 4: near, far, above, below
Syntax: SOV AN
Ergative: erg
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1627
Language: Dargwa
Dialect: Kubachi
Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)
Population: 160,000
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Lak-Dargwa
Grammar: Magometov, A. A. 1963. Kubachinskij jazyk. Tbilisi: Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR.
Consonant system: ph pʔ th tʔ kh kʔ qh qʔ ʔ b d ɡ ts tsʔ č čʔ m n̪ l r
Stops: ph pʔ b th tʔ d kh kʔ ɡ qh qʔ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ č čʔ
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ ph th kh qh s š x χ ts č
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: wa ja wi ji ju iw ij aj
Stress: phonemic
Noun Number: s p
Noun Classes: 3: masc hum/fem hum/non-hum (pl: hum/non-hum only)
Demonstratives: 5 (3 + that above, that below)
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Ergative: erg
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1628
Language: Archi
Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)
Population: 1,000
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Lezgian
Grammar: Xajdakov, C. M. 1967. "Archinskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 608-26. Mikailov, K. S. 1967. Archinskij jazyk. Maxachkala.
Consonant system: ph pʔ t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ t̪sh t̪sʔ tl čh čʔ qχ qχʔ s š χ h z ž ʁ ʕ m n̪ l ɬ r
Stops: ph pʔ b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ ʔ
Affricates: t̪s h t̪sʔ tl čh čʔ qχ qχʔ
Fricatives: s z š ž χ ʁ ʕ h
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l ɬ
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ cʷ
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Modified Vowels: v̰ (pharynɡealized): all
Diphthongs: diphthongs
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)
Stress: initial
Noun Number: s p
Noun Classes: 4: m f an inan+diminutives (pl: 1 class)
Demonstratives: 5 (3 + that above, that below)
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Ergative: erg
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1629
Language: Xinalug
Location: Azerbaijan
Population: 1,000
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Lezgian
Grammar: Desheriev, J. D. 1959. Grammatika xinalugskogo jazyka. Moscow: Academy of Sciences. Desheriev, J. D. 1967. "Xinalugskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 659-75.
Consonant system: ph pʔ t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ qʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ t̪s t̪sʔ čh čʔ qχh d̪z ɡ̌ m n l ɬ r
Stops: ph pʔ b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ qʔ ʔ
Affricates: t̪s t̪sʔ d̪z čh čʔ ɡ̌ qχ h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l ɬ
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ th tʔ kh qχ h ts h čh cj kh kʔ cʷ p tsʔ s čʔ tʔ ts h š kh kʔ ɣ qʔ qχ h
Glides: j w
Vowel system: i y ɨ u e ø ǝ o æ ɑ
Front Vowels: i y e ø æ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ
Back Vowels: u o ɑ
Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ǝ̃ ũ õ ɑ̃
Diphthongs: ui oi ai ãi (ũi) (õi)
Stress: root initial
Noun Number: s p
Noun Classes: 4: masc hum, fem hum, anim, inan
Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 *3mM *6hN m=masc M=non-masc h=m+f N=a+i
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N Num+A+N
Ergative: erg
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1630
Language: Lezgi
Alternate Name: Lezgian
Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)
Population: 220,000
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Lezgian: Lezgian Proper
Dictionary: Talibov, B. and M. Gadzhiev. 1966. Lezginsko-russkij slovar'. Moscow: Sovetskaja Entsiklopedija. Gadzhiev, M. M. 1951. Russko-lezginskij slovar'. Maxachkala.
Grammar: Mejlanova, U. A. 1967. "Lezginskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 528-44.
Consonant system: p ph pʔ t̪ t̪h t̪ʔ k kh kʔ q qʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ t̪s t̪sh t̪sʔ č čh čʔ qχh f s̪ š x χ h v z̪ ž ʁ m n̪ l r
Stops: p ph pʔ b t̪ t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ k kh kʔ ɡ q qʔ ʔ
Affricates: t̪s t̪s h t̪sʔ č čh čʔ qχ h
Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž x χ ʁ h
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cʷ t tʔ k kʔ ɡ q qχh qʔ ts tsʔ s z x χ ʁ
Glides: j
Front Vowels: i y e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Stress: 2nd from beginning
Noun Number: s p
Demonstratives: 5 (3 + that above, that below) + ref
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Ergative: erg
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1631
Language: Lezgi
Alternate Name: Lezgian
Dialect: Kjuri
Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)
Population: 220,000
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Lezgian: Lezgian Proper
Grammar: Mejanova, U. A. 1970. Gjunejskij dialekt - osnova lezginskogo literaturnogo jazyka. Maxachkala.
Other Sources: Mejlanova, U. A. 1964. Ocherki lezginskoj dialektologii. Moscow: Nauka.
Consonant system: p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ qʔ ʔ b d ɡ ts tsh tsʔ č čh čʔ qχ qχh dz ɡ̌ m n l r
Stops: p ph pʔ b t th tʔ d k kh kʔ ɡ qʔ ʔ
Affricates: ts ts h tsʔ dz č čh čʔ ɡ̌ qχ qχ h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cʷ t th tʔ k kh kʔ ɡ qʔ ts tsh tsʔ qχ qχh s z x ɣ χ ʁ
Glides: j w
Vowel system: i y u e æ a
Front Vowels: i y e æ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: ī ǣ ā ū
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Stress: 2nd syllable from beginning
Noun Number: s p
Noun Classes: remnants of noun classes only
Demonstratives: 8 (3 + that very far, that above, that way above, that below, that way below)
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Ergative: erg
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1632
Language: Tabasaran
Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)
Population: 35,000
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Lezgian: Lezgian Proper
Grammar: Zhirkov, L. I. 1948. Tabasaranskij jazyk. Moscow: Academy of Sciences. Magometov, A. A. 1965. Tabasaranskij jazyk. Tbilisi: Metsniereba. Xanmagomedov, B. G. K. 1967. "Tabasaranskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 545-61.
Consonant system: ph pʔ t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ qh qʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ t̪sh t̪sʔ čh čʔ d̪z ɡ̌ m n̪ l r
Stops: ph pʔ b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ qh qʔ ʔ
Affricates: t̪s h t̪sʔ d̪z čh čʔ ɡ̌
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ ph th kh qh tsh čh čh ʷ f s š šʷ x χ cʷ kh k̄h ɡ kʔ qh q̄h qʔ š s̄̌ ž χ ʁ
Glides: j
Vowel system: i y u e æ a
Front Vowels: i y e æ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Stress: phonemic
Noun Number: s p
Gender: hum non-hum [no noun classes in the pl]
Demonstratives: 5 (3 + that above, that below)
Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 *3hH *6 h=hum, H=non-hum
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Ergative: erg
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1633
Language: Agul
Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)
Population: 7,000
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Lezgian: Lezgian Proper
Grammar: Magometov, A. A. 1967. "Agul'skij jazyk," in JNS 4, 562-79. Magometov, A. A. 1970. Agul'skij jazyk. Tbilisi: Metsniereba.
Consonant system: ph pʔ t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ qh qʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ tsh tsʔ čh čʔ ɡ̌ m n̪ l r
Stops: ph pʔ b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ qh qʔ ʔ
Affricates: ts h tsʔ čh čʔ ɡ̌
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ ph th kh qh tsh čh čh ʷ f s sʷ š x χ cʷ many
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i y e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Modified Vowels: v̰ (pharynɡealized) ?
Noun Number: s p
Noun Classes: [fossilized traces of hum/non-hum]
Demonstratives: 4(2+that above, that below)
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Ergative: erg
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1634
Language: Rutul
Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)
Population: 10,000
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Lezgian: Lezgian Proper
Grammar: Dzhejranishvili, E. F. 1967. "Rutul'skij jazyk," in JNS 4, 580-90.
Consonant system: ph (pʔ ) t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ qh qʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ G t̪sh t̪sʔ čh čʔ (d̪z ) ɡ̌ f s̪ š x h v z̪ ɣ m n̪ l r
Stops: ph (pʔ ) b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ qh qʔ G ʔ
Affricates: t̪s h t̪sʔ (d̪z ) čh čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž x ɣ h
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ p b t k q ts č ɣ h
Glides: j
Vowel system: i y u e ø ǝ o æ a
Front Vowels: i y e ø æ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Modified Vowels: ḭ ḛ ǝ̰ a̰ ṵ o̰ (pharynɡealized)
Stress: penult
Noun Number: s p
Noun Classes: 4: m f a i [no noun classes for pl]
Demonstratives: 2
Syntax: SOV NUM-N POSS-N
Ergative: erg
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1635
Language: Tsaxur
Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)
Population: 20,000
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Lezgian: Lezgian Proper
Grammar: Talibov, B. B. 1967. "Tsaxurskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 591-607.
Other Sources: Ibragimov, G. X. 1968. Fonetika tsaxurskogo jazyka. Maxachkala.
Consonant system: ph pʔ t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ qh qʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ t̪sh t̪sʔ čh čʔ ɡ̌ f s̪ š x χ h v z̪ ɣ ʁ m n̪ l r
Stops: ph pʔ b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ qh qʔ ʔ
Affricates: t̪s h t̪sʔ čh čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š x ɣ χ ʁ h
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ p t k q ts č s š x χ cʷ many
Glides: j
Vowel system: i ɨ u e o ɑ
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ
Back Vowels: u o ɑ
Long Vowels: v̄ all but ɨ u
Modified Vowels: v̰ (pharynɡealized) all v̰̄ o a only
Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C) [no CCVCC]
Stress: second
Noun Number: s p
Noun Classes: 4: masc hum/fem hum/anim/inan [pl: hum/non-hum]
Demonstratives: 3
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Ergative: erg
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1636
Language: Kryts
Location: Azerbaijan
Population: 6,000
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Lezgian: Lezgian Proper
Grammar: Saadiev, S. M. 1967. "Kryzskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 627-42.
Consonant system: ph pʔ t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ kh ʷ kʔ ʷ qh qʔ qh ʷ qʔ ʷ ʔ b d̪ ɡ ɡʷ G t̪sh t̪sʔ čh čʔ d̪z ɡ̌ f s̪ š x ħ h v z̪ ž ɣ ʕ m n̪ l r
Stops: ph pʔ b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ kh ʷ kʔ ʷ ɡʷ qh qʔ G qh ʷ qʔ ʷ ʔ
Affricates: t̪s h t̪sʔ d̪z čh čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž x ɣ ħ ʕ h
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j
Vowel system: i y ɨ u e ø o æ ɑ
Front Vowels: i y e ø æ
Central Vowels: ɨ
Back Vowels: u o ɑ
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)
Stress: non-phonemic?
Noun Number: s p
Noun Classes: 4: m f a i
Demonstratives: 2
Syntax: SOV AN GN NUM-N POSS-N
Ergative: erg
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1637
Language: Budux
Location: Azerbaijan
Population: 2,000
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Lezgian: Lezgian Proper
Grammar: Desheriev, J. D. 1967. "Buduxskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 643-58.
Consonant system: p pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ t̪s t̪sʔ č čʔ qχ qχʔ d̪z ɡ̌ f s̪ š x χ ħ h z̪ ž ɣ ʁ ʕ m n l r
Stops: p pʔ b t̪ t̪ʔ d̪ k kʔ ɡ ʔ
Affricates: t̪s t̪sʔ d̪z č čʔ ɡ̌ qχ qχʔ
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system: i y ɨ u e ø ǝ o æ ɑ
Front Vowels: i y e ø æ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ
Back Vowels: u o ɑ
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)
Noun Number: s p
Noun Classes: 4: masc hum/fem hum/neut1 /neut2 (n1 & n2 contain animals, objects, ideas, and natural phenomena)
Demonstratives: 2
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Ergative: erg
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1638
Language: Udi
Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)
Population: 3,700
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Lezgian: Lezgian Proper
Dictionary: Gukasjan, Voroshil. 1974. Udinsko-azerbajdzhansko-russkij slovar'. Baku: Elm.
Grammar: Panchvidze, V. N. and E. F. Dzhejranishvili. 1967. "Udinskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 676-88.
Consonant system: ph pʔ t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ qʔ qh b d̪ ɡ t̪sh t̪sʔ čh čʔ d̪z ɡ̌ f s̪ š x h v z̪ ž ɣ m n̪ l̪ r
Stops: ph pʔ b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ qʔ qh
Affricates: t̪sh t̪sʔ d̪z čh čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž x ɣ h
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ čh čʔ ɡ̌ š ž
Glides: j
Vowel system: i y u e ø o æ ɑ
Front Vowels: i y e ø æ
Back Vowels: u o ɑ
Modified Vowels: ḭ ḛ ṵ o̰ ɑ̰ (pharynɡealized)
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: final
Noun Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Syntax: SOV AN DN NUM-N
Ergative: erg
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1639
Language: Burushaski
Dialect: Werchikwar
Location: N Pakistan (Jasin)
Population: 40,000 (10,000)
Classification: Dene-Caucasian
Dictionary: Lorimerm D.L.R. 1962. Werchikwar English Vocabulary. Oslo: Norwegian Universities Press.
Grammar: GD: Berger, Hermann. 1974. Das Yasin-Burushaski (Werchikwar). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
Consonant system: p ph t th ṭ th k kh q b d ḍ ɡ ts ṭs č ḍz ɡ̌ s ṣ š χ h z ʁ m n ŋ l r
Stops: p ph b t th d ṭ th ḍ k kh ɡ q
Affricates: ts ṭs ḍz č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s z ṣ š χ ʁ h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄
Stress: phonemic
Noun Number: s p
Noun Classes: 4: m f x y [x y represent 2 classes]
Articles: indef
Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3mfai *6hai
Syntax: SOV POSS-N
Number: 1640
Language: Burushaski
Dialect: Hunza
Location: N Pakistan (Hunza)
Population: 40,000 (30,000)
Classification: Dene-Caucasian
Dictionary: GD: Lorimer, D.L.R. 1935-38. The Burushaski Language 3 vols. Oslo: H. Aschehony.
Grammar: Klimov. G.A. and D.I. Edel'man. 1970. Jazyk burushaski. Moscow: Nauka.
Other Sources: Morgenstierne, Georg. 1945. "Notes on Burushaski Phonology," Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap 13, 61-95. Vogt, Hans. 1945. "The Plural of Nouns and Adjectives in Burushaski," Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap 13, 96-129. Borgstrøm Carl H. 1945. "The Categories of Person, Number and Class in the Verbal System of Burushaski," Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap 13, 130-47. Varma, Siddheshwar. 1931. "Burushaski Texts," IL 1, 256-82.
Consonant system: p ph t th ṭ ṭh k kh q qh b d ḍ ɡ ts tsh č̣ č̣h č čh ɡ̣̌ ɡ̌ (f) s ṣ̌ š (x) h z ʁ m n ŋ l r
Stops: p ph b t th d ṭ ṭh ḍ k kh ɡ q qh
Affricates: ts ts h č̣ č̣h ɡ̣̌ č čh ɡ̌
Fricatives: (f) s z ṣ̌ š (x) ʁ h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: ai au
Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C)
Tones: ?
Stress: non-phonemic
Noun Number: s p
Gender: m f a i
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def indef
Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3mfai *6mfai
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Ergative: Erg
Prep/Post: POST
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