A global linguistic database : Query result

Number: 1841

Language: Irish

Alternate Name: Gaelic

Dialect: Mayo, Erris

Location: Ireland

Population: 500,000

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Celtic: Goidelic

Grammar: Fhailigh, Éamonn Mhac an. 1968. The Irish of Erris, Co. Mayo. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.

Consonant system:

   p^h t̪^h t^h k^h
b d̪ d ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
ɸ s š ç x h
β^j ɣ
m n̪ n ñ ŋ
    l̪ l ʎ
    ɾ

Stops: p^h b t̪^h d̪ t^h d k^h ɡ

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Fricatives: ɸ β^j s š ç x ɣ h

Nasals: m n̪ n ñ ŋ

Laterals: l̪ l ʎ

Vibrants: ɾ

Modified Consonants: c^j p b k ɡ ɸ m n ŋ l ɾ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: I e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: ʋ o

Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō

Nasal Vowels:

ı̃ ẽ ã ũ (õ)
ı̃̄ ẽ̄ ũ̄ ȭ ɑ̃̄

Stress: initial

Number: 1842

Language: Irish

Alternate Name: Gaelic

Dialect: Mayo, Tourmakeady

Location: Ireland

Population: 500,000

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Celtic: Goidelic

Other Sources: de Búrca, Seán. 1970. The Irish of Tourmakeady, Co. Mayo. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.

Consonant system:

   p^h t̪^h (t) c k^h
b d̪ (d) ɟ ɡ
    (č)
    (ɡ̌)
ɸ s ç x h
̤β (z) ɣ
m n̪ n ñ ŋ
    l̪ l ʎ
    ɾ

Stops: p^h b t̪^h d̪ (t) (d) c ɟ k^h ɡ

Affricates: (č) (ɡ̌)

Fricatives: ɸ β s (z) ç x ɣ h

Nasals: m n̪ n ñ ŋ

Laterals: l̪ l ʎ

Vibrants: ɾ

Modified Consonants: c^j all but ɣ h k ɡ c ɟ x ŋ l̪

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: I e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ

Long Vowels: ī ē ū ō ɑ̄

Nasal Vowels: (ṽ)

Diphthongs: iǝ uǝ ǝi ǝu

Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)

Stress: initial

Number: 1843

Language: Irish

Alternate Name: Gaelic

Dialect: Aran

Location: Ireland

Population: 500,000

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Celtic: Goidelic

Other Sources: AL 7:8

Consonant system:

   p t k
b d ɡ
f s x h
v ɣ
m n ŋ
    l
    r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ

Fricatives: f v s x ɣ h

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants:

c^j
cʷ

Glides: w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: I ɛ æ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: ʋ ʌ

Long Vowels: ī ē ǝ̄ ū ō ɔ̄

Stress: non-phonemic

Number: 1844

Language: Scottish Gaelic

Location: Scotland

Population: 100,000

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Celtic: Goidelic

Grammar:

Holmer, Nils M. 1938. Studies on Argyllshire Gaelic. Uppsala: Almgvist & Wiksells.
Holmer, Nils M. 1957. The Gaelic of Arran. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
Holmer, Nils M. 1962. The Gaelic of Kintyre. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.

Other Sources: Dorian, Nancy C. 1978. "The Fate of Morphological Complexity in Language Death: Evidence from East Sutherland Gaelic," Lg 54, 590-609.

Consonant system:

   p^h t̪^h (t^h) c^h k^h (ʔ)
b d̪ (d ) ɟ ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
f s š ç x h
v (z) ɣ
m n̪ n̪̥ (n) ñ ñ̥ ŋ
    l l̥ l^ɯ ʎ (ʎ̥)
    r r̥

Stops: p^h b t̪^h d̪ (t^h) (d) c^h ɟ k^h ɡ (ʔ)

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Fricatives: f v s (z) š ç x ɣ h

Nasals: m n̪ n̪̥ (n) ñ ñ̥ ŋ

Laterals: l l̥ l^ɯ ʎ (ʎ̥)

Vibrants: r r̥

Modified Consonants: c̄ nasals and liquids

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i Y e ɛ œ

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: ʋ o ɔ

Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ

Nasal Vowels: (ṽ)

Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)

Stress: initial

Noun Number: s d p

Gender: m f

Demonstratives: 3

Articles: def

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mf 6

Syntax: VSO NA NG ND NUM-N POSS-N N+A+D

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1845

Language: Manx

Location: England (Isle of Man

Population: extinct (20th century)

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Celtic: Goidelic

Other Sources: E

Consonant system:

Vowel system:

Syntax: VSO

Number: 1846

Language: Breton

Location: NW France

Population: 1.2 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Celtic: Brythonic

Grammar: Ternes, Elmar. 1970. Grammaire structurale du breton de l'Ile de Groix. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.

TextBooks: Hemon, Roparz. 1972. Cours élémentaire de breton. n.p.: Al Liamm.

Other Sources:

Hemon, Roparz. 1975. A Historical Morphology and Syntax of Breton. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
AL 7:8

Consonant system:

   p^h t̪^h k^h
b d̪ ɡ
    č^h
    ɡ̌
f s̪ š h
v z̪ ž
m n̪ ñ ŋ
    l̪
    r

Stops: p^h b t̪^h d̪ k^h ɡ

Affricates: č^h ɡ̌

Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž h

Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ

Laterals: l̪

Vibrants: r

Glides: j ɥ w w̃

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i y e ø

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: ī ȳ ē ↔ō ā ū ō ɑ̄

Nasal Vowels: (ɛ̃)

Diphthongs: (ea) (eo) eā eō ei øy ou ae

Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)

Stress: final

Noun Number: s (d) p

Gender: m f

Demonstratives: 3

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mf 6

Syntax: VSO NA/(AN) NG ND NUM-N POSS-N/(POSS-N-POSS) Num+N+A+D

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1847

Language: Welsh

Location: Great Britain (Wales)

Population: 660,000

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Celtic: Brythonic

Dictionary: Evans, H. Meurig and W. O. Thomas. 1953. The New Welsh Dictionary. Llandebie: Christopher Davies.

Grammar: James, Dan L. 1966. Modern Welsh Course. Cardiff: Univ of Wales Press.

TextBooks: Bowen, John T. 1960. Welsh. London: English Universities Press.

Other Sources: Hamp. Eric P. 1951. "Morphophonemes of the Keltic Mutations," Lg 27, 230-47.

Consonant system:

   p t k
b d ɡ
    (ɡ̌)
f θ s š x h
v ð
m n ŋ
    l l̥
    r r̥

Stops: p b t d k ɡ

Affricates: (ɡ̌)

Fricatives: f v θ ð s š x h

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l l̥

Vibrants: r r̥

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: I ɛ

Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a

Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ

Long Vowels: ī ē ɨ̄ ā ū ō

Diphthongs: ae ai au ei eu aw ew iw wi oe oi ou ow

Stress: penult

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: def

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mf 6
politeness: 2 intim, 2 pol [2 pol=5]

Syntax: VSO NA/(AN) NG ND NUM-N POSS-N/(POSS-N-POSS)

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1848

Language: Cornish

Location: England (Cornwall)

Population: extinct (c. 1800)

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Celtic: Brythonic

Grammar: Smith, A. S. D. 1965. Cornish Simplified. Cornwall: An Lef Kernewek.

Consonant system:

   p t k
b d ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
f θ s š x h
v ð
m n
    l
    r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Fricatives: f v θ ð s š x h

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w w̥

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: I ɛ æ

Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ

Long Vowels: ī ȳ ē ā ū ō

Diphthongs: aw ow aj ej ew oj

Stress: penult

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: def

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mf 6

Syntax: SVO NA/(AN) NG ND NUM-N POSS-N/(POSS-N-POSS)

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1849

Language: Proto-Germanic

Location: N Germany

Population: c. 500 B. C.

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Germanic

Grammar: Coetsem, Frans van and Herbert L. Kufner, eds. 1972. Toward a Grammar of Proto-Germanic. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.

Other Sources:

Antonsen, Elmer M. 1975. A Concise Grammar of the Older Runic Inscriptions. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.
AL 7:8

Consonant system:

   p t̪ k kʷ
b d̪ ɡ
f θ s̪ h hʷ
    z̪
m n̪
    l̪
    r

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ kʷ

Fricatives: f θ s̪ z̪ h hʷ

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l̪

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u

Long Vowels: ī ǣ ū ɔ̄

Diphthongs: ei ai eu au

Syllable: nˈ lˈ rˈ

Stress: initial

Syntax: SOV NA GN/NG ND N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP/POST

Number: 1850

Language: Gothic

Dialect: Crimean

Location: SW Russia (Crimea)

Population: extinct (c. 1700 A.D.)

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Germanic: East

Grammar: Stearns, MacDonald, Jr. 1978. Crimean Gothic. Saratoga, CA: Anma Libri.

Consonant system:

   p t̪ k
b d̪
f θ s̪ š x
v ɣ
m n̪
    l̪
    r

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k

Fricatives: f v θ s̪ š x ɣ

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l̪

Vibrants: r

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: def

Syntax: SVO AN

Number: 1851

Language: Gothic

Location: E Bulgaria

Population: c. 350 A.D.

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Germanic: East

Dictionary: Regan, Brian T. 1974. Dictionary of the Biblical Gothic Language. Phoenix: Wellspring Books.

Grammar:

Mossé, Fernand. 1956. Manuel de la langue gotique. Paris: Aubier.
Krause, Wolfgang. 1968. Handbuch des Gotischen. Munich: C. H. Beck'sche.

Other Sources:

Moulton, William G. 1948. "The Phonemics of Gothic," Lg 24, 76-86.
Marchand, James W. 1973. The Sounds and Phonemes of Wulfila's Gothic. The Hague: Mouton.

Consonant system:

   p t̪ k kʷ
b d̪ ɡ
f θ s xʷ h
    z
m n̪
    l̪
    r

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ kʷ

Fricatives: f θ s z xʷ h

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l̪

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄ s m n l r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Diphthongs: iu

Stress: initial

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f n

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: def

Pronouns:

1 4d 4
2 5d 5
*3mfn *6mfn

Syntax: SOV NA NG DN N-NUM N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP

Comments: Except for Runic inscriptions, Wulfila's translation of the Bible in Gothic is the earliest Germanic Text.

Number: 1852

Language: Vandalic

Location: Germany

Population: extinct

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Germanic: East

Consonant system:

Number: 1853

Language: Burgundian

Location: Germany

Population: extinct

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Germanic: East

Consonant system:

Number: 1854

Language: Runic

Location: Norway

Population: c. 500 A.D.

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Germanic: North

Grammar: Antonsen, Elmer H. 1975. A Concise Grammar of the Older Runic Inscriptions. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.

Consonant system:

   p t k
b d ɡ
f θ s h
    z
m n ŋ
    l
    r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ

Fricatives: f θ s z h

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u

Long Vowels: ī ǣ ū ɔ̄

Diphthongs: ai iu ɵu au

Noun Number: s p

Syntax: SOV NA GN(inan)/NG(anim) ND N-NUM N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP

Comments: Earliest attestation of a Germanic language.

Number: 1855

Language: Danish

Location: Denmark

Population: 5 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Germanic: North

Dictionary:

Nielsen, B. Kjaerulff. 1964. Engelsk-Dansk Ordbog. Copenhagen: Nordisk.
Vinterberg, Hermann and C. A. Bodelsen: 1954,1956. Dansk-Engelsk Ordbog, 2 vols. Copenhagen: Nordisk.

Grammar:

Bredsdorff, Elias, 1970. Danish: An Elementary Grammar and Reader. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.
Diderichsen, Paul. 1972. Essentials of Danish Grammar. Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag.

TextBooks:

Koefoed, H. A. 1964. Teach Yourself Danish. London: English Universities Press.
Norlev, Erling and H. A. Koefoed. 1973. The Way to Danish. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.

Consonant system:

p p^h t t^h k k^h ʔ
f s š h
v ð ɣ ʁ
m n ŋ
l

Stops: p p^h t t^h k k^h ʔ

Fricatives: f v ð s š ɣ h

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: ʁ

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i y e ø ɛ œ

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ

Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ

Diphthongs: ai ɔi au ɔu ɛu œu eu iu yu øu

Stress: usually initial

Noun Number: s p

Gender: common (m+f) neuter

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mfnc 6
c=common
masc and fem are semantically determined by sex; common and neuter are grammatically determined by noun class.
politeness: 2 & 5 each have polite and intimate forms; however 2 pol=5 pol

Syntax: SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1856

Language: Swedish

Location: Sweden

Population: 9 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Germanic: North

Dictionary: Wessely, Ignaz Emanuel. 1941. Wessely's Swedish-English Dictionary. Philadelphia: David McKay.

TextBooks:

McClean, R. J. 1969. Teach Yourself Swedish. London : English Universities Press.
Borland, Harold H. 1970. Swedish for Students. London: George G. Harrap.

Other Sources: AL 7:8

Consonant system:

   p^h t̪^h ṭ^h k^h
b d̪ ḍ ɡ
f s̪ ṣ̌ ç h
v
m n̪ ṇ ŋ
    l̪ ḷ
    ɹ

Stops: p^h b t̪^h d̪ ṭ^h ḍ k^h ɡ

Fricatives: f v s̪ ṣ̌ ç h

Nasals: m n̪ ṇ ŋ

Laterals: l̪ ḷ

Vibrants: ɹ

Modified Consonants: c̄

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: y I ɛ œ æ

Central Vowels: ʉ ǝ a

Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ

Long Vowels: ī ȳ Ȳ ē ↔ō ɛ̄ ʋ̄ ō ɑ̄

Tones: fall fall-fall (falling tone accurs on monosyllabic words, fall-fall on polysyllabic words.)

Stress: initial

Noun Number: s p

Gender: common (m+f) neuter

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mfnc 6
c=common
politeness: 2 forms of 2: 2 intim/2 pol

Syntax: SVO AN GN(NG) DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1857

Language: Norwegian

Location: Norway

Population: 4 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Germanic: North

Dictionary:

Gleditsch, T. 1948. Engelsk-Norsk Ordbok. Oslo: H. Aschehoug.
Haugen, Einar, ed. 1965. Norwegian-English Dictionary. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.

TextBooks:

Haugen, Einar. 1964. Spoken Norwegian. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Marm, Ingvald. 1967. Teach Yourself Norwegian. New York: David McKay.

Other Sources: Vanvik, Arne. 1972. "A Phonetic-Phonemic Analysis of Standard Eastern Norwegian," Norwegian Journal of Linguistics 25:2, 119-64.

Consonant system:

   p t̪ (ṭ) k
b d̪ (ḍ) ɡ
f s̪ (ṣ̌) š ç h
v
m n̪ (ṇ) ŋ
    l̪ (ḷ)
    ɾ

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ (ṭ) (ḍ) k ɡ

Fricatives: f v s̪ (ṣ̌) š ç h

Nasals: m n̪ (ṇ) ŋ

Laterals: l̪ (ḷ)

Vibrants: ɾ

Modified Consonants: c̄

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: y I ø ɛ æ

Central Vowels: ʉ ǝ a

Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ

Long Vowels: ī ȳ ē ↔ō ǣ ʉ̄ ā ū ō

Diphthongs: ai æʉ ɛi ɔi ʉi øy øu æi æu

Tones: lo-ris hi-fall-ris

Stress: mostly initial

Noun Number: s p

Gender: common (m+f) neuter

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mfnc 6
c=common
politeness: 2 forms of 2: 2 intim/2 pol

Syntax: SVO AN GN/NG DN NUM-N N-POSS/(POSS-N) D+A+N

Prep/Post: PREP

Comments: Modern Norwegian has two different standards. Bokmål reflects the heavy Danish influence during the Middle Ages, while Nynorsk represents an attempt to preserve a 'purer' older form of Norwegian, denuded of Danish borrowings. There is some hostility between the two gruops, but the two varieties of speech are easily mutually intellegible.

Number: 1858

Language: Norwegian

Dialect: Trondheim

Location: Norway

Population: 4 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Germanic: North

Other Sources: Vanvik, Arne. 1966. "A Phonetic-Phonemic Analysis of the Dialect of Trondheim. Oslo: Universititsforlaget.

Consonant system:

   p^h t̪^h ṭ^h c^h k^h
b d̪ ḍ ɟ ɡ
f s š ç h
v
m n̪ ṇ ñ ŋ
    l̪ ḷ ʎ ʎ̥
    ɾ ɾ̣

Stops: p^h b t̪^h d̪ ṭ^h ḍ c^h ɟ k^h ɡ

Fricatives: f v s š ç h

Nasals: m n̪ ṇ ñ ŋ

Laterals: l̪ ḷ ʎ ʎ̥

Vibrants: ɾ ɾ̣

Modified Consonants: c̄

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: I Y ɛ œ æ

Central Vowels: ʉ

Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ ɑ

Long Vowels: ī ȳ ē ↔ō ǣ ʉ̄ ū ō ɑ̄

Diphthongs: ei øy øʉ (ɑi) (ɔy)

Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C) nˈ lˈ

Tones: lo-level hi-fall

Syntax: SVO

Number: 1859

Language: Icelandic

Location: Iceland

Population: 210,000

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Germanic: North

Dictionary:

Arngrı́mur, Sigurdsson. 1970. Íslenzk-ensk orðabók. Reykjavik: Prentsmiðjan Leiftur.
Bogason, Sigurður Örn. 1966. English-Icelandic Dictionary. Reykjavik: Isafoldarprentsmiðja.

Grammar: Einarsson, Stefán. 1967. Icelandic: Grammar, Texts, Glossary. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Univ Press.

TextBooks:

Glendening, P. J. T. 1961. Teach Yourself Icelandic. London: English Universities Press.
TD: Jónsson, Snoebjörn. 1966. A Primer of Modern Icelandic. London: Oxford Univ Press.

Other Sources:

Haugen, Einar. 1958. "The Phonemes of Modern Icelandic," Lg 34, 55-88.
Malone, Kemp. 1970. "The Phonemes of Modern Icelandic," in Studies in Honor of Albert Morey Sturtevant, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 5-21.
AL 7:8

Consonant system:

   p p^h t t^h k k^h
f θ s h
v ð
m n ŋ
    l
    r

Stops: p p^h t t^h k k^h

Fricatives: f v θ ð s h

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i I Y ø ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u ɔ

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Diphthongs: ui ei oi ou ai øi au

Stress: initial

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f n

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: def

Pronouns:

1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3mfn 6mfn
politeness: 2 forms of 2: (1) intim [2 pol=5] (2) pol

Syntax: SVO AN GN/NG DN NUM-N N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1860

Language: Faroese

Location: Netherlands (Faroe Islands)

Population: 40,000

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Germanic: North

Dictionary: Svabo, J. C. 1966, 1970. Dictionarium Færoense. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.

Grammar: Lockwood, W. G. 1955. An Introduction to Modern Faroese. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.

Consonant system:

   p^h t̪^h k^h
b d̪ ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
f s ṣ š h
v
m n̪ ñ ŋ
    l̪ ʎ
    r

Stops: p^h b t̪^h d̪ k^h ɡ

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Fricatives: f v s ṣ š h

Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ

Laterals: l̪ ʎ

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄ p b t d k ɡ f s m n l r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: I Y ɛ œ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ

Long Vowels: ī ē ↔ō ā ū ō

Diphthongs: ɛa ɔa ʋY ɔu ʉu ai ɛi ɔi

Stress: initial

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f n

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mfn 6mfn
politeness: 2 forms of 2: 2 intim/2 pol

Syntax: SVO AN NG/(GN) DN NUM-N POSS-N D+A+N

Prep/Post: PREP