A global linguistic database : Query result

Number: 1661

Language: Romany

Dialect: Iranian

Location: NW Iran

Population: 1 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Romany

Other Sources: Windfuhr, Gernot L. 1970. "European Gypsy in Iran: A First Report," AL 12, 271-92.

Consonant system:

   p p^h t t^h k k^h
b d ɡ
    č č^h
    ɡ̌
f s š x h
v z
m n
    l
    r

Stops: p p^h b t t^h d k k^h ɡ

Affricates: č č^h ɡ̌

Fricatives: f v s z š x h

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Glides: j

Vowel system:

i u
e o
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: ē ā ō

Modified Vowels: vowel harmony

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f

Articles: 2

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3mf *6

Syntax: SOV AN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1662

Language: Romany

Dialect: Czechoslovakian

Location: Czechoslovakia

Population: 1 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Romany

Other Sources: Miltner, Vladimı́r. 1965. "The Morphologic Strutcure of a New Indo-Aryan Language of Czechoslovakia," IL 26, 106-31.

Consonant system:

   p p^h t t^h c c^h k k^h
b d ɟ ɡ
    t^s č č^h
    d^z ɡ̌
f s š x h
v z ž
m n ñ
    l ʎ
    r

Stops: p p^h b t t^h d c c^h ɟ k k^h ɡ

Affricates: t^s d^z č č^h ɡ̌

Fricatives: f v s z š ž x h

Nasals: m n ñ

Laterals: l ʎ

Vibrants: r

Glides: j

Vowel system:

i u
e o
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: ē ā ō

Stress: penult

Articles: def

Syntax: SVO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N

Number: 1663

Language: Romany

Dialect: Baltic

Location: Estonia

Population: 1 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Romany

Grammar: Venttsel', T. V. 1966. "Tsyganskij jazyk," in JNS 1, 630-51.

Consonant system:

   p p^h t̪ t̪^h k k^h
b d̪ ɡ
    (t̪^s) č
    (d̪^z) ɡ̌
(f) s̪ š x
v z̪ ž ɣ
m n̪
    l̪
    r

Stops: p p^h b t̪ t̪^h d̪ k k^h ɡ

Affricates: (t̪^s) (d̪^z) č ɡ̌

Fricatives: (f) v s̪ z̪ š ž x ɣ

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l̪

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c^j all but p^h t^s d^z č ɡ̌ f z š ž

Glides: j

Vowel system:

   i u
    ǝ o
    ɑ

Front Vowels: i

Central Vowels: ǝ

Back Vowels: u o ɑ

Stress: final

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mf 6

Syntax: SVO AN DN NUM-N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1664

Language: Romany

Dialect: Wales

Location: Wales

Population: 1 million (extinct)

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Romany

Other Sources: Lockwood, W. B. 1975. Languages of the British Isles Past and Present. London: Andre Duetsch.

Consonant system:

   p p^h t t^h k k^h
b d ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
f θ s š x h
v ð z ž
m n ŋ
    l l̥
    r r̥

Stops: p p^h b t t^h d k k^h ɡ

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Fricatives: f v θ ð s z š ž x h

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l l̥

Vibrants: r r̥

Modified Consonants: c̄ r

Glides: j w w̥

Vowel system:

   i u
e o
    ɔ
    a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ

Long Vowels: v̄ all?

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f

Articles: def

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mf 6

Syntax: SVO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: PREP/POST

Number: 1665

Language: Maldivian

Location: Maldive Islands

Population: 130,000

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Sinhalese-Maldivian

Other Sources: De Silva, M. W. Sugathapala. 1969. "The Phonological Efficiency of the Maldivian Writing system," AL 11, 199-208.

Consonant system:

   p t ṭ k
b ^mb d ⁿd ḍⁿḍ ɡ ^ŋɡ
f s š h
v z
m n (ñ)
    l ḷ
    r

Stops: p b ^mb t d ⁿd ṭ dⁿḍ k ɡ ^ŋɡ

Fricatives: f v s z š h

Nasals: m n (ñ)

Laterals: l ḷ

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄

Glides: j

Vowel system:

I ʋ
ɛ ɔ
a

Front Vowels: I ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ

Long Vowels: ī ē ɐ̄ ū ō

Diphthongs: ai au ei eu ui ou oi

Number: 1666

Language: Sinhalese

Location: Sri Lanka

Population: 10 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Singhalese-Maldivian

Dictionary: Malalasekera, G. P. 1967. English-Sinhalese Dictionary. Colombo, Ceylon: M. D. Gunasena.

TextBooks: Garusinghe, Dayaratne. 1962. Sinhalese: The Spoken Idiom. Munich: Max Hueber.

Other Sources:

Coates, William A. and M. W. S. de Silva. 1960. "The Segemental Phonemes of Sinhalese," Univ of Ceylon Review 18, 163-75.
Gair, James W. 1966. "Colloquial Sinhalese Inflectional Categories and Parts of Speech," IL 27, 31-45.
Gair, James W. 1970. Colloquial Sinhalese Clause Structures. The Hague: Mouton.
Karunatilake, W. S. and S. Suseendirarajah. 1973. "Phonology of Sinhalese and Sri Lanka Tamil," IL 34, 180-90.

Consonant system:

   p t̪ ṭ k
b ^mb d̪ ⁿd̪ ḍ ⁿḍ ɡ ^ŋɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
    s (š) h
v
m n ñ
    l
    r

Stops: p b ^mb t̪ d̪ ⁿd̪ ṭ ḍⁿḍ k ɡ ^ŋɡ

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Fricatives: v s (š) h

Nasals: m n ñ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄

Glides: j

Vowel system:

I ʋ
ɛ ǝ ɔ
æ a

Front Vowels: I ɛ æ

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ

Long Vowels: ī ē ǣ ā ū ō

Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)

Noun Number: s p

Gender: anim inan

Demonstratives: 3 + ref

Articles: indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3hmfi *6hai
3: hum, masc anim, fem anim, inan; 6: hum, an, inan
politeness: numerous second person pronouns implying various degrees of respect and differential status.

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N (1)/N-NUM (2,3,...) POSS-N D+A+N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1667

Language: Bashkarik

Location: Pakistan

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Dardic: Central

Dictionary: Morgenstierne, Georg. 1940. "Notes on Bashkarik," Acta Orientalia 18, 206-57.

Consonant system:

   p p^h t t^h ṭ ṭ^h k k^h
b d ḍ ɡ
    t^s ṭ^s ṭ^sh č č^h
    ɡ̌
    s ṣ š x h
    z ž ɣ
m n ṇ ŋ
    l ʎ
    r ṛ

Stops: p p^h b t t^h d ṭ ṭ^h ḍ k k^h ɡ

Affricates: t^s ṭ^s ṭ^sh č č^h ɡ̌

Fricatives: s z ṣ š ž x ɣ h

Nasals: m n ṇ ŋ

Laterals: l ʎ

Vibrants: r ṛ

Modified Consonants: c̄

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
e (ǝ) o
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: (ǝ) a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: ī ē ↔ō ǣ ā ū ō ɔ̄

Diphthongs: ai

Tones: ris fall

Stress: phonemic

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 3

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: SOV GN DN POSS-N

Number: 1668

Language: Maiya

Location: Pakistan

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Dardic: Central

Other Sources: WPF

Consonant system:

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6

Number: 1669

Language: Tirahi

Location: E Afghanistan

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Dardic: Central

Dictionary: Morgenstierne, Georg. 1934. "Notes on Tirahi, " Acta Orientalia 12, 161-89.

Consonant system:

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f

Demonstratives: 2

Syntax: SOV GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1670

Language: Torwali

Location: Pakistan

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Dardic: Central

Dictionary: Morgenstierne, Georg. 1930. "Notes on Torwali," Acta orientalia 8, 294-310.

Other Sources:

AL 7:8
WALS

Consonant system:

   p p^h t t^h ṭ ṭ^h k k^h
b d ḍ ɡ
    č č^h
    ɡ̌
    s š x h
    z ž ɣ
m n
    l
    r ṛ

Stops: p p^h b t t^h d ṭ ṭ^h ḍ k k^h ɡ

Affricates: č č^h ɡ̌

Fricatives: s z š ž x ɣ h

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r ṛ

Glides: j w

Syntax: SOV

Number: 1671

Language: Wotapuri

Location: Afghanistan

Population: 2,000

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Dardic: Central

Grammar: DG: Buddruss, Georg. 1960. Die Sprache von Wotˈapur und Katˈarqala. Bonn: Orientalischen Seminars, Univ Bonn.

Consonant system:

   p p^h t t^h ṭ ṭ^h k k^h
b d ḍ ɡ
    t^s t^sh ṭ^s ṭ^sh č č^h
    d^z ɡ̌
(f) s (ṣ) š x h
    z ɣ
m n ṇ
    l ɬ̣
    r ṛ

Stops: p p^h b t t^h d ṭ ṭ^h ḍ k k^h ɡ

Affricates: t^s t^s^h d^z ṭ^s ṭ^s^h č č^h ɡ̌

Fricatives: (f) s z (ṣ) š x ɣ h

Nasals: m n ṇ

Laterals: l ɬ̣

Vibrants: r ṛ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Nasal Vowels:

ṽ all
v̄̃ all

Diphthongs:

aī au āē aū āī āu āū eā ēu īu ui ūī ūē uō ūo
nasal diphthongs

Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C)

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1672

Language: Kalasha

Location: N Pakistan

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Dardic: Chitral

Other Sources: E

Consonant system:

Syntax: SOV

Number: 1673

Language: Khowar

Location: N Pakistan

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Dardic: Chitral

Other Sources: WALS

Consonant system:

Syntax: SOV

Number: 1674

Language: Dameli

Location: N Pakistan (S Chitral)

Population: 5,000

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Dardic: Kunar

Grammar: GD: Morgenstierne, G. 1942. "Notes on Dameli," Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap 12, 115-98.

Consonant system:

   p p^h t t^h ṭ ṭ^h k k^h (q)
b d ḍ ɡ
    t^s t^sh ṭ^s ṭ^sh č č^h
    s ṣ š x (χ) (h)
    z (ẓ) ž (ɣ)
m n ṇ (ŋ)
    l
    r ɹ́
ɹ́ is a palatal fricative.

Stops: p p^h b t t^h d ṭ ṭ^h ḍ k k^h ɡ (q)

Affricates: t^s t^s^h ṭ^s ṭ^s^h č č^h

Fricatives: s z ṣ (ẓ) š ž x (ɣ) (χ) (h)

Nasals: m n ṇ (ŋ)

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r ɹ́ (palatal fricative)

Modified Consonants: c̄

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: I ɛ æ

Back Vowels: u ɔ ɑ

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Nasal Vowels:

ṽ
v̄̃

Tones: lo-ris hi-fall

Noun Number: s (p)

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6
1=4

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1675

Language: Gawar-bati

Location: NE Afghanistan

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Dardic: Kunar

Grammar: DG: Morgenstierne, Georg. 1950. Notes on Gawar-bati. Oslo.

Other Sources: AL 7:8

Consonant system:

   p p^h t t^h ṭ ṭ^h k k^h
b d ḍ ɡ
    t^s t^sh ṭ^s ṭ^sh č
    ɡ̌
    s ṣ š (x) h
    z ž (ɣ)
m n ṇ
    l ɬ
    r ṛ

Stops: p p^h b t t^h d ṭ ṭ^h ḍ k k^h ɡ

Affricates: t^s t^s^h ṭ^s ṭ^s^h č ɡ̌

Fricatives: s z ṣ š ž (x) (ɣ) h

Nasals: m n ṇ

Laterals: l ɬ

Vibrants: r ṛ

Modified Consonants: c̄ ṭ ḍ l ...

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: I e

Central Vowels: ɐ

Back Vowels: ʋ (ɔ)

Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ɔ̄

Nasal Vowels:

ṽ
v̄̃

Diphthongs: ai au

Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C)

Noun Number: s (p) (pl restricted to animate beings and relatives)

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1676

Language: Shumashti

Location: NE Afghanistan

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Dardic: Kunar

Consonant system:

Number: 1677

Language: Nangalami

Location: NE Afghanistan

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Dardic: Kunar

Consonant system:

Number: 1678

Language: Pashai

Dialect: Southwest

Location: NE Afghanistan

Population: 100,000

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Dardic: Kunar

Grammar: DG: IIFL, vol 3.

Other Sources: AL 7:8.

Consonant system:

   p p^h t̪ t̪^h ṭ ṭ^h k k^h q
b b̤ d̪ d̪̤ ḍ ḍ̤ ɡ ɡ̤
    (t̪^s) ṭ^s ṭ^sh č č^h
    ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌
    s̪ ṣ š x h
    z̪ ẓ ž ɣ
m n̪ ṇ (ŋ)
    l̪
    r ṛ

Stops: p p^h b b̤ t̪ t̪^h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ṭ^h ḍ ḍ̤ k k^h ɡ ɡ̤ q

Affricates: (t̪^s) ṭ^s ṭ^s^h č č^h ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌

Fricatives: s̪ z̪ ṣ ẓ š ž x ɣ h

Nasals: m n̪ ṇ (ŋ)

Laterals: l̪

Vibrants: r ṛ

Modified Consonants: c̄

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i (e) (æ)

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u (o)

Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō

Diphthongs: ai āi oi ui ūi au āu ōu

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f

Demonstratives: 2 + ref

Articles: def

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1679

Language: Pashai

Dialect: Southeast

Location: NE Afghanistan

Population: 100,000

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Dardic: Kunar

Grammar: DG: IIFL, vol 3.

Consonant system:

   p t̪ ṭ k q
b d̪ ḍ ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
f s̪ ṣ š x h
    z̪ ɣ
m n̪ ṇ ŋ
    l̪ l̪̥
    r ṛ

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ k ɡ q

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Fricatives: f s̪ z̪ ṣ š x ɣ h

Nasals: m n̪ ṇ ŋ

Laterals: l̪ l̪̥

Vibrants: r ṛ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: ī ȳ ē ǣ ā ū ō

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f

Demonstratives: 2 + ref

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: GN N-POSS

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1680

Language: Pashai

Dialect: Northwest

Location: NE Afghanistan

Population: 100,000

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Dardic: Kunar

Grammar: DG: IIFL, vol 3.

Consonant system:

   p t̪ ṭ ṭ^h k k^h q
b d̪ ḍ (d̪̤)
    č č^h
    ɡ̌
f s̪ ṣ š x h
    z̪ (ẓ) ž ɣ
m n̪ ṇ ŋ
    l̪
    r ṛ

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ (d̪̤) ṭ ṭ^h ḍ k k^h ɡ q

Affricates: č č^h ɡ̌

Fricatives: f s̪ z̪ ṣ (ẓ) š ž x ɣ h

Nasals: m n̪ ṇ ŋ

Laterals: l̪

Vibrants: r ṛ

Modified Consonants: c̄

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u

Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō

Diphthongs: ai au

Noun Number: s p

Gender: (m f) (gender is present in only some NW dialects.)

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

Prep/Post: POST