A global linguistic database : Query result

Number: 1721

Language: Bengali

Dialect: Calcutta

Location: NE India (West Bengal)

Population: 140 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Eastern

Dictionary:

Mitra, Subal C. 1967. Century Dictionary (Bengali to English). Calcutta: K. C. Mazumder.
Dabbs, Jack A. 1965. A Short Bengali-English, English-Bengali Dictionary. College Station: Texas A & M Univ.

TextBooks:

Hudson, D. F. 1965. Teach Yourself Bengali. London: English Universities Press.
Dimock, Edward, Somdev Bhattacharji and Suhas Chatterjee. 1976. Introduction to Bengali, part I. New Delhi: Manohar.

Other Sources: Ferguson, Charles A. and Munier Chowdhury. 1960. "The Phonemes of Bengali," Lg 36, 22-59.

Consonant system:

   p p^h t̪ t̪^h ṭ ṭ^h k k^h
b b̤ d̪ d̪̤ ḍ ḍ̤ ɡ ɡ̤
    č č^h
    ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌
    (s̪) š h
m n̪ ŋ
    l̪
    ɾ ɾ̣

Stops: p p^h b b̤ t̪ t̪^h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ṭ^h ḍ ḍ̤ k k^h ɡ ɡ̤

Affricates: č č^h ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌

Fricatives: (s̪) š h

Nasals: m n̪ ŋ

Laterals: l̪

Vibrants: ɾ ɾ̣

Modified Consonants: c̄ all but h ŋ ɾ ɾ̣

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e æ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ

Nasal Vowels: ṽ all

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 2 + ref

Articles: indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6
politeness: 2 & 5 have 3 forms: (1) honorific, (2) neutral, (3) inferior.
3 & 6 have 2 forms: (1) honorific, (2) plain.

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1722

Language: Bengali

Dialect: Dacca

Location: Bangladesh

Population: 140 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Eastern

Other Sources: Sen, Nilmadhav. 1972. "Some Dialects of Bangla Desh," IL 33, 143-52.

Consonant system:

   p t t^h ṭ ṭ^h k k^h ʔ
b ɓ d ɗ ḍ ɗ̣ ɡ ɠ
f s̪ s š (x) h
    z z^ʔ
m n ŋ
    l
    r

Stops: p b ɓ t t^h d ɗ ṭ ṭ^h ḍ ɗ̣ k k^h ɡ ɠ ʔ

Fricatives: f s̪ s z z^ʔ š (x) h

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u ɔ

Syntax: SOV

Number: 1723

Language: Assamese

Location: NE India (Assam)

Population: 140 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Eastern

Other Sources:

Pattanayak, Debi Prasanna. 1966. A Controlled Historical Reconstruction of Oriya, Assamese, Bengali and Hindi. The Hague: Mouton.
WALS

Consonant system:

   p p^h t t^h k k^h
b b̤ d d̤ ɡ ɡ̤
    s x h
    z
m n ŋ
    l
    r

Stops: p p^h b b̤ t t^h d d̤ k k^h ɡ ɡ̤

Fricatives: s z x h

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄ p b t d k m n ŋ l s z

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ ɒ

Nasal Vowels: ṽ all but ɔ

Syntax: SOV

Number: 1724

Language: Ashkun

Location: NE Afghanistan

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Nuristani

Other Sources: Strand, Richard F. 1973. "Notes on the Nuristani and Dardic Languages," JAOS 93, 297-305.

Consonant system:

   p t ṭ k
b d ḍ ɡ
    t^s ṭ^s č
    d^z ɡ̌
    s ṣ š
v z ẓ ž
m n ṇ ŋ
    l
    r ṛ

Stops: p b t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ

Affricates: t^s d^z ṭ^s č ɡ̌

Fricatives: v s z ṣ ẓ š ž

Nasals: m n ṇ ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r ṛ

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ

Nasal Vowels:

ṽ
v̄̃

Number: 1725

Language: Kalasha-ala

Location: NE Afghanistan

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Nuristani

Consonant system:

Number: 1726

Language: Kati

Location: NE Afghanistan (Kunarha)

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Nuristani

TextBooks: Morgenstierne, Georg. 1951. "Some Kati Myths and Hymns," Acta Orintalia 21, 161-89.

Other Sources: Strand, Richard F. 1973. "Notes on the Nuristani and Dardic Languages," JAOS 93, 297-305.

Consonant system:

   p t ṭ k (q) (ʔ)
b d ḍ ɡ (G)
    t^s ṭ^s č
    d^z ḍ^z ɡ̌
m n ṇ ŋ
    l
    r ɾ

Stops: p b t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ (q) (G) (ʔ)

Affricates: t^s d^z ṭ^s ḍ^z č ɡ̌

Nasals: m n ṇ ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r ɾ

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i y e

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ

Nasal Vowels:

ṽ
v̄̃

Stress: phonemic

Articles: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: PREP/POST

Number: 1727

Language: Tregami

Location: NE Afghanistan

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Nuristani

Consonant system:

Number: 1728

Language: Wasi-weri

Alternate Name: Prasuni

Location: NE Afghanistan

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Nuristani

Other Sources: WALS

Consonant system:

Syntax: SOV

Number: 1729

Language: Scythian

Location: S Russia

Population: extinct

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Iranian: Northeast: West Scythian

Consonant system:

Number: 1730

Language: Ossetic

Dialect: Eastern

Location: Georgia

Population: 593,000

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Iranian: Northeast: West Scythian

Dictionary:

Abaev, V. I. 1950. Russko-osetinskij slovar'. Moscow.
Osetinsko-russkij slovar'. 1970. Ordzhonikidze: Ir.

Grammar:

Abaev, V. I. 1964. A Grammatical Sketch of Ossetic. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Isaev, M. I. 1966. "Osetinskij jazyk," in JNS 1, 237-56.

Other Sources:

Benveniste, E. 1959. Études sur la langue ossète. Paris.
AL 7:8
OPYT

Consonant system:

   p^h p^ʔ t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ q^hb d̪ ɡ
    t̪^s t̪^sʔ č č^ʔ
    d̪^z ɡ̌
f s χ
v z ʁ
m n̪
    l
    r

Stops: p^h p^ʔ b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ q^h

Affricates: t̪^s t̪^sʔ d̪^z č č^ʔ ɡ̌

Fricatives: f v s z χ ʁ

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e æ

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)

Stress: initial if syllable contains a strong vowel (i e a o u); otherwise second

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: (def)

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: (PREP)/POST

Number: 1731

Language: Ossetic

Dialect: Western

Location: Georgia

Population: 400,000

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Iranian: Northeast: West Scythian

Grammar: Isaev, M. I. 1966. Digorskij dialekt osetinskogo jazyka. Moscow: Nauka.

Other Sources: Henderson, Eugénie J. A. 1949. "A Phonetic Study of Western Ossetic (Digoron), " BSOAS 13, 36-79.

Consonant system:

   p p^ʔ t̪ t̪^ʔ k k^ʔ q
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^s t̪^sʔ
    d̪^z
f s̪ χ
v z̪ ʁ
m n̪
    l̪
    r

Stops: p p^ʔ b t̪ t̪^ʔ d̪ k k^ʔ ɡ q

Affricates: t̪^s t̪^sʔ d̪^z

Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ χ ʁ

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l̪

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: I æ

Back Vowels: u

Long Vowels: ī ē ā ō

Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)

Stress: non-phonemic

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: def

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: PREP/POST

Number: 1732

Language: Avestan

Location: Iran

Population: 500 B.C.

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Iranian

Grammar: Jackson, A. V. Williams. 1892. An Avesta Grammar. Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer.

Consonant system:

   p t̪ t̪^h ṭ k k^h
b d̪ d̪̤ ɡ ɡ̤
    č
    ɡ̌
f s ṣ̌ š h h̃
v z ž
m n n ̣ ñ ŋ
    r

Stops: p b t̪ t̪^h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ k k^h ɡ ɡ̤

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Fricatives: f v s z ṣ̌ š ž h h̃

Nasals: m n ṇ ñ ŋ

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Diphthongs: ao ǝu āi āu ōi aē

Noun Number: s d p

Gender: m f n

Demonstratives: 3

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5d 5
*3 *6d *6

Syntax: SOV AN/NA GN

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1733

Language: Avestan

Dialect: Sasanid

Location: Iran

Population: 400 A.D.

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Iranian

Grammar: Sokolov, S.N. 1967. The Avestan Language. Moscow: Nauka.

Consonant system:

   p t k
b d ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
f θ s ṣ̌ š x h
v (ð) z ž (ɣ)
m n (ñ) ŋ
    r ɹ̥

Stops: p b t d k ɡ

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Fricatives: f v θ (ð) s z ṣ̌ š ž x (ɣ) h

Nasals: m n (ñ) ŋ

Vibrants: r ɹ̥

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: ī ā ū ɒ̄

Diphthongs: aē ao ōi ǝ̄u āi āu

Noun Number: s d p

Gender: m f n

Demonstratives: 3

Pronouns:

1 4d 4
2 5d 5
*3 *6d *6

Syntax: SOV NA NG/GN DN NUM-N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1734

Language: Khwarezmian

Location: S Russia

Population: extinct

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Iranian: Northeast: Khwarezmian

Consonant system:

Number: 1735

Language: Sogdian

Location: SW Russia

Population: extinct

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Iranian: Northeast: Sogdian

Consonant system:

Number: 1736

Language: Yaghnobi

Location: Tajikistan

Population: 2,000

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Iranian: Northeast: Sogdian

Grammar: Bogoljubov, M. N. 1966. "Jagnobskij jazyk," in JNS 1, 342-61.

Other Sources: OPYT

Consonant system:

   p t k q
b d ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
m n
    l
    r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ q

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: I

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: ʋ

Long Vowels: ī ȳ ē ū ō

Diphthongs: aj

Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)

Stress: penult or final in noun

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: PREP/POST

Number: 1737

Language: Bactrian

Location: N Afghanistan

Population: extinct

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Iranian: Northeast: Bactrian

Consonant system:

Number: 1738

Language: Saka

Location: China (Sinkiang)

Population: extinct

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Iranian: Northeast: East Scythian

Consonant system:

Number: 1739

Language: Pashto

Location: Afghanistan

Population: 13 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Iranian: Northeast: East Scythian

Grammar:

Penzl, Herbert. 1955. Grammar of Pashto. Washington, D.C.: American Council of Learned Societies.
Shafeev, D. A. 1964. A Short Grammatical Outline of Pashto. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.

TextBooks:

Chavarria-Aguilar, O. L. 1962. Pashto Basic Course. Ann Arbor: Dept of Near Eastern Studies, Univ. of Michigan.
Enevoldsen, Jens. 1968. An Introduction to Pashto. Copenhagen: Dansk Pathan Mission.

Other Sources: Morgenstierne, G. and A. Lloyd-James. 1928. "Notes on the Pronunciation of Pashto (Dialect of the Hazara District)," BSOAS 5, 53-62.

Consonant system:

   p t̪ ṭ k q
b d̪ ḍ ɡ
    (t^s) č
    (d^z) ɡ̌
f s ṣ š x h
    z ẓ ž ɣ
m n̪ ṇ
    l
    ɾ ɾ̣

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ k ɡ q

Affricates: (t^s) (d^z) č ɡ̌

Fricatives: f s z ṣ ẓ š ž x ɣ h

Nasals: m n̪ ṇ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: ɾ ɾ̣

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u

Long Vowels: (ī) ē (ū) ō ɑ̄

Diphthongs: aj ǝj au ou āj āu oj

Stress: phonemic

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f

Demonstratives: 3

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3mf *6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS D+A+N

Prep/Post: PREP/POST

Number: 1740

Language: Pashto

Dialect: Eastern

Location: Afghanistan

Population: 13 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Iranian: Northeast: East Scythian

Other Sources: OPYT

Consonant system:

   p t ṭ k
b d ḍ ɡ
    t^s č
    d^z ɡ̌
f s š x h
    z ž ɣ
m n ṇ
    l
    r ṛ

Stops: p b t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ

Affricates: t^s d^z č ɡ̌

Fricatives: f s z š ž x ɣ h

Nasals: m n ṇ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r ṛ

Modified Consonants: cʷ x ɣ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e æ

Central Vowels: ǝ

Back Vowels: u o ɒ