A global linguistic database : Query result

Number: 1781

Language: Farsi

Alternate Name: Persian

Dialect: Hazaras

Location: N Afghanistan

Population: 20 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Iranian: Southwest: Persian

Grammar: Efimov, V. A. 1965. Jazyk afganskix xazara. Moscow: Nauka.

Consonant system:

   p t ṭ k q
b d ḍ ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
f s š (h)
    z ž
m n
    l
    r

Stops: p b t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ q

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Fricatives: f s z š ž (h)

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: I

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u

Long Vowels: ɛ̄ ʋ̄ ō

Stress: final

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: SOV AN GN/NG DN NUM-N N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP/POST

Number: 1782

Language: Farsi

Alternate Name: Persian

Dialect: Shahrudi

Location: Iran

Population: 20 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Iranian: Southwest: Persian

Other Sources: Yarshater, E. 1959. "The Dialect of Shahrud (Khalkhal), " BSOAS 22, 52-68.

Consonant system:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
f s̪ š x h
v z̪ ɣ
m n
    l
    r

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š x ɣ h

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u (o) ɔ

Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ɔ̄

Diphthongs: ei ou āi āu

Noun Number: s p

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SOV GN POSS-N

Prep/Post: PREP/POST

Number: 1783

Language: Tajiki

Alternate Name: Tajik

Location: Tajikistan

Population: 20 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Iranian: Southwest: Persian

Dictionary:

Arzumanov, D. and X. K. Karimov. 1957. Russko-tadzhikskij slovar'. Moscow.
Raxim, M. V. and L. V. Uspenskaja. 1954. Tadzhiksko-russkij slovar'. Moscow.

Grammar:

Kerimova, A. A. 1959. Govor tadzhikov buxary. Moscow.
Rastorgueva, V. S. 1963. A Short Sketch of Tajik Grammar. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Kerimova, A. A. 1966. "Tadzhikskij jazyk," in JNS 1, 212-36.

Other Sources: OPYT

Consonant system:

   p^h t^h k^h q^hb d ɡ
    (t^s) č
    ɡ̌
f s š χ h
v z (ž) ʁ
m n
l
r

Stops: p^h b t^h d k^h ɡ q^h

Affricates: (t^s) č ɡ̌

Fricatives: f v s z š (ž) χ ʁ h

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)

Stress: final

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6
politeness: 5 is also used as a polite form for 2

Syntax: SOV NA NG DN NUM-N N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP/(POST)

Number: 1784

Language: Tati

Location: SW Russia (S Dagestan ASSR)

Population: 35,000

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Iranian: Southwest: Tati

Grammar: Grjunberg, A. L. 1966. "Tatskij jazyk," in JNS 1, 281-301.

Other Sources: OPYT

Consonant system:

   p t k
b d ɡ G
    č
    ɡ̌
m n
    l
    r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ G

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i y æ

Back Vowels: u ɑ

Diphthongs: ei ɔu øy

Syllable: (C)V(C)

Stress: final in noun; variable in verb

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SOV NG DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP/POST

Number: 1785

Language: Fars

Location: Iran

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Iranian: Southwest: Fars

Consonant system:

Number: 1786

Language: Lari

Location: SW Iran

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Iranian: Southwest: Fars

Consonant system:

Number: 1787

Language: Luri

Location: SW Iran

Population: 4.3 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Iranian: Southwest: Luri

Other Sources: E

Consonant system:

Syntax: SOV

Number: 1788

Language: Kumzari

Location: N Oman

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Iranian: Southwest: Luri

Consonant system:

Number: 1789

Language: Albanian

Dialect: Tosk

Location: S Albania

Population: 3 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Albanian

Dictionary: Drizari, Nelo. 1957. Albanian-English and English-Albanian Dictionary. New York: Frederic Ungar.

Grammar: Newmark, Leonard. 1957. Structural Grammar of Albanian. IJAL 23:4, Part II.

TextBooks:

Drizari, Nelo. 1959. Spoken and Written Albanian. New York: Frederick Ungar.
Camaj, Martin. 1969. Lehrbuch der albanischen Sprache. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.

Other Sources: AL 7:8

Consonant system:

   p t c k
b d ɟ ɡ
    t^s č
    d^z ɡ̌
f θ s š h
v ð z ž
m n ñ
    l l^ɯ
    ɾ

Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ

Affricates: t^s d^z č ɡ̌

Fricatives: f v θ ð s z š ž h

Nasals: m n ñ

Laterals: l l^ɯ

Vibrants: ɾ

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i y e

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u ɔ

Diphthongs: ai ei oi ui yi ie ye ua (ue)

Stress: penult

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f (n)

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3mf *6mf

Syntax: SVO NA NG DN NUM-N N-POSS/(POSS-N)

Prep/Post: PREP

Comments: The national language is based on the Tosk dialect.

Number: 1790

Language: Albanian

Dialect: Gheg

Location: N Albania

Population: 3 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Albanian

Other Sources:

Lowman, G. S. 1932. "The Phonetics of Albanian," Lg 8, 271-93.
Byron, Janet. 1976. Selecton among Alternates in Language Standardization. The Hague: Mouton,
AL 7:8

Consonant system:

   p t k
b d ɡ
    t^s č
    d^z ɡ̌
f θ s š x h
v ð z ž ɣ
m n ñ
    l l^ɯ
    ɾ r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ

Affricates: t^s d^z č ɡ̌

Fricatives: f v θ ð s z š ž x ɣ h

Nasals: m n ñ

Laterals: l l^ɯ

Vibrants: ɾ r

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i y e

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u ɔ

Long Vowels: ī ȳ ē ɛ̄ ā ū ō

Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ỹ ɛ̃ ã ũ

Diphthongs: ie yi ei ai ui ue ɔi

Stress: penult

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f n

Syntax: SVO

Number: 1791

Language: Classical Greek

Alternate Name: Linear B

Dialect: Mycenaean

Location: Greece (Knossos)

Population: c. 1,000 B.C.

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Greek

Other Sources: Chadwick, John. 1970. The Decipherent of Linear B. Cambridge, Eng: Cambridge Univ Press.

Consonant system:

   p p^h t t^h k k^h
b d ɡ
    s
    z
m n
    l
    r

Stops: p p^h b t t^h d k k^h ɡ

Fricatives: s z

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: cʷ k k^h ɡ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Diphthongs: ai au eu oi ou ei ui

Tones: hi low fall

Noun Number: s (d) p

Gender: m f n

Demonstratives: 2 + ref

Articles: def

Pronouns:

1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3mfn 6dmfn 6mfn

Syntax: SOV/SVO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1792

Language: Classical Greek

Dialect: Cyprian

Location: Cyprus

Population: c. 500 B.C.

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Greek

Other Sources: Chadwick, John. 1970. The Decipherent of Linear B. Cambridge, Eng: Cambridge Univ Press.

Consonant system:

   p p^h t t^h k k^h
b ɡ
    s x
    z
m n
    l
    r

Stops: p p^h b t t^h k k^h ɡ

Fricatives: s z x

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Tones: hi low fall

Noun Number: s (d) p

Gender: m f n

Demonstratives: 2 + ref

Articles: def

Pronouns:

1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3mfn 6dmfn 6mfn

Syntax: SOV/SVO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1793

Language: Classical Greek

Location: Greece

Population: c. 500 B.C.

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Greek

Grammar:

Goodwin, William Watson. 1930. Greek Grammar. Boston: Ginn and Company.
McKay, K. L. 1974. Greek Grammar for Students. Canberra: Dept of Classics, Australian National University.

TextBooks: Ruck, Carl A. P. 1972. Ancient Greek: A New Approach. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Other Sources: Allen, W. Sidney. 1968. Vox Graeca. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.

Consonant system:

   p p^h t̪ t̪^h k k^h
b d̪ ɡ
    s h
m n̪ ŋ
    l
    r

Stops: p p^h b t̪ t̪^h d̪ k k^h ɡ

Fricatives: s h

Nasals: m n̪ ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Front Vowels: i y ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: ɔ

Long Vowels: ī ȳ ē ɛ̄ ā ū ɔ̄

Diphthongs: ai au eu oi

Tones: hi low fall

Noun Number: s (d) p

Gender: m f n

Demonstratives: 2 + ref

Articles: def

Pronouns:

1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3mfn 6dmfn 6mfn

Syntax: SOV/SVO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1794

Language: Greek

Location: Greece

Population: 9 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Greek

Grammar:

Mirambel, André. 1959. La langue grecque moderne. Paris: Klincksieck.
Householder, Fred W., Kostas Kazazis and Andreas Koutsoudas. 1964. Reference Grammar of Literary Dhimotiki. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Thomson, George. 1967. A Manual of Modern Greek. London: Collets.

TextBooks: Kahane, Henry, Renée Kahane and Ralph L. Ward. 1945. Spoken Greek. New York: Henry Holt and Company.

Consonant system:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
    t^s
    d^z
f θ s x
v ð z ɣ
m n̪
    l
    ɾ

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ

Affricates: t^s d^z

Fricatives: f v θ ð s z x ɣ

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l

Vibrants: ɾ

Glides: j

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Stress: phonemic

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f n

Demonstratives: 2 + ref

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3mfn *6mfn
politeness: 2 intim & 2 pol

Syntax: SVO AN NG DN NUM-N N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1795

Language: Greek

Dialect: Cypriot

Location: Cyprus

Population: 9 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Greek

Grammar: Newton, Brian. 1972. Cypriot Greek. The Hague: Mouton.

Consonant system:

   p t̪ c k
    č
f θ š x
v ð z ž ɣ
m n̪
    l
    r

Stops: p t̪ c k

Affricates: č

Fricatives: f v θ ð s z š ž x ɣ

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄ all but ð z ž ɣ

Glides: j

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f n

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: def

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mfn 6mfn

Syntax: DN NUM-N

Number: 1796

Language: Tsakonian

Location: S Greece (E Peloponnesos)

Population: 30O

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Greek

Consonant system:

Comments: All bilingual in Greek

Number: 1797

Language: Oscan

Location: Italy

Population: extinct

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Osco-Umbrian

Grammar: Budk, Carl Darling. 1904. A Grammar of Oscan and Umbrian. Boston: Ginn.

Consonant system:

   p t k
b d ɡ
f s h
v z
m n
    l
    r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ

Fricatives: f v s z h

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄

Glides: j w

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u

Long Vowels: v̄

Diphthongs: ai ei oi au ou

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f n

Syntax: SOV NA NG DN N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1798

Language: Umbrian

Location: Italy

Population: extinct

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Osco-Umbrian

Grammar: Buck, Carl Darling. 1904. A Grammar of Oscan and Umbrian. Boston: Ginn.

Consonant system:

   p t k
b d ɡ
f s ç h
v z
m n
    l
    ɾ r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ

Fricatives: f v s z ç h

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l

Vibrants: ɾ r

Glides: j w

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u

Long Vowels: v̄

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f n

Syntax: SOV NA NG DN N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1799

Language: Sabellian

Location: Italy

Population: extinct

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Osco-Umbrian

Consonant system:

Number: 1800

Language: Faliscan

Location: Italy

Population: extinct

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic

Grammar: Giacomelli, Gabriella. 1963. La Lingua falisca. Florence: Leo S. Olschki.

Consonant system:

   p t k
b d ɡ
f s h
    z
m n
    l
    r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ

Fricatives: f s z h

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Diphthongs: ai oi au ou