Grammar:Bonfante, Larissa. 1990. Etruscan: Univ of California Press. Pfiffig, Ambros Josef. 1969. Die etruskische Sprache. Graz: Akademische Druck-u. Verlagsanstalt. Pallottino, M. 1936. Elementi di lingua etrusca. Florence.
Other Sources:Fowler, Murray. 1974. "Etruscan Language," EB 6, 1018-9. Pallottino, M. 1955. The Etruscans. Baltimore: Penguin. Pallottino, M. 1977. "La lingua degli Etruschi," Popoli e civiltà dell'Italia antica 6.
Consonant system:
p ph t th k kh tsh f s š h v m n l r
Stops:p ph t th k kh
Affricates:tsh
Fricatives:f v s š h
Nasals:m n
Laterals:l
Vibrants:r
Vowel system:
i u e a
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u
Modified Vowels:vowel harmony
Diphthongs:ai au ei eu ui
Stress:initial
Noun Number:s p
Syntax:SVO GN N-NUM
Prep/Post:PREP/POST
Number:1647
Language:Hittite
Location:Turkey
Population:extinct (c. 1300 B.C.)
Classification:Indo-Hittite: Anatolian
Grammar:Sturtevant, Edgar H. 1951. A Comparative Grammar of the Hittite Language. New Haven: Yale Univ Press.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k b d̪ ɡ ts s x h ɣ m n̪ l r
Stops:p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
Affricates:ts
Fricatives:s x ɣ h
Nasals:m n̪
Laterals:l
Vibrants:r
Modified Consonants:c̄ ?
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i u a
Front Vowels:i
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u
Long Vowels:v̄ ?
Noun Number:s p
Gender:common(=m+f) neuter
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 *3 *6
Syntax:SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Prep/Post:POST
Number:1648
Language:Palaic
Location:Turkey
Population:extinct
Classification:Indo-Hittite: Anatolian
Consonant system:
Syntax:SOV
Number:1649
Language:Lydian
Location:Turkey
Population:extinct
Classification:Indo-Hittite: Anatolian
Consonant system:
Syntax:SOV
Number:1650
Language:Luwian
Location:Turkey
Population:extinct
Classification:Indo-Hittite: Anatolian
Dictionary:Laroche, Emmanuel. 1959. Dictionnaire de la langue louvite. Paris: Adrien-Maisonneuve.
Consonant system:
Noun Number:s p
Gender:anim inan
Demonstratives:2
Syntax:SOV AN GN
Number:1651
Language:Lycian
Location:Turkey
Population:extinct
Classification:Indo-Hittite: Anatolian
Consonant system:
Syntax:SOV
Number:1652
Language:Proto-Indo-European
Location:Ukraine
Classification:Indo-Hittite: Indo-European
Grammar:
Meillet, A. 1937. Introduction à l'étude des langues indo-européennes. Paris. Hudson-Williams, T. 1935. A Short Introduction to the Study of çomparative Grammar (Indo-European). Cardiff: Univ of Wales Press.
Other Sources:CTIL 9, 122.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k kʷ ʔ (b) b̤ d̪ d̪̣ ɡ ɡ̤ ɡʷ ɡ̤ʷ s h m n̪ l r
Stops:p (b) b̤ t̪ d̪ d̪̤ k ɡ ɡ̤ kʷ ɡʷ ɡ̤ʷ ʔ
Fricatives:s h
Nasals:m n̪
Laterals:l
Vibrants:r
Modified Consonants:cʷ k ɡ ɡ̤
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i u e ǝ o a
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:ǝ a
Back Vowels:u o
Long Vowels:v̄ all but ǝ
Diphthongs:ei oi ai eu ou au
Syllable:mˈ nˈ lˈ rˈ
Noun Number:s d p
Gender:m f n
Demonstratives:2 + ref
Pronouns:
1 4d 4 2 5d 5 *3 *6d *6
Syntax:SOV AN
Prep/Post:PREP/POST
Number:1653
Language:Classical Armenian
Alternate Name:Grabar
Location:Armenia
Population:extinct (c. 1300 B.C.)
Classification:Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Armenian
Dictionary:Meillet, A. 1936. Esquisse d'une grammaire comparée de l'arménien classique. Vienna: Mekhitharistes.
Grammar:
Jensen, Hans. 1959. Altarmenische Grammatik. Heidelberg: Carl Winter. Tumanjan, E. G. 1971. Drevnearmjanskij jazyk. Moscow: Nauka. Damme, Dirk van. 1974. A Short Classical Armenian Grammar. Fribourg: Univ Press. Mann, Stuart E. 1968. An Armenian Historical Grammar in Latin Characters. London: Luzac.
Other Sources:Mann, Stuart E. 1963. Armerian and Indo-European. London: Luzac.
Consonant system:
p ph t̪ t̪h k kh b d̪ ɡ ts tsh č čh dz ɡ̌ (f) s š x h v z ž (ɣ) m n̪ l lɯ ɾ r
Stops:p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ k kh ɡ
Affricates:ts tshdz č čh ɡ̌
Fricatives:(f) v s z š ž x (ɣ) h
Nasals:m n̪
Laterals:l lɯ
Vibrants:ɾ r
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i u e ǝ o ɛ ɔ a
Front Vowels:i e ɛ
Central Vowels:ǝ a
Back Vowels:u o ɔ
Diphthongs:aj aw ea ew iw oj ja eaj iaj
Syllable:(C)V(C)(C)
Stress:final
Noun Number:s p
Demonstratives:3
Articles:def
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 *3 *6
Syntax:VSO NA/(AN) NG ND NUM-N N-POSS/POSS-N
Prep/Post:PREP
Number:1654
Language:Armenian
Dialect:East
Location:Armenia
Population:6 million
Classification:Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Armenian
Grammar:Tumanjan, E. G. 1966. "Armjanskij jazyk," in JNS 1, 562-98.
Other Sources:AL 7:8
Consonant system:
ph pʔ t̪h tʔ kh kʔ b d̪ ɡ tsh tsʔ čh čʔ dz ɡ̌ f s̪ š x h v z̪ ž ɣ m n̪ l ɾ r
Stops:ph pʔ b t̪h tʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ
Affricates:tsh tsʔ dz čh čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives:f v s̪ z̪ š ž x ɣ h
Nasals:m n̪
Laterals:l
Vibrants:ɾ r
Glides:j
Vowel system:
i u e ǝ o a
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:ǝ a
Back Vowels:u o
Stress:final
Noun Number:s (d) p
Demonstratives:3
Articles:def indef
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 *3 *6
Syntax:SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post:(PREP)/POST
Number:1655
Language:Armenian
Dialect:West
Location:E Turkey
Population:6 million
Classification:Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Armenian
Other Sources:
AL 7:8 WALS
Consonant system:
p t k b d ɡ ts č dz ɡ̌ f s š x h v z ž ɣ m n l ɾ r
Windekens, A. J. van. 1941. Lexique étymologique des dialectes tokhariens. Louvain: Muséon.
Grammar:Sieg, Emil and Wilhelm Siegling. 1931. Tocharische Grammatik. Gøttingen: Dandenhoe.
Other Sources:
Windekens, A. J. van. 1944. Morphologie comparée du tokharien. Louvain: Muséon. Zimmer, Stefan. 1976. Tocharische Bibliographie, 1959-1975. Heidelberg: Carl Winter. Adams, Douglas Q. 1978. "Ablaut and Umlaut in the Tocharian Vowel System, " JAOS 98, 446-50.
Grammar:GD: Krause, Wolfgang and Werner Thomas. 1960, 1964. Tocharisches Elementarbuch, 2 vols. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.
Other Sources:Windekens, A. J. van. 1976. Le tocharien confronté avec les autres langues indo-européenes, 2 vols. Louvain: Centre International de Dialectologie Générale.
Monier-Williams, Monier. 1976. A Sanskrit-English Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Apte, Vaman Shivram. 1974. The Student's English-Sanskrit Dictionary. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
Grammar:
Gonda, Jan. 1966. A Concise Elementary Grammar of the Sanskrit Language. University, Alabama: Univ of Alabama Press. Renou, Louis. 1968. Grammaire sanskrite. Paris: Adrien-Maisonneuve.
TextBooks:
Bhandarkar, Ramkrishna Gopal. 1966. First Book of Sanskrit. Bombay: Karnatak. Allen, W. S. 1953. Phonetics in Ancient India. London: Oxford Univ Press. Emeneau, M. B. and B. A. van Nooten. 1968. Sanskrit Sandhi and Exercises. Berkeley: Univ of Califonia Press.
Consonant system:
p ph t̪ t̪h ṭ ṭh c ch k kh b b̤ d̪ d̪̤ ḍ d̤̣ ɟ ɟ̤ ɡ ɡ̤ s̪ ṣ š h v ɦ m n̪ ṇ ñ ŋ l̪ r
Stops:p ph b b̤ t̪ t̪h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍ̤ c ch ɟ ɟ̤ k kh ɡ ɡ̤