A global linguistic database : Query result

Number: 1641

Language: Ket

Dialect: Imbat

Location: C Russia

Population: 1,000

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Yeniseian

Grammar: Krejnovich, E.A. 1968. "Ketskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 453-73

Consonant system:

   p t k q ʔ
b d
    s x
    ɣ ʁ
m n ŋ
    l
    r

Stops: p b t d k q ʔ

Fricatives: s x ɣ ʁ

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c^j t d s n l r

Glides: j

Vowel system:

i ɨ u
e ǝ o
ɛ ɐ ɔ
a

Front Vowels: i e ɛ

Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ ɐ a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C) [no ccvcc]

Stress: phonemic

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f n

Demonstratives: 3

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mf 6
Gender is distinguished only in oblique cases.

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Ergative:

Prep/Post: /POST

Number: 1642

Language: Ket

Dialect: Pakulixa

Location: C Russia

Population: 1,000

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Yeniseian

Other Sources: Segal, D.M. 1968. "Fonologija ketskogo jazyka," in Ketskij sbornik, vol. 1, Moscow, Nauka, 26-74

Consonant system:

    t k q ʔ
b d
    š h
m n ŋ
    ʎ

Stops: b t d k q ʔ

Fricatives: š h

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: ʎ

Glides: j

Vowel system:

i ɨ u
e ǝ o
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄

Syllable: (C)V(C)

Stress: phonemic

Noun Number: s p

Ergative:

Prep/Post: /POST

Number: 1643

Language: Ket

Dialect: Sym

Location: C Russia

Population: 1,000 (8)

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Yeniseian

Other Sources: Verner, G.K. 1968. "Sistema soglasnyx fonem symskogo dialekta ketskogo jazyka," in Ketskij sbornik, vol.1, Moscow, Nauka, 15-25.

Consonant system:

    t k ʔ
b d
    č
f s x
m n ŋ
    l
    r

Stops: b t d k ʔ

Affricates: č

Fricatives: f s x

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c^j d n l

Glides: j

Vowel system:

i ɨ u
e ǝ o
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄

Ergative:

Prep/Post: /POST

Number: 1644

Language: Ket

Dialect: Sulomaj

Location: C Russia

Population: 1,000

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Yeniseian

Other Sources: Krejnovich, E.A. 1969. "Medvezhij prazdnik u ketov," in Ketskij sbornik, vol. 2, Moscow, Nauka, 6-112.

Consonant system:

   p t k q ʔ
b d ɡ
    s x χ
    ɣ
m n ŋ
    l

Stops: p b t d k ɡ q ʔ

Fricatives: s x ɣ χ

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Modified Consonants: c^j t d s n l

Glides: j

Vowel system:

i ɯ u
e ɤ o
ɛ ʌ ɔ
a

Front Vowels: i e ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ ɯ ɤ ʌ

Long Vowels: v̄ all but e o

Syntax: SOV

Ergative:

Prep/Post:

Number: 1645

Language: Ket

Location: C Russia (Yenisei River)

Population: 1,000

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Yeniseian

Grammar: Dul'zon, A.P. 1968. Ketskij jazyk. Tomsk: Tomsk Univ. Press.

Consonant system:

    t k q ʔ
b d d^j
    č
f s x h
m n ŋ
    l
    r

Stops: b t d d^j k q ʔ

Affricates: č

Fricatives: f s x h

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Glides: j

Vowel system:

i ɨ u
e ǝ o
ɛ ɔ
a

Front Vowels: i e ɛ

Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ

Long Vowels: (v̄)

Diphthongs: aj ej ɨj ǝj oj ui ie oa ɨe ǝæ ǝa

Syllable: (C)V(C)

Stress: mostly initial

Noun Number: s p

Gender: a i

Demonstratives: 3 [that=ref]

Articles: indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Ergative:

Prep/Post: /POST

Number: 1646

Language: Etruscan

Location: N Italy

Population: (+)c. 400 AD

Classification: ?Eurasiatic

Grammar: Bonfante, Larissa. 1990. Etruscan: Univ of California Press.
Pfiffig, Ambros Josef. 1969. Die etruskische Sprache. Graz: Akademische Druck-u. Verlagsanstalt.
Pallottino, M. 1936. Elementi di lingua etrusca. Florence.

Other Sources: Fowler, Murray. 1974. "Etruscan Language," EB 6, 1018-9.
Pallottino, M. 1955. The Etruscans. Baltimore: Penguin.
Pallottino, M. 1977. "La lingua degli Etruschi," Popoli e civiltà dell'Italia antica 6.

Consonant system:

   p p^h t t^h k k^h
    t^sh
f s š h
v
m n
    l
    r

Stops: p p^h t t^h k k^h

Affricates: t^s^h

Fricatives: f v s š h

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Vowel system:

i u
e
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u

Modified Vowels: vowel harmony

Diphthongs: ai au ei eu ui

Stress: initial

Noun Number: s p

Syntax: SVO GN N-NUM

Prep/Post: PREP/POST

Number: 1647

Language: Hittite

Location: Turkey

Population: extinct (c. 1300 B.C.)

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Anatolian

Grammar: Sturtevant, Edgar H. 1951. A Comparative Grammar of the Hittite Language. New Haven: Yale Univ Press.

Consonant system:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
    t^s
    s x h
    ɣ
m n̪
    l
    r

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ

Affricates: t^s

Fricatives: s x ɣ h

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄ ?

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
a

Front Vowels: i

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u

Long Vowels: v̄ ?

Noun Number: s p

Gender: common(=m+f) neuter

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1648

Language: Palaic

Location: Turkey

Population: extinct

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Anatolian

Consonant system:

Syntax: SOV

Number: 1649

Language: Lydian

Location: Turkey

Population: extinct

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Anatolian

Consonant system:

Syntax: SOV

Number: 1650

Language: Luwian

Location: Turkey

Population: extinct

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Anatolian

Dictionary: Laroche, Emmanuel. 1959. Dictionnaire de la langue louvite. Paris: Adrien-Maisonneuve.

Consonant system:

Noun Number: s p

Gender: anim inan

Demonstratives: 2

Syntax: SOV AN GN

Number: 1651

Language: Lycian

Location: Turkey

Population: extinct

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Anatolian

Consonant system:

Syntax: SOV

Number: 1652

Language: Proto-Indo-European

Location: Ukraine

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European

Grammar:

Meillet, A. 1937. Introduction à l'étude des langues indo-européennes. Paris.
Hudson-Williams, T. 1935. A Short Introduction to the Study of çomparative Grammar (Indo-European). Cardiff: Univ of Wales Press.

Other Sources: CTIL 9, 122.

Consonant system:

   p t̪ k kʷ ʔ
(b) b̤ d̪ d̪̣ ɡ ɡ̤ ɡʷ ɡ̤ʷ
    s h
m n̪
    l
    r

Stops: p (b) b̤ t̪ d̪ d̪̤ k ɡ ɡ̤ kʷ ɡʷ ɡ̤ʷ ʔ

Fricatives: s h

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: cʷ k ɡ ɡ̤

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
e ǝ o
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ

Diphthongs: ei oi ai eu ou au

Syllable: mˈ nˈ lˈ rˈ

Noun Number: s d p

Gender: m f n

Demonstratives: 2 + ref

Pronouns:

1 4d 4
2 5d 5
*3 *6d *6

Syntax: SOV AN

Prep/Post: PREP/POST

Number: 1653

Language: Classical Armenian

Alternate Name: Grabar

Location: Armenia

Population: extinct (c. 1300 B.C.)

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Armenian

Dictionary: Meillet, A. 1936. Esquisse d'une grammaire comparée de l'arménien classique. Vienna: Mekhitharistes.

Grammar:

Jensen, Hans. 1959. Altarmenische Grammatik. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.
Tumanjan, E. G. 1971. Drevnearmjanskij jazyk. Moscow: Nauka.
Damme, Dirk van. 1974. A Short Classical Armenian Grammar. Fribourg: Univ Press.
Mann, Stuart E. 1968. An Armenian Historical Grammar in Latin Characters. London: Luzac.

Other Sources: Mann, Stuart E. 1963. Armerian and Indo-European. London: Luzac.

Consonant system:

   p p^h t̪ t̪^h k k^h
b d̪ ɡ
    t^s t^sh č č^h
    d^z ɡ̌
(f) s š x h
v z ž (ɣ)
m n̪
    l l^ɯ
    ɾ r

Stops: p p^h b t̪ t̪^h d̪ k k^h ɡ

Affricates: t^s t^s^hd^z č č^h ɡ̌

Fricatives: (f) v s z š ž x (ɣ) h

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l l^ɯ

Vibrants: ɾ r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
e ǝ o
ɛ ɔ
a

Front Vowels: i e ɛ

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ

Diphthongs: aj aw ea ew iw oj ja eaj iaj

Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)

Stress: final

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 3

Articles: def

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: VSO NA/(AN) NG ND NUM-N N-POSS/POSS-N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1654

Language: Armenian

Dialect: East

Location: Armenia

Population: 6 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Armenian

Grammar: Tumanjan, E. G. 1966. "Armjanskij jazyk," in JNS 1, 562-98.

Other Sources: AL 7:8

Consonant system:

   p^h p^ʔ t̪^h t^ʔ k^h k^ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    t^sh t^sʔ č^h č^ʔ
    d^z ɡ̌
f s̪ š x h
v z̪ ž ɣ
m n̪
    l
    ɾ r

Stops: p^h p^ʔ b t̪^h t^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ

Affricates: t^s^h t^sʔ d^z č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌

Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž x ɣ h

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l

Vibrants: ɾ r

Glides: j

Vowel system:

i u
e ǝ o
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Stress: final

Noun Number: s (d) p

Demonstratives: 3

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: (PREP)/POST

Number: 1655

Language: Armenian

Dialect: West

Location: E Turkey

Population: 6 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Armenian

Other Sources:

AL 7:8
WALS

Consonant system:

   p t k
b d ɡ
    t^s č
    d^z ɡ̌
f s š x h
v z ž ɣ
m n
    l
    ɾ r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ

Affricates: t^s d^z č ɡ̌

Fricatives: f v s z š ž x ɣ h

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l

Vibrants: ɾ r

Glides: j

Vowel system:

i u
e ǝ o
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Stress: phonemic

Syntax: SOV AN GN

Prep/Post: (PREP)/POST

Number: 1656

Language: Tocharian A

Location: NW China (Turkestan)

Population: extinct

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Tocharian

Dictionary:

Windekens, A. J. van. 1941. Lexique étymologique des dialectes tokhariens. Louvain: Muséon.

Grammar: Sieg, Emil and Wilhelm Siegling. 1931. Tocharische Grammatik. Gøttingen: Dandenhoe.

Other Sources:

Windekens, A. J. van. 1944. Morphologie comparée du tokharien. Louvain: Muséon.
Zimmer, Stefan. 1976. Tocharische Bibliographie, 1959-1975. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.
Adams, Douglas Q. 1978. "Ablaut and Umlaut in the Tocharian Vowel System, " JAOS 98, 446-50.

Consonant system:

    p t̪ c k
    t^s č
    s š
m n ñ ŋ
    l ʎ
    r

Stops: p t̪ c k

Affricates: t^s č

Fricatives: s š

Nasals: m n ñ ŋ

Laterals: l ʎ

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
e ǝ o
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: ī ā ū

Nasal Vowels: ṽ

Noun Number: s p

Pronouns:

1mf 4
2 5
*3mfn *6mf

Syntax: SOV AN GN

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1657

Language: Tocharian B

Location: NW China (Turkestan)

Population: extinct

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Tocharian

Grammar: GD: Krause, Wolfgang and Werner Thomas. 1960, 1964. Tocharisches Elementarbuch, 2 vols. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.

Other Sources: Windekens, A. J. van. 1976. Le tocharien confronté avec les autres langues indo-européenes, 2 vols. Louvain: Centre International de Dialectologie Générale.

Consonant system:

   p t̪ c k
    t^s č
    s š
m n ñ ŋ
    l ʎ
    r

Stops: p t̪ c k

Affricates: t^s č

Fricatives: s š

Nasals: m n ñ ŋ

Laterals: l ʎ

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c^j p k t^s m

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
e ǝ o
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: ī ā ū

Nasal Vowels: ṽ

Diphthongs: ai oi au āu

Noun Number: s (d) p

Gender: m f

Pronouns:

1mf 4
2 5
*3mfn *6mf

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN POSS-N/N-POSS

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1658

Language: Sanskrit

Dialect: Classical

Location: N India

Population: c. 400 B.C.

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic

Dictionary:

Monier-Williams, Monier. 1976. A Sanskrit-English Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Apte, Vaman Shivram. 1974. The Student's English-Sanskrit Dictionary. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.

Grammar:

Gonda, Jan. 1966. A Concise Elementary Grammar of the Sanskrit Language. University, Alabama: Univ of Alabama Press.
Renou, Louis. 1968. Grammaire sanskrite. Paris: Adrien-Maisonneuve.

TextBooks:

Bhandarkar, Ramkrishna Gopal. 1966. First Book of Sanskrit. Bombay: Karnatak.
Allen, W. S. 1953. Phonetics in Ancient India. London: Oxford Univ Press.
Emeneau, M. B. and B. A. van Nooten. 1968. Sanskrit Sandhi and Exercises. Berkeley: Univ of Califonia Press.

Consonant system:

   p p^h t̪ t̪^h ṭ ṭ^h c c^h k k^h
b b̤ d̪ d̪̤ ḍ d̤̣ ɟ ɟ̤ ɡ ɡ̤
    s̪ ṣ š h
v ɦ
m n̪ ṇ ñ ŋ
    l̪
    r

Stops: p p^h b b̤ t̪ t̪^h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ṭ^h ḍ ḍ̤ c c^h ɟ ɟ̤ k k^h ɡ ɡ̤

Fricatives: v s̪ ṣ š h ɦ

Nasals: m n̪ ṇ ñ ŋ

Laterals: l̪

Vibrants: r

Glides: j

Vowel system:

i u
a

Front Vowels: i

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u

Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō

Diphthongs: ai au

Syllable: lˈ rˈ

Stress: non-phonemic

Noun Number: s d p

Gender: m f n

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4d 4
2 5d 5
*3mfn *6dmfn *6mfn

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1659

Language: Sanskrit

Dialect: Vedic

Location: N India

Population: c. 1,000 BC

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic

Grammar: Macdonell, A. A. 1910. Vedic Grammar. Strassburg: Karl J. Trübner.

Consonant system:

   p p^h t̪ t̪^h ṭ ṭ^h k k^h
b b̤ d̪ d̪̤ ḍ ḍ̤ ɡ ɡ̤
    č č^h
    ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌
    s̪ ṣ š h
v
m n̪ ṇ ñ ŋ
    l
    r

Stops: p p^h b b̤ t̪ t̪^h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ṭ^h ḍ ḍ̤ k k^h ɡ ɡ̤

Affricates: č č^h ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌

Fricatives: v s̪ ṣ š h

Nasals: m n̪ ṇ ñ ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄ all but h l r

Glides: j

Vowel system:

i u
a

Front Vowels: i

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u

Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō

Diphthongs: ai au

Syllable: mˈ lˈ rˈ

Noun Number: s d p

Gender: m f n

Demonstratives: 3

Pronouns:

1 4d 4
2 5d 5
*3mfn *6dmfn *6mfn

Syntax: SOV AN GN NUM-N

Prep/Post: PREP/POST

Number: 1660

Language: Sanskrit

Dialect: Pali

Location: India (Bihar)

Population: c. 400 B. C.

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic

Grammar:

Higashimoto, Keiki, 1967. An Elementary Grammar of the Pali Language. Tokyo: Research Institute of the Pali Literature, Komazawa Univ.

TextBooks: Warder, A. K. 1974. Introduction to Pali. London: Pali Text Society.

Consonant system:

   p p^h t̪ t̪^h ṭ ṭ^h k k^h
b b̤ d̪ d̪̤ ḍ ḍ̤ ɡ ɡ̤
    č č^h
    ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌
    s̪
v ɦ
m n̪ ṇ ñ ŋ
    l̪ ḷ ḷ̤
    r

Stops: p p^h b b̤ t̪ t̪^h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ṭ^h ḍ ḍ̤ k k^h ɡ ɡ̤

Affricates: č č^h ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌

Fricatives: v s̪ ɦ

Nasals: m n̪ ṇ ñ ŋ

Laterals: l̪ ḷ ḷ̤

Vibrants: r

Glides: j

Vowel system:

i u
a

Front Vowels: i

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u

Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō

Stress: non-phonemic

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f n

Demonstratives: 2 + ref

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3mfn *6mfn

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+A+N

Prep/Post: POST