Classification:Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Iranian: Southwest: Persian
Grammar:Efimov, V. A. 1965. Jazyk afganskix xazara. Moscow: Nauka.
Consonant system:
p t ṭ k q b d ḍ ɡ č ɡ̌ f s š (h) z ž m n l r
Stops:p b t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ q
Affricates:č ɡ̌
Fricatives:f s z š ž (h)
Nasals:m n
Laterals:l
Vibrants:r
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
Front Vowels:I
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u
Long Vowels:ɛ̄ ʋ̄ ō
Stress:final
Noun Number:s p
Demonstratives:2
Articles:def indef
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 *3 *6
Syntax:SOV AN GN/NG DN NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post:PREP/POST
Number:1782
Language:Farsi
Alternate Name:Persian
Dialect:Shahrudi
Location:Iran
Population:20 million
Classification:Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Iranian: Southwest: Persian
Other Sources:Yarshater, E. 1959. "The Dialect of Shahrud (Khalkhal), " BSOAS 22, 52-68.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k b d̪ ɡ č ɡ̌ f s̪ š x h v z̪ ɣ m n l r
Stops:p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
Affricates:č ɡ̌
Fricatives:f v s̪ z̪ š x ɣ h
Nasals:m n
Laterals:l
Vibrants:r
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:ǝ a
Back Vowels:u (o) ɔ
Long Vowels:ī ē ā ū ɔ̄
Diphthongs:ei ou āi āu
Noun Number:s p
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 3 6
Syntax:SOV GN POSS-N
Prep/Post:PREP/POST
Number:1783
Language:Tajiki
Alternate Name:Tajik
Location:Tajikistan
Population:20 million
Classification:Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Iranian: Southwest: Persian
Dictionary:
Arzumanov, D. and X. K. Karimov. 1957. Russko-tadzhikskij slovar'. Moscow. Raxim, M. V. and L. V. Uspenskaja. 1954. Tadzhiksko-russkij slovar'. Moscow.
Grammar:
Kerimova, A. A. 1959. Govor tadzhikov buxary. Moscow. Rastorgueva, V. S. 1963. A Short Sketch of Tajik Grammar. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Kerimova, A. A. 1966. "Tadzhikskij jazyk," in JNS 1, 212-36.
Other Sources:OPYT
Consonant system:
ph th kh qh b d ɡ (ts) č ɡ̌ f s š χ h v z (ž) ʁ m n l r
Stops:ph b th d kh ɡ qh
Affricates:(ts) č ɡ̌
Fricatives:f v s z š (ž) χ ʁ h
Nasals:m n
Laterals:l
Vibrants:r
Glides:j
Vowel system:
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:ǝ a
Back Vowels:u o
Syllable:(C)V(C)(C)
Stress:final
Noun Number:s p
Demonstratives:2
Articles:indef
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 *3 *6 politeness: 5 is also used as a polite form for 2
Dictionary:Drizari, Nelo. 1957. Albanian-English and English-Albanian Dictionary. New York: Frederic Ungar.
Grammar:Newmark, Leonard. 1957. Structural Grammar of Albanian. IJAL 23:4, Part II.
TextBooks:
Drizari, Nelo. 1959. Spoken and Written Albanian. New York: Frederick Ungar. Camaj, Martin. 1969. Lehrbuch der albanischen Sprache. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
Other Sources:AL 7:8
Consonant system:
p t c k b d ɟ ɡ ts č dz ɡ̌ f θ s š h v ð z ž m n ñ l lɯ ɾ
Stops:p b t d c ɟ k ɡ
Affricates:ts dz č ɡ̌
Fricatives:f v θ ð s z š ž h
Nasals:m n ñ
Laterals:l lɯ
Vibrants:ɾ
Glides:j
Vowel system:
Front Vowels:i y e
Central Vowels:ǝ a
Back Vowels:u ɔ
Diphthongs:ai ei oi ui yi ie ye ua (ue)
Stress:penult
Noun Number:s p
Gender:m f (n)
Demonstratives:2
Articles:def indef
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 *3mf *6mf
Syntax:SVO NA NG DN NUM-N N-POSS/(POSS-N)
Prep/Post:PREP
Comments:The national language is based on the Tosk dialect.
Lowman, G. S. 1932. "The Phonetics of Albanian," Lg 8, 271-93. Byron, Janet. 1976. Selecton among Alternates in Language Standardization. The Hague: Mouton, AL 7:8
Consonant system:
p t k b d ɡ ts č dz ɡ̌ f θ s š x h v ð z ž ɣ m n ñ l lɯ ɾ r
Stops:p b t d k ɡ
Affricates:ts dz č ɡ̌
Fricatives:f v θ ð s z š ž x ɣ h
Nasals:m n ñ
Laterals:l lɯ
Vibrants:ɾ r
Glides:j
Vowel system:
Front Vowels:i y e
Central Vowels:ǝ a
Back Vowels:u ɔ
Long Vowels:ī ȳ ē ɛ̄ ā ū ō
Nasal Vowels:ı̃ ỹ ɛ̃ ã ũ
Diphthongs:ie yi ei ai ui ue ɔi
Stress:penult
Noun Number:s p
Gender:m f n
Syntax:SVO
Number:1791
Language:Classical Greek
Alternate Name:Linear B
Dialect:Mycenaean
Location:Greece (Knossos)
Population:c. 1,000 B.C.
Classification:Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Greek
Other Sources:Chadwick, John. 1970. The Decipherent of Linear B. Cambridge, Eng: Cambridge Univ Press.
Consonant system:
p ph t th k kh b d ɡ s z m n l r
Stops:p ph b t th d k kh ɡ
Fricatives:s z
Nasals:m n
Laterals:l
Vibrants:r
Modified Consonants:cʷ k kh ɡ
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o
Diphthongs:ai au eu oi ou ei ui
Tones:hi low fall
Noun Number:s (d) p
Gender:m f n
Demonstratives:2 + ref
Articles:def
Pronouns:
1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3mfn 6dmfn 6mfn
Syntax:SOV/SVO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post:PREP
Number:1792
Language:Classical Greek
Dialect:Cyprian
Location:Cyprus
Population:c. 500 B.C.
Classification:Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Greek
Other Sources:Chadwick, John. 1970. The Decipherent of Linear B. Cambridge, Eng: Cambridge Univ Press.
Consonant system:
p ph t th k kh b ɡ s x z m n l r
Stops:p ph b t th k kh ɡ
Fricatives:s z x
Nasals:m n
Laterals:l
Vibrants:r
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o
Tones:hi low fall
Noun Number:s (d) p
Gender:m f n
Demonstratives:2 + ref
Articles:def
Pronouns:
1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3mfn 6dmfn 6mfn
Syntax:SOV/SVO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post:PREP
Number:1793
Language:Classical Greek
Location:Greece
Population:c. 500 B.C.
Classification:Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Greek
Grammar:
Goodwin, William Watson. 1930. Greek Grammar. Boston: Ginn and Company. McKay, K. L. 1974. Greek Grammar for Students. Canberra: Dept of Classics, Australian National University.
TextBooks:Ruck, Carl A. P. 1972. Ancient Greek: A New Approach. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Other Sources:Allen, W. Sidney. 1968. Vox Graeca. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.
Consonant system:
p ph t̪ t̪h k kh b d̪ ɡ s h m n̪ ŋ l r
Stops:p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ k kh ɡ
Fricatives:s h
Nasals:m n̪ ŋ
Laterals:l
Vibrants:r
Front Vowels:i y ɛ
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:ɔ
Long Vowels:ī ȳ ē ɛ̄ ā ū ɔ̄
Diphthongs:ai au eu oi
Tones:hi low fall
Noun Number:s (d) p
Gender:m f n
Demonstratives:2 + ref
Articles:def
Pronouns:
1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3mfn 6dmfn 6mfn
Syntax:SOV/SVO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post:PREP
Number:1794
Language:Greek
Location:Greece
Population:9 million
Classification:Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Greek
Grammar:
Mirambel, André. 1959. La langue grecque moderne. Paris: Klincksieck. Householder, Fred W., Kostas Kazazis and Andreas Koutsoudas. 1964. Reference Grammar of Literary Dhimotiki. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Thomson, George. 1967. A Manual of Modern Greek. London: Collets.
TextBooks:Kahane, Henry, Renée Kahane and Ralph L. Ward. 1945. Spoken Greek. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k b d̪ ɡ ts dz f θ s x v ð z ɣ m n̪ l ɾ
Stops:p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
Affricates:ts dz
Fricatives:f v θ ð s z x ɣ
Nasals:m n̪
Laterals:l
Vibrants:ɾ
Glides:j
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o
Stress:phonemic
Noun Number:s p
Gender:m f n
Demonstratives:2 + ref
Articles:def indef
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 *3mfn *6mfn politeness: 2 intim & 2 pol
Syntax:SVO AN NG DN NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post:PREP
Number:1795
Language:Greek
Dialect:Cypriot
Location:Cyprus
Population:9 million
Classification:Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Greek
Grammar:Newton, Brian. 1972. Cypriot Greek. The Hague: Mouton.