A global linguistic database : Query result

Number: 1701

Language: Gade Lohar

Location: India (Rajasthan)

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Central

Other Sources: Sharma, Jagdish Chander. 1973. "Nominal and Verbal Inflection in the Dialect of the Gade Lohars," IL 34, 200-10.

Consonant system:

   p p^h t̪ t̪^h ṭ ṭ^h k k^h
b b̤ d̪ d̪̤ ḍ ḍ̤ ɡ ɡ̤
    č č^h
    ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌
    s̪
    ɦ
m m̤ n̪ n̪̤ ṇ ṇ̤
    l̪ l̪̤ ḷ ḷ̤
    r r̤ ɾ̣ ɾ̣̤

Stops: p p^h b b̤ t̪ t̪^h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ṭ^h ḍ ḍ̤ k k^h ɡ ɡ̤

Affricates: č č^h ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌

Fricatives: s̪ ɦ

Nasals: m m̤ n̪ n̪̤ ṇ ṇ̤

Laterals: l̪ l̪̤ ḷ ḷ̤

Vibrants: r r̤ ɾ̣ ɾ̣̤

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: I

Central Vowels: ǝ

Back Vowels: ʋ

Long Vowels: ī ē ǣ ā ū ō

Nasal Vowels:

ṽ
v̄̃

Noun Number: S P

Noun Classes: m f n

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3mf *6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Number: 1702

Language: Khandeshi

Location: N India (Maharashtra)

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Central

Consonant system:

Number: 1703

Language: Hindi

Dialect: Bundeli

Location: N India (Madhya Pradesh)

Population: 200 Million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Central

Grammar: Jaiswal M. P. 1962. A Linguistic Study of Bundeli. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Consonant system:

   p p^h t̪ t̪^h ṭ ṭ^h k k^h
b b̤ d̪ d̪̤ ḍ ḍ̤ ɡ ɡ̤
    č č^h
    ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌
    s̪
v ɦ
m m̤ n̪ n̪̤
    l l̤
    r r̤ ɾ̣ ɾ̣̤

Stops: p p^h b b̤ t̪ t̪^h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ṭ^h ḍ ḍ̤ k k^h ɡ ɡ̤

Affricates: č č^h ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌

Fricatives: v s̪ ɦ

Nasals: m m̤ n̪ n̪̤

Laterals: l l̤

Vibrants: r r̤ ɾ̣ ɾ̣̤

Modified Consonants: c̄

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: I ɛ

Central Vowels: ɐ

Back Vowels: ʋ o

Long Vowels: ī ē ǝ̄ ɵ̄ ū ō ɑ̄

Nasal Vowels:

ṽ
v̄̃

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3mf *6
politeness: various honorifics for 2

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1704

Language: Hindi

Location: NC India (Uttar Pradesh)

Population: 200 Million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Central

Grammar: McGregor, R. S. 1977. Outline of Hindi Grammar. Delhi: Oxford Univ Press.

TextBooks: Bender, Ernest. 1967. Hindi Grammar and Reader. Philadelphia: Univ of Pennsylvania Press.

Other Sources:

Mehrotra, Ramesh Chandra. 1964. "Hindi Phonemes," IL 25, 234-46.
Arun, Vidya Bhaskar. 1961. A Comparative Phonology of Hindi and Panjabi. Ludhiana, India: Panjabi Sahitya Akademi.

Consonant system:

   p p^h t̪ t̪^h ṭ ṭ^h k k^h (q)
b b̤ d̪ d̪̤ ḍ ḍ̤ ɡ ɡ̤
    č č^h
    ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌
(f) s (ṣ) š (x)
v (z) (ɣ) ɦ
m m̤ n̪ n̪̤ ṇ
    l l̤
    ɾ ɾ̣ ɾ̣̤

Stops: p p^h b b̤ t̪ t̪^h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ṭ^h ḍ ḍ̤ k k^h ɡ ɡ̤ (q)

Affricates: č č^h ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌

Fricatives: (f) v s (z) (ṣ) š (x) (ɣ) ɦ

Nasals: m m̤ n̪ n̪̤ ṇ

Laterals: l l̤

Vibrants: ɾ ɾ̣ ɾ̣̤

Modified Consonants: c̄

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: I

Central Vowels: ǝ

Back Vowels: ʋ

Long Vowels: ī ē ǣ ā ū ō ɔ̄

Nasal Vowels:

ṽ all
v̄̃ all

Diphthongs:

ai au
ãi ãu

Stress: phonemic

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6
politeness: 2 has 3 forms: (1) pol, (2) fam, (3) intim.

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+A+N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1705

Language: Hindi

Dialect: Bangru

Location: N India (Haryana)

Population: 200 Million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Central

Grammar: Singh, Jag Deva. 1970. A Descriptive Grammar of Bangru. Kurukshetra, India: Kurukshetra Univ.

Consonant system:

   p p^h t t^h ṭ ṭ^h k k^h
b b̤ d d̤ ḍ ḍ̤ ɡ ɡ̤
    č č^h
    ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌
    s
    ɦ
m n ṇ ŋ
    l ḷ
    r ɾ̣

Stops: p p^h b b̤ t t^h d d̤ ṭ ṭ^h ḍ ḍ̤ k k^h ɡ ɡ̤

Affricates: č č^h ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌

Fricatives: s ɦ

Nasals: m n ṇ ŋ

Laterals: l ḷ

Vibrants: r ɾ̣

Modified Consonants: c̄ all but ṇ ŋ ɾ̣ ḷ h j w

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: I

Central Vowels: ɨ ʉ ǝ

Back Vowels: ʋ

Long Vowels: ī ē ǣ ā ū ō ɔ̄

Nasal Vowels:

ṽ all
v̄̃ all

Modified Vowels: nasal harmony

Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C)

Stress: non-phonemic

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+NUM+A+N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1706

Language: Urdu

Location: Pakistan

Population: 200 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Central

Dictionary:

Ferozsons Urdu-English Dictionary. n.d. Karachi: Ferozsons.
DT: Bender, Ernest. 1967. Urdu Grammar and Reader. Philadelphia: Univ of Pennsylvania Press.

TextBooks:

Bailey, T. Grahame. 1967. Teach Yourself Urdu. London: English Universities Press.
Barker, Muhammad Abd-al-Rahman, et al. 1967. A Course in Urdu, 3 vols. Montreal: Institute of Islamic Studies, McGill Univ.

Other Sources: Bright, William and Saeed A. Khan. 1958. The Urdu Writing System. New York: American Council of Learned Societies.

Consonant system:

   p p^h t̪ t̪^h ṭ ṭ^h k k^h
b b̤ d̪ d̪̤ ḍ ḍ̤ ɡ ɡ̤
    č č^h
    ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌
f s š x h
v z (ž) ɣ
m n̪
    l
    ɾ ɾ̣ ɾ̣̤

Stops: p p^h b b̤ t̪ t̪^h d̪ d̤̪ ṭ ṭ^h ḍ ḍ̤ k k^h ɡ ɡ̤

Affricates: č č^h ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌

Fricatives: f v s z š (ž) x ɣ h

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l

Vibrants: ɾ ɾ̣ ɾ̣̤

Modified Consonants: c̄

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: I (ɛ)

Central Vowels: ǝ

Back Vowels: ʋ (ɔ)

Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō

Nasal Vowels:

ṽ all
v̄̃ all

Diphthongs:

ai au
ãi ãu

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6
politeness: 3 forms of 2

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1707

Language: Dogri

Location: India Jammu)

Population: 2.2 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Central

Other Sources: E

Consonant system:

Syntax: SOV

Number: 1708

Language: Western Pahari

Location: N India (Jammu)

Population: 2 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Central

Other Sources: Varma, Siddheshwar. 1936. "The Rudhari Dialect," IL 6, 128-96.

Consonant system:

Modified Consonants: c̄

Tones: hi falling

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f

Demonstratives: 4: this very near/this/that visible/that invisible

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5mf
*3mf *6mf

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1709

Language: Garhwali

Location: N India ( N Uttar Pradesh)

Population: 1 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Central

Other Sources:

Chandrasekhar, A. 1970. "The Phonemes of Garhwali," IL 31, 80-5.
E

Consonant system:

   p p^h t̪ t̪^h ṭ ṭ^h c c^h k k^h
b b̤ d̪ d̪̤ ḍ ḍ̤ ɟ ɟ̣ ɡ ɡ̤
    s h
m n
    l
    r

Stops: p p^h b b̤ t̪ t̪^h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ṭ^h ḍ d̤̣ c c^h ɟ ɟ̤ k k^h ɡ ɡ̤

Fricatives: s h

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u

Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō

Nasal Vowels: ṽ

Stress: non-phonemic

Syntax: SOV

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1710

Language: Kumauni

Alternate Name: Johari

Location: N India (Uttar Pradesh)

Population: 1 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Central

Grammar: Apte, Mahadeo L. and D. P. Pattanayak. 1967. An Outline of Kumauni Grammar. Durham: Duke Univ.

Consonant system:

   p t̪ ṭ k
b d̪ ḍ ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
    s̪ h
m n̪ ṇ ŋ
    l
    ɾ

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ k ɡ

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Fricatives: s̪ h

Nasals: m n̪ ṇ ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: ɾ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: I e

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: ʋ o

Long Vowels: ī ɛ̄ ā ū ɔ̄

Nasal Vowels:

Ĩ ɛ̃ ǝ̃ ã ʋ̃ ɔ̃ ı̃̄ ɛ̃̄ ã̄ ũ̄ ȭ

Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)(C)

Syntax: SOV AN

Number: 1711

Language: Nepali

Location: Nepal

Population: 10 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: East-Central

TextBooks: Clark, T. W. 1963. Introduction to Nepali. Cambridge, Eng.: W. Heffer & Sons.

Other Sources:

Southworth, Franklin C. 1967. Nepali Transformational Structure: A Sketch. Poona: Deccan College.
Bandhu, C. M., et al. 1971. Nepali Segmental Phonology. Kirtipur, Nepal: SIL.
Hari, Maria. 1973. "Tentative Systematic Organization of Nepali Sentences," in CSDP I, 203-58.
Bandhu, Churamani. 1973. "Clause Patterns in Nepali," in CSDP II, 1-79.

Consonant system:

   p p^h t̪ t̪^h ṭ ṭ^h k k^h
b b̤ d̪ d̪̤ ḍ ḍ̤ ɡ ɡ̤
    t^st^sh
    d^z d̤^z
    s h
m n̪ ŋ
    l
    ɾ

Stops: p p^h b b̤ t̪ t̪^h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ṭ^h ḍ ḍ̤ k k^h ɡ ɡ̤

Affricates: t^st^s^h d^z d̤^z

Fricatives: s h

Nasals: m n̪ ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: ɾ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Nasal Vowels: ṽ all

Diphthongs:

ǝj ǝw
ǝ̃j ǝ̃w

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6
politeness: 2 has 3 forms.

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+NUM+N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1712

Language: Awadhi

Location: NC India ( NW Madhya Pradesh)

Population: 55 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: East-Central

Other Sources: Saksena, Baburam. 1971. Evolution of Awadhi. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.

Consonant system:

   p p^h t̪ t̪^h ṭ ṭ^h k k^h
b b̤ d̪ d̪̤ ḍ ḍ̤ ɡ ɡ̤
    č č^h
    ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌
    s h
    ɦ
m m̤ n n̤
    l l̤
    r r̤ ɾ̣ ɾ̤

Stops: p p^h b b̤ t̪ t̪^h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ṭ^h ḍ ḍ̤ k k^h ɡ ɡ̤

Affricates: č ɡ̌ č^h ɡ̤̌

Fricatives: s h ɦ

Nasals: m m̤ n n̤

Laterals: l l̤

Vibrants: r r̤ ɾ̣ ɾ̤

Modified Consonants: c̄

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: I e

Central Vowels: ǝ ɐ

Back Vowels: ʋ o

Long Vowels: ī ē ū ō ɑ̄

Nasal Vowels:

ṽ all but ǝ
v̄̃ all but ɑ

Syllable: (C)V(C)

Stress: non-phonemic (final/penult)

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3mf *6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1713

Language: Bhojpuri

Dialect: Tharu

Location: S Nepal

Population: 30 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: East-Central

Other Sources:

Hugoniot, Richard D. and Austin Hale. 1973. "Contra-Expectancy Particles in Tharu Bhojpuri," in CSDP I, 377-87.
PCSD, 6-7.

Consonant system:

   p p^h t t^h ṭ ṭ^h k k^h
b b̤ d d̤ ḍ ḍ̤ ɡ ɡ̤
    č č^h
    ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌
    s h
m m̥ n n̥ ṇ ŋ ŋ̥
    l l̥
    r r̥

Stops: p p^h b b̤ t t^h d d̤ ṭ ṭ^h ḍ ḍ̤ k k^h ɡ ɡ̤

Affricates: č č^h ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌

Fricatives: s h

Nasals: m m̥ n n̥ ṇ ŋ ŋ̥

Laterals: l l̥

Vibrants: r r̥

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Nasal Vowels: ṽ all but ǝ

Syntax: SOV DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1714

Language: Bhojpuri

Alternate Name: Bihari

Location: NE India (Bihar)

Population: 30 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: East-Central

Other Sources:

Tiwary, K. M. 1968. "The Echo-word Construction in Bhojpuri," AL 10:4, 32-8.
Trammel, Robert L. 1971. "The Phonology of the Northern Standard Dialect of Bhojpuri," AL 13, 126-41.
Singh, Kripa Shankar. 1972. "A Sketch of the Hierarchical Structure of Bhojpuri," IL 33, 42-58.

Consonant system:

   p p^h t̪ t̪^h ṭ ṭ^h k k^h
b b̤ d̪ d̪̤ ḍ ḍ̤ ɡ ɡ̤
    č č^h
    ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌
    s h
m n̪ ñ ŋ
    l̪
    r r̤

Stops: p p^h b b̤ t̪ t̪^h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ṭ^h ḍ ḍ̤ k k^h ɡ ɡ̤

Affricates: č č^h ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌

Fricatives: s h

Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ

Laterals: l̪

Vibrants: r r̤

Modified Consonants: c̄

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: ī ē ǣ ā ū ō

Nasal Vowels:

ṽ all
v̄̃ all

Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)(C)

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N

Number: 1715

Language: Maithili

Location: SE Nepal

Population: 30 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: East-Central

Other Sources:

Jha, Subhadra. 1944. "Maithili Phonetics," IL 8,435-59.
Davis, Alice I. 1973. "Maithili Sentences," in CSDP I, 259-319.
Williams, Jennifer. 1973. "Clause Patterns in Maithili, " in PCSD II, 345-452.

Consonant system:

   p p^h t t^h ṭ ṭ^h k k^h
b b̤ d d̤ ḍ ḍ̤ ɡ ɡ̤
    č č^h
    ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌
    s h
m m̤ n n̤ ŋ
    l l̤
    ɾ ɾ̤

Stops: p p^h b b̤ t t^h d d̤ ṭ ṭ^h ḍ ḍ̤ k k^h ɡ ɡ̤

Affricates: č č^h ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌

Fricatives: s h

Nasals: m m̤ n n̤ ŋ

Laterals: l l̤

Vibrants: ɾ ɾ̤

Modified Consonants: c̄

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e æ

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ

Long Vowels: v̄

Nasal Vowels: ṽ

Diphthongs: ǝi ǝu

Stress: non-phonemic

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6
politeness: 2 & 5 have 3 forms: (1) honorific, (2) mid-honorific, (3) non-honorific.
3 & 6 have 2 forms: (1) honorific, (2) non-honorific.

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1716

Language: Magahi

Location: India (S Bihar)

Population: 11 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: East-Central

Other Sources: WALS

Consonant system:

Syntax: SOV

Number: 1717

Language: Oriya

Location: E India (Orissa)

Population: 20 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Eastern

Grammar: Karpushkin, B. M. 1964. Jazyk orija. Moscow: Nauka.

Other Sources:

Pattanayak, Debi Prasanna. 1966. A Controlled Historical Reconstruction of Oniya, Assamese, Bengali and Hindi. The Hague: Mouton.
Majumdar, Paresh Chandra. 1970. A Historical Phonology of Oriya. Calcutta: Sanskrit College.

Consonant system:

   p p^h t̪ t̪^h ṭ ṭ^h k k^h
b b̤ d̪ d̪̤ ḍ ḍ̤ ɡ ɡ̤
    č č^h
    ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌
v s ɦ
m n ṇ ŋ
    l ḷ
    r ɾ̣ ɾ̣̤

Stops: p p^h b b̤ t̪ t̪^h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ṭ^h ḍ ḍ̤ k k^h ɡ ɡ̤

Affricates: č č^h ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌

Fricatives: v s ɦ

Nasals: m n ṇ ŋ

Laterals: l ḷ

Vibrants: r ɾ̣ ɾ̣̤

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: I ɛ

Central Vowels: ɐ

Back Vowels: ʋ o ɔ

Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō ɔ̄

Nasal Vowels: ı̃̃ ẽ ã ũ (õ) ɔ̃

Diphthongs: ǝi ou

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: SOV AN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1718

Language: Oriya

Dialect: Halbi

Location: E India (Madhya Pradesh)

Population: 20 million (300,000)

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Eastern

Other Sources: Woods, Fran. 1973. "Sentence Patterns in Halbi," in PCSD I, 35-123.

Consonant system:

   p p^h t t^h ṭ ṭ^h k k^h
b b̤ d d̤ ḍ ḍ̤ ɡ ɡ̤
    č č^h
    ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌
    s h
m n
    l
    r ṛ

Stops: p p^h b b̤ t t^h d d̤ ṭ ṭ^h ḍ ḍ̤ k k^h ɡ ɡ̤

Affricates: č č^h ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌

Fricatives: s h

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r ṛ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Nasal Vowels: ṽ all

Noun Number: s p

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1719

Language: Oriya

Dialect: Kupia

Location: E India (Andhra Pradesh)

Population: 20 million (6,000)

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Eastern

Other Sources:

Christmas, R. B. and J. E. Christmas. 1973a. "Sentence Patterns in Kupia," in PCSD I, 125-95.
Christmas, R. B. and J. E. Christmas. 1973b. "Clause Patterns in Kupia," in PCSD II, 257-343.

Consonant system:

   p t̪ t k
b d̪ d ɡ
    t^s
    d^z
    s
m n̪ ŋ
    l
    r

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ t d k ɡ

Affricates: t^s d^z

Fricatives: s

Nasals: m n̪ ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Nasal Vowels: ṽ all

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1720

Language: Oriya

Dialect: Kotia

Location: India (Andra Pradesh)

Population: 20 million (12,000)

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Eastern

Other Sources: Gustafsson, Uwe. 1973. "Clause Patterns in Kotia Oriya," in PCSD II, 191-256.

Consonant system:

   p t ṭ k
b d ḍ ɡ
    t^s
    d^z
    s (h)
m n ṇ
    l
    r ṛ

Stops: p b t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ

Affricates: t^s d^z

Fricatives: s (h)

Nasals: m n ṇ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r ṛ

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Nasal Vowels: ṽ all

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: POST