A global linguistic database : Query result

Number: 1801

Language: Proto-Romance

Location: Italy

Population: c. 500 A.D.

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance

Other Sources: Hall, Robert A., Jr. 1976. Proto-Romance Phonology. New York: Elsevier.

Consonant system:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
f s̪
m n̪
    l̪
    ɾ

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ

Fricatives: f s̪

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l̪

Vibrants: ɾ

Modified Consonants: c̄

Glides: j w

Front Vowels: i I e ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ

Diphthongs: ai ei au

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f

Syntax: SVO NA NG DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1802

Language: Latin

Dialect: Classical

Location: C Italy

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic

Dictionary: Simpson, D. P. 1960. Cassell's New Latin Dictionary. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.

Grammar: Serbat, Guy. 1975. Les structures du latin. Paris: A. & J. Picard.

TextBooks: Moreland, Floyd L. and Rita M. Fleischer. 1974. Latin: An Intensive Course. Berkeley: Univ of California Press.

Other Sources:

Palmer, L. R. 1954. The Latin Language. London: Faber & Faber.
Allen, W. Sidney. 1965. Vox Latina. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.

Consonant system:

   p t̪ k kʷ
b d̪ ɡ ɡʷ
f s h
m n̪
    l
    r

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ

Fricatives: f s h

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄

Glides: j w

Front Vowels: I ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ

Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō

Diphthongs: ae au ui (oe) (eu)

Stress: non-phonemic (penult/antepenult)

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f n

Demonstratives: 3 + ref

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3mfn *6mfn

Syntax: SOV NA NG DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: PREP/(POST)

Number: 1803

Language: Sardinian

Location: Italy (Sardinia)

Population: 1 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance

Grammar: Wagner, M. L. 1951. La lingua sarda. Berne: Francke.

Other Sources:

Mazzola, Michael Lee. 1976. Proto-Romance and Sicilian. Lisse: Peter de Ridder.
WALS

Consonant system:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
    t^s
    d^z
f s
v
m n̪ ñ
    l ʎ
    ɾ

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ

Affricates: t^s d^z

Fricatives: f v s

Nasals: m n̪ ñ

Laterals: l ʎ

Vibrants: ɾ

Modified Consonants: v̄

Glides: j

Front Vowels: i ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u ɔ

Stress: phonemic

Syntax: SVO

Number: 1804

Language: Rumanian

Alternate Name: Daco-Rumanian

Location: Rumania

Population: 22 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Eastern

Dictionary:

Levitchi, Leon. 1960. Dictionar romin-englez. Bucharest: Editura Stiintifica.
Levitchi, Leon, ed. 1974. Dictionar englez-roman. Bucharest: Editura Academiei.

Grammar:

Guillermou, Alain. 1953. Manuel de langue roumaine. Paris: Klincksieck.
Agard, Frederick B. 1958. Structural Sketch of Rumanian. Supplement to Lg 34:3.
Repina, T. A. 1968. Rumynskij jazyk. Moscow: Moscow Univ Press.

TextBooks:

Augerot, James E. and Florin D. Popescu. 1971. Modern Romanian. Seattle: Univ of Washington Press.
Cazacu, B., et al. 1978. Cours de langue roumaine. Bucharest: Editura Didactica.

Other Sources:

Ruhlen, Merritt. 1973. Rumanian Phonology. Stanford: Stanford Univ Diss.
AL 7:8

Consonant system:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
    t^s č
    ɡ̌
f s š h
v z ž
m n̪
    l
    ɾ

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ

Affricates: t^s č ɡ̌

Fricatives: f v s z š ž h

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l

Vibrants: ɾ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i ɨ u
e ǝ o
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Diphthongs: ai au ij ea oa uw ou eau ieu

Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)

Stress: phonemic, but largely predictable

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f [the so called neuter nouns in Rumanian behave like masc nouns in the singular, and fem nouns in the plural]

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mf 6mf
politeness: 2 has 3 forms: (1) formal, (2) familiar, (3)intimate
3mf & 6mf have polite and plain forms.

Syntax: SVO NA/(AN) NG ND/(DN) NUM-N N-POSS D+Num+N+A

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1805

Language: Istro-Rumanian

Location: Croatia (Istrian Peninsula)

Population: 1,000

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Eastern

Dictionary: Maiorescu, Ioan. 1900. Itinerar in Istria si vocabularul istriano-roman. Bucharest: Socecu.

Grammar:

Kovačec, August. 1971. Descrierea istroromanei actuale. Bucharest: Editura Academiei.
Puscariu, Sextil. 1926. Studii istroromane, vol 2. Bucharest: Academia Romana.

Consonant system:

   p t̪ c k
b d̪
    t^s č
    (ɡ̌)
f s š h
v z ž ɣ
m n̪ ñ
    l̪ ʎ
    ɾ

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ c k

Affricates: t^s č (ɡ̌)

Fricatives: f v s z š ž ɣ h

Nasals: m n̪ ñ

Laterals: l̪ ʎ

Vibrants: ɾ

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e æ

Central Vowels: ǝ (a)

Back Vowels: u o ɒ

Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)

Stress: phonemic

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f (+ pseudo-neuter, cf. Rumanian)

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mf 6mf

Syntax: SVO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1806

Language: Megleno-Rumanian

Location: N Greece

Population: 12,000

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Eastern

Dictionary: Capidan, T. 1935. Meglenoromanii, vol 3: Dictionarul Meglenoroman. Bucharest: Academia Romana.

Grammar: Capidan, T. 1925. Meglenoromanii, vol 1: Istoria si graiul lor. Bucharest: Academia Romana.

Consonant system:

   p t c k
b d ɟ ɡ
    t^s č̌
    d^z ɡ̌
f s š
v z ž
m n ñ
    l l^ɯ ʎ
    r

Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ

Affricates: t^s d^z č ɡ̌

Fricatives: f v s z š ž

Nasals: m n ñ

Laterals: l l^ɯ ʎ

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e (ɛ)

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ

Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō

Diphthongs: ea oa au eu iu ou ia ie io iu

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f (+ pseudo-neuter, cf. Rumanian)

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mf 6mf

Syntax: SVO NA/AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+N+A

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1807

Language: Arumanian

Location: N Greece

Population: 250,000

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Eastern

Dictionary: Papahagi, Tache. 1974. Dictionarul dialectului aroman. Bucharest: Editura Academiei.

Grammar: Capidan, T. 1932. Aromanii: Dialectul aroman. Bucharest: Academia Romana.

Other Sources: Caragiu-Marioteanu, Matilda.1968. Fono-morfologie aromana. Bucharest: Editura Academiei.

Consonant system:

   p t̪ c k
b d̪ ɟ ɡ
    t^s č
    d^z ɡ̌
f (θ) s š h
v (ð) z ž (ɣ)
m n̪ ñ
    l ʎ
    r

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ c ɟ k ɡ

Affricates: t^s d^z č ɡ̌

Fricatives: f v (θ) (ð) s z š ž (ɣ) h

Nasals: m n̪ ñ

Laterals: l ʎ

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Diphthongs: ea ia ie io iu oa wa

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f (+ pseudo-neuter, cf. Rumanian)

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mf 6mf
politeness: 3mf & 6mf have polite and plain forms.

Syntax: SVO NA/(AN) NG ND/(DN) NUM-N N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1808

Language: Dalmatian

Location: Yugoslavia

Population: extinct (c.1898)

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Western: Italo-Romance

Consonant system:

Number: 1809

Language: Italian

Location: Italy

Population: 60 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Western: Italo-Romance

Grammar: Hall, Robert A., Jr. 1971. La struttura dell'italiano. Rome: Armando Armando.

TextBooks:

Speight, Kathleen. 1962. Italian. London: English Universities Press.
Traversa, Vincenzo. 1967. Parola e pensiero. New York: Harper & Row.

Other Sources:

Agard, Frederick B. and Robert J. Di Pietro 1965. The Sounds of English and Italian. Chicago: Univ of Chicago Press.
Migliorini, Bruno B. and T. Gwynfor Griffith. 1966. The Italian Language. New York: Barnes & Noble.
AL 7:8

Consonant system:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^s č
    d̪^z ɡ̌
f s̪ š
v
m n̪ ñ
    l̪ ʎ
    r

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ

Affricates: t̪^s d̪^zč ɡ̌

Fricatives: f v s̪ š

Nasals: m n̪ ñ

Laterals: l̪ ʎ

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄ all but š ñ ǝ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ

Diphthongs: ja jo je jɛ ju wɔ wa we wi ɛj aj ɔj uj ɛw aw

Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)

Stress: phonemic, but mostly penult

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f

Demonstratives: 3

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mf 6mf
politeness: 2 has 3 forms: (1) intimate, (2) plain, (3) polite
5 has 2 forms:(1) initimate-plain, (2) polite

Syntax: SVO NA/(AN) NG DN NUM-N POSS-N/(N-POSS) D+Num+N+A

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1810

Language: Italian

Dialect: Sicilian

Location: Italy (Sicily)

Population: 60 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Western: Italo-Romance

Other Sources:

Fodale, Peter. 1964. The Sicilian Dialects as a Diasystem: A Study in Structural Dialectology. Ann Arbor: Univ of Michigan Diss.
Mazzola, Michael Lee. 1976. Proto-Romance and Sicilian. Lisse: Peter de Ridder.

Consonant system:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ḍ̄ ɡ
    t^s č
    d^z ɡ̌
   f s š
   v
m n̪ ñ ŋ
    l
    ɾ

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ ḍ̄ k ɡ

Affricates: t^s d^z č ɡ̌

Fricatives: f v s š

Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: ɾ

Modified Consonants: c̄ all but v j w (ḍ is always lonɡ)

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: I ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ

Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C) mˈ nˈ

Stress: phonemic

Syntax: SVO

Number: 1811

Language: Friulian

Location: Rumania

Population: 400,000

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Western: Rhaeto-Romance

Grammar: Iliescu, Maria. 1972. Le frioulan à partir des dialectes parlés en Roumanie. The Hague: Mouton.

Consonant system:

   p t k
b d g
    č
    ɡ̌
f s
v z
m n ñ
    l
    r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Fricatives: f v s z

Nasals: m n ñ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: I ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ

Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mf 6

Syntax: SVO NA/(AN) NG DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1812

Language: Friulian

Location: Italy

Population: 600,000

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Western: Rhaeto-Romance

Consonant system:

Syntax: SVO

Number: 1813

Language: Ladin

Location: N Italy (S Tyrol)

Population: 12,000

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Western: Rhaeto-Romance

Consonant system:

Number: 1814

Language: Romansch

Dialect: Engadin

Location: S Switzerland

Population: 50,000 (9,000)

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Western: Rhaeto-Romance

Grammar: Borodina, M. A. 1969. Sovremennyj literaturnyj retoromanskij jazyk shvejtsarii. Leningrad: Nauka.

Consonant system:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɟ ɡ
    t̪^s č ć
    d̪^z ɡ̌
f s̪ š ç h
v z̪ ž
m n̪ ñ
    l̪ ʎ
    r

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ ɟ k ɡ

Affricates: t̪^s d̪^z č ɡ̌ ć

Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž ç h

Nasals: m n̪ ñ

Laterals: l̪ ʎ

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i y e ɛ œ

Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ

Long Vowels: ī ȳ ē ↔ō ɛ̄ ā ū ō ɔ̄

Diphthongs: ai au ea ɛi īǝ ou yǝ yi ui uǝ iǝ iē iø uɛ̄ uē uɛ uī

Stress: phonemic

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mf 6mf

Syntax: SVO NA/AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1815

Language: Romansch

Dialect: Surselva

Location: S Switzerland

Population: 50,000 (26,000)

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Western: Rhaeto-Romance

Grammar: Borodina, M. A. 1969. Sovremennyj literaturnyj retoromanskij jazyk Shvejtsarii. Leningrad: Nauka.

Consonant system:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɟ ɡ
    t̪^s č ć
    d̪^z
f s̪ š ç h
v z̪ ž
m n̪ ñ
    l̪ ʎ
    r

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ ɟ k ɡ

Affricates: t̪^s d̪^z č ć

Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž ç h

Nasals: m n̪ ñ

Laterals: l̪ ʎ

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e ɛ

Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ

Long Vowels: v̄ ?

Diphthongs: ai au iu ɛu ie uǝ ia iu ieu

Stress: phonemic

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mf 6mf

Syntax: SVO NA/AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1816

Language: Franco-Provençal

Location: SE France

Population: 332,000

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Western: Gallo-Romance

Other Sources: Martinet, André. 1956. La description phonologique avec application au parler franco-provençal d'Hautiville ( Savoie). Geneva: Droz.

Consonant system:

   p t c k
b d ɟ ɡ
f θ s š
v ð z ž
m n ñ
    l̪ ʎ
    ɾ r

Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ

Fricatives: f v θ ð s z š ž

Nasals: m n ñ

Laterals: l̪ ʎ

Vibrants: ɾ r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i y e ø ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ

Long Vowels: ɛ̆ ă ɔ̆

Nasal Vowels: ɛ̃ ã ɔ̃

Syllable: (C) (C)V [ɾ]

Stress: phonemic (final or penult)

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f

Articles: def indef

Syntax: SVO NA/AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1817

Language: Franco-Provençal

Dialect: Gascon

Location: SW France (Gascony)

Population: 332,000 (255,000)

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Western: Gallo-Romance

Dictionary: Palay, Simin. 1974. Dictionnaire du béarnais et du gascon modernes. Paris: CNRS.

Grammar:

Kelly, Reine Cardaillac. 1973. A Descriptive Analysis of Gascon. The Hague: Mouton.
Darrigrand, R. and M. Grosclaude. 1971. Abrégé de grammaire béarnaise et gasconne. Bordeaux.

Other Sources: Kelly, Reine Cardaillac. 1971. "The Sound System of a Gascon Dialect," Linguistics 68, 5-12.

Consonant system:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^s č
    ɡ̌
f s š
    z ž
m n̪ ñ
    l̪ ʎ
    ɾ r

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ

Affricates: t̪^s č ɡ̌

Fricatives: f s z š ž

Nasals: m n̪ ñ

Laterals: l̪ ʎ

Vibrants: ɾ r

Modified Consonants: c̄ t m n l

Glides: j (ɥ) w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i y e ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Diphthongs: au eu ɛu iu ou triph

Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)

Stress: phonemic

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mf 6mf
politeness: 2 intim/2 pol

Syntax: SVO NA/AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1818

Language: French

Dialect: Parisian

Location: France

Population: 66 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Western: Gallo-Romance

Dictionary: Dubois, Marguerite-Marie. 1960. Larousse Modern French-English, English-French Dictionary. New York: McGraw Hill.

Grammar: Chevalier, Jean-Claude, et al. 1964. Grammaire Larousse du français contemporain. Paris: Larousse.

TextBooks: Harris, Julian and André Léveque. 1973. Basic Conversational French. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Other Sources:

Armstrong, Lilias E. 1964. The Phonetics of French. London: G. Bell and Sons.
AL 7:8

Consonant system:

p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
f s š
v z ž ʁ
m n̪ ñ
l

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ

Fricatives: f v s z š ž

Nasals: m n̪ ñ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: ʁ

Glides: j ɥ w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i y e ø ɛ œ

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ (ɑ)

Nasal Vowels: (œ̃) æ̃ õ ɑ̃

Syllable: (C)(C)(G)V(C)(C)

Stress: final

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f

Demonstratives: 1

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mf 6mf
+ indef
politeness: 2 intim & 2 pol (2pol = 5)

Syntax: SVO NA/(AN) NG DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+N+A

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1819

Language: French

Dialect: Canadian

Location: Canada

Population: 66 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Western: Gallo-Romance

Grammar: Morgan, Raleigh, Jr. 1975. The Regional French of County Beauce, Quebec. The Hague: Mouton.

Other Sources: Ellis, Patricia M. 1965. "Les phonèmes du français maillardvillois," Canadian Journal of Linguistics 11, 7-30.

Consonant system:

   p t k
b d ɡ
f s š
v z ž
m n ñ ŋ
    l
    r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ

Fricatives: f v s z š ž

Nasals: m n ñ ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Glides: j ɥ w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i y e ø ɛ œ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ ɑ

Nasal Vowels: ẽ ø̃ ã ɔ̃

Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)

Stress: final

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f

Demonstratives: 1

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mf 6mf + indef
politeness: 2 intim & 2 pol (2pol = 5)

Syntax: SVO NA/(AN) NG DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+N+A

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1820

Language: Provençal

Location: S France

Population: 355,000

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Western: Gallo-Romance

Dictionary:

Piat, L. 1970. Dictionnaire français-occitanien. Aix-en-Provence: Ramoun Berenguié.
Alibert, Louis. 1965. Dictionnaire occitan-français. Toulouse: Institut d'Études Occitanes.

Grammar: Journot, Jean. 1967. Elements de gramatica occitana. Toulouse: Institut d'Études Occitanes.

Other Sources:

Coustenoble, Hélène N. 1945. La phonétique du provençal moderne. Hertford: Stephen Austin and Sons.
Bec, Pierre. 1973. Manuel pratique d'occitan moderne. Paris: A. & J. Picard.

Consonant system:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^s
    d̪^z
f s
v z ʁ
m n̪ ñ
    l̪
    r

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ

Affricates: t̪^s d̪^z

Fricatives: f v s z

Nasals: m n̪ ñ

Laterals: l̪

Vibrants: r R

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e ø ɛ œ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Diphthongs: ei ɛi eu ɛu ai ɑu ɔi ɔu ou ui øi œi je jɛ ja jɔ jo ju jø jei jɛi jeu jɛu jai jɑu jɔu jou jœi

Stress: penult & final

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f

Demonstratives: 3

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mf 6mf

Syntax: SVO NA/AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP