A global linguistic database : Query result

Number: 1861

Language: German

Location: Germany

Population: 100 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Germanic: West

Dictionary: Betteridge, Harold T., ed. 1958. The New Cassell's German Dictionary. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.

Grammar: Lederer, Herbert. 1969. Reference Grammar of the German Language. New York: Charles Scribner's.

TextBooks: Lohnes, Walter F. W. and F. W. Strothmann. 1967. German: A Structural Approach. New York: Norton.

Other Sources: Moulton, William G. 1962. The Sounds of English and German. Chicago: Univ of Chicago Press.

Consonant system:

p^h t̪^h k^h (ʔ)
b d̪ ɡ
p^f t̪^s
f s š x h
v z ž ʁ
m n̪ ŋ
l̪

Stops: p^h b t̪^h d̪ k^h ɡ (ʔ)

Affricates: p^f t̪^s

Fricatives: f v s z š ž x h

Nasals: m n̪ ŋ

Laterals: l̪

Vibrants: ʁ

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: I Y ɛ œ

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ

Long Vowels: ī ȳ ē ↔ō ɛ̄ ū ō ɑ̄

Diphthongs: ai oi au

Stress: generally initial

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f n

Demonstratives: 1

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mfn 6 + indef
politeness: 2 & 5 each have familiar & polite forms; however 2 pol = 5 pol

Syntax: SVO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+A+N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1862

Language: Yiddish

Location: W Russia

Population: 4 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Germanic: West

Dictionary: Bergman, Aaron. 1968. Student's Dictionary: English-Yiddish, Yiddish-English. New York: Kinderbuch.

Grammar: Fal'kovich, E. M. 1966. "Evrejskij jazyk," in JNS 1, 599-629.

TextBooks: Weinreich, Uriel. 1967. College Yiddish. New York: Yivo Institute for Jewish Research.

Consonant system:

   p t k
b d ɡ
    t^s č
f s š x h
v z ž ʁ
m n
    l l^ɯ

Stops: p b t d k ɡ

Affricates: t^s č

Fricatives: f v s z š ž x h

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l l^ɯ

Vibrants: ʁ

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: I ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ

Diphthongs: aj ej oj

Syllable: nˈ lˈ

Stress: phonemic, but mostly penult

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f n

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mfn 6 + indef

Syntax: SVO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: PREP

Comments: In 1939 there were an estimated twelve million speakers of Yiddish, Hitler's massacre of the Jews during WWII, and the subsequent dispersal of East European Jews around the world (with consequent assimilation to various cultures and languages) has reduced the number to perhaps four million.

Number: 1863

Language: Luxembourgeois

Location: Luxembourg

Population: 390,000

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Germanic: West

Other Sources: E

Consonant system:

Syntax: SVO AN GN DN NUM-N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1864

Language: Dutch

Location: Netherlands

Population: 20 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Germanic: West

Dictionary: Prick Van Wely, F. P. H. 1951. Cassell's English-Dutch, Dutch-English Dictionary. London: Cassell.

TextBooks:

Bloomfield, Leonard. 1944. Spoken Dutch. New York: Holt.
Shetter, Wiiliam Z. 1958. Introduction to Dutch. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Koolhoven, H. 1961. Dutch. New York: David McKay.

Other Sources: AL 7:8

Consonant system:

   p t k
b d
    (č)
f s š x h
v z (ɣ) ʁ
m n ŋ
    l

Stops: p b t d k

Affricates: (č)

Fricatives: f v s z š x (ɣ) h

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: ʁ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: I ɛ œ

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: ɔ

Long Vowels: ī ȳ ē ↔ō ā ū ō

Diphthongs: ɛi œi yu ɔu āi ōi ūi īu ēu

Stress: initial

Noun Number: s p

Gender: common (m+f) neuter

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mfn 6
politeness: 2 = 2fam; 5 = 2 pol & 5

Syntax: SOV/SVO AN NG/(GN) DN NUM-N POSS-N D+A+N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1865

Language: Afrikaans

Location: South Africa

Population: 3 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Germanic: West

TextBooks: Burgers, M. P. O. 1957. Teach Yourself Afrikaans. London: The English Universities Press.

Other Sources:

Pienaar, P. de V. and A. G. Hooper. 1948. An Afrikaans-English Phonetic Reader. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand Univ. Press.
AL 7:8

Consonant system:

   p t k
b d (ɡ)
    č
f s š x
v (z) ɦ
m n ŋ
    l
    r

Stops: p b t d k (ɡ)

Affricates: č

Fricatives: f v s (z) š x ɦ

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: ɛ œ

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: ɔ

Long Vowels: ī ȳ ē ↔ō ɛ̄ (↔ē) (ǝ̄) ā ū ō ɔ̄

Diphthongs: ai āi ǝi ɔi ɔ̄i ui ōi ēu ou œy

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mfn 6
politeness: + 2 polite

Syntax: SVO AN GN/NG DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1866

Language: Frisian

Location: Netherlands (Frisian Islands)

Population: 730,000

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Germanic: West

Other Sources: AL 7:8

Consonant system:

   p t k
b d ɡ
f s x h
    z
m n ŋ
    l
    r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ

Fricatives: f s z x h

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i y e ø ɛ

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ

Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ

Comments: Frisian, the language most closely related to English, has for some time been on the decline. All speakers are bilingual in Dutch or German.

Number: 1867

Language: English

Dialect: British

Location: England

Population: 300 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Germanic: West

Grammar: Quirk, Randolph and Sidney Greenbaum. 1973. A Concise Grammar of Contemporary English. New York : Harcount Brace Jovanovich.

Other Sources:

Jones, Daniel. 1950. An Outline of English Phonetics. Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons.
Gimson, A. C. 1962. An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English. London: Edward Arnold.
AL 7:8

Consonant system:

   p^h t^h k^h
b d ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
f θ s š h
v ð z ž
m n ŋ
    l
    ɹ̣

Stops: p^h b t^h d k^h ɡ

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Fricatives: f v θ ð s z š ž h

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: ɹ̣

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: I e æ

Central Vowels: ǝ ɐ

Back Vowels: ʋ ɒ

Long Vowels: ī ǝ̄ ū ɔ̄ ɑ̄

Diphthongs: eI aI ɔI oʋ ɑʋ Iǝ ɛǝ ʋa

Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)

Stress: phonemic, but largely predictable

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mfn 6
2=5
politeness: a few varieties of British English preserve a polite/intimate distinction for the 2 pronoun (i.e thou/you)

Syntax: SVO AN GN/NG DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+A+N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1868

Language: English

Dialect: Scottish

Location: Scotland

Population: 300 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Germanic: West

Other Sources: AL 7:8

Consonant system:

   p t k
b d ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
f θ s š x h
v ð z ž
m n ŋ
    l
    r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Fricatives: f v θ ð s z š ž x h

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e ɛ

Central Vowels: ʉ ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o ʌ

Syntax: SVO

Number: 1869

Language: English

Dialect: West Canadian

Location: W Canada

Population: 300 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Germanic: West

Other Sources: AL 7:8

Consonant system:

   p t k
b d ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
f θ s š h
v ð z ž
m n ŋ
    l
    r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Fricatives: f v θ ð s z š ž h

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: I ɛ

Central Vowels: ǝ

Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ

Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō

Syntax: SVO

Number: 1870

Language: English

Dialect: American

Location: USA

Population: 300 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Germanic: West

Dictionary: Guralnik, David B., ed. 1970. Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Grammar: Stageberg, Norman C. 1971. An Introductory English Grammar. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

Other Sources:

Kenyon, John Samuel. 1943. American Pronunciation. Ann Arbar: George Wahr.
Thomas, Charles Kenneth. 1958. An Introduction to the Phonetics of American English. New York: The Ronald Press.
King, Harold V. 1961. English Phonology. Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor Publishers.
Bronstein, Arthur J. 1960. The Pronunciation of American English. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
AL 7:8

Consonant system:

   p^h t^h k^h
b d ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
f θ s š h hʷ
v ð z ž
m n ŋ
    l^ɯ
    ɹ̣

Stops: p^h b t^h d k^h ɡ

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Fricatives: f v θ ð s z š ž h hʷ

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l^ɯ

Vibrants: ɹ̣

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: I ɛ æ

Central Vowels: (ɨ̄) ǝ ɐ a

Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ ɑ

Diphthongs: Ii eI aI ɔI oʋ ʋu aʋ

Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)

Stress: phonemic

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mfn 6

Syntax: SVO AN GN/NG DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+A+N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1871

Language: Old Prussian

Location: NE Poland

Population: extinct (c. 1700)

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Baltic: West

Dictionary: Toporov, V. N. 1975. Prusskij jazyk. Moscow: Nauka.

Grammar: Schmalstieg, William R. 1974. An Old Prussian Grammar. University Park: Pennsyvania State Univ Press.

Other Sources: Levin, Jules F. 1974. The Slavic Element in the Old Prussian Elbing Vocabulary. UCPL 77.

Consonant system:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
(f) s̪ š (h)
v z̪ (ž)
m n̪
    l
    r

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ

Fricatives: (f) v s̪ z̪ š (ž) (h)

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c^j all

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Diphthongs: ai au ei

Stress: phonemic

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f n

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mfn 6mf

Syntax: NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1872

Language: Latvian

Location: Latvia

Population: 2 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Baltic: East

Grammar: Grabis, R. 1966. "Latyshskij jazyk," in JNS 1, 466-99.

TextBooks: Lazdina, Tereza Budina. 1966. Teach Yourself Latvian. London: English Universities Press.

Other Sources:

Grava, Arnolds. 1970. "Phonemic Inventory of Vowels and Diphthongs in Latvian," Linguistics 56, 31-51.
Al 7:8

Consonant system:

   p t c k
b d ɟ ɡ
    t^s (č)
    d^z ɡ̌
(f) s š x (h)
v z ž
m n ñ
    l ʎ
    r r^j

Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ

Affricates: t^s d^z (č) ɡ̌

Fricatives: (f) v s z š ž x (h)

Nasals: m n ñ

Laterals: l ʎ

Vibrants: r r^j

Modified Consonants: c̄ m n ñ l ʎ r j v

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: I e æ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: ʋ (ɔ)

Long Vowels: ī ē ǣ ā ū

Diphthongs: ai au ei ie ui uo (oi)

Tones: long-level falling ris-ʔ-fall

Stress: initial

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mf 6mf
2=intim; 5=2 polite & 2 pl

Syntax: SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+A+N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1873

Language: Latvian

Dialect: Lagalian

Location: Latvia

Population: 2 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Baltic: East

Other Sources: Al 7:8

Consonant system:

   p t k ʔ
b d ɡ
    t^s č
    d^z ɡ̌
f s š (x) (h)
v z ž
m n
    l
    r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ

Affricates: t^s d^z č ɡ̌

Fricatives: f v s z š ž (x) (h)

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e æ

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: ī ā ū

Syntax: SVO

Number: 1874

Language: Lithuanian

Location: Lithuania

Population: 3 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Baltic: East

Dictionary:

Laučka, A., B. Piesarskas and E. Stasiulevičiute. 1978. English Lithuanian Dictionary. Vilnius: Mokslas.

Grammar:

Ambrazas, V. 1966. "Litovskij jazyk," in JNS 1, 501-27.
Peterson, M. N. 1955. Ocherk litovskogo jazyka. Moscow.

TextBooks: Dambriunas, Leonardas, Antanas Klimas and William R. Schmalstieg. 1966. Introdution to Modern Lithuanian. Brooklyn: Franciscan Fathers Press.

Other Sources: Klimas, Antanas. 1970. "Some Attempts to Inventory Lithuanian Phonames," in Baltic Linguistics, ed. by Thomas F. Magner and William R. Schmalstieg, University Park, Penneylvania State Univ Press, 93-102.

Consonant system:

   p t k
b d ɡ
    t^s č
    d^z ɡ̌
(f) s š (x) h
v z ž
m n
    l
    r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ

Affricates: t^s d^z č ɡ̌

Fricatives: (f) v s z š ž (x) h

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c^j all

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: I ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: ʋ o

Long Vowels: ī ē ǣ ā ū ō

Diphthongs: ai au ei ie ui uo

Syllable: (C) (C)V(N,L)

Tones: rls fall short

Noun Number: s (d) p

Gender: m f

Demonstratives: 3

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mf 6mf
2=intim; 5=2 polite & 2 pl

Syntax: SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1875

Language: Russian

Location: Russia

Population: 150 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Slavic: East

Dictionary:

Smirnitsky, A. I. 1959. Russian-English Dictionary. New York: E. P. Dutton.
Müller, V. K. 1959. English-Russian Dictionary. New York: E. P. Dutton.

Grammar:

Forbes, Nevill. 1964. Russian Grammar. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Panov, M. V. 1966. "Russkij jazyk," in JNS 1, 55-122.
Bidwell, Charles E. 1969. The Structure of Russian in Outline. Pittsburgh: Univ of Pittsburgh Press .

TextBooks:

Stilman, Galina, Leon Stilman and William E. Harkins. 1972. Introductory Russian Grammar. Lexington, Mass: Xerox.

Other Sources:

Jones, Daniel and Dennis Ward. 1969. The Phonetics of Russian. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.
Auty, Robert and Dimitri Obolensky. 1977. An Introduction to Russian Language and Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.

Consonant system:

   p t k
b d ɡ
    t^s č
f s š x
v z ž
m n
    l
    r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ

Affricates: t^s č

Fricatives: f v s z š ž x

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c^j p b t d k f v s z m n l r

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Diphthongs: ij ɨj ej aj oj uj

Syllable: (C)(C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)

Stress: phonemic, but largely predictable

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f n

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mfn 6
2=intim, 5= 2pol + 2 pl

Syntax: SVO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+A+N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1876

Language: Byelorussian

Location: Belarus

Population: 10 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Slavic: East

Dictionary:

Krapivy, K. K., ed. 1962. Belorussko-russkij slovar'. Moscow.
Russko-belorusskij slovar'. 1953. Moscow
Birillo, N. Y., M. G. Bulaxov and M. R. Sudnik. 1966. "Belorusskij jazyk," in JNS 1, 154-93.

TextBooks: Pashkievich, V. 1974, 1978. Fundamental Byelorussian, 2 vols. Toronto.

Other Sources:

Bidwell, Charles E. 1967. Outline of Bielorussian Morphology. Pittsburgh.
AL 7:8

Consonant system:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ (ɡ)
    t̪^s č
   (d^z) ɡ̌
(f) s̪ š x h
v z̪ ž
m n̪
    l̪
    r

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k (ɡ)

Affricates: t̪^s (d̪^z) č ɡ̌

Fricatives: (f) v s̪ z̪ š ž x h

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l̪

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄ t^s d^z č s z š ž n l c^j all but t d t^s č ɡ̌ š ž r

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)

Stress: phonemic

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f n

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mfn 6

Syntax: SVO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1877

Language: Ukrainian

Location: Ukraine

Population: 40 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Slavic: East

Dictionary:

Podvezko, M. L. and M. I. Balla. 1974. English-Ukrainian Dictionary. Kiev: Radyanska Shkola.
Andrusyshen, C. H. and J. N. Krett. 1957. Ukrainian-English Dictionary. Toronto: Univ of Toronto Press.

Grammar: Beloded, I. K. and M. A. Zhovtobrjux. 1966. "Ukrainskij jazyk," in JNS 1, 123-53.

TextBooks:

Slavutych, Yar. 1969. Conversational Ukrainian. Edmonton: Gateway.

Other Sources:

Bidwell, Charles E. 1971. Outline of Ukrainian Morphology. Pittsburgh: Univ Center for International Studies, Univ of Pittsburgh.
Chopyk, Dan B. 1973. "Variant Phonemic Systems of Contemporary Standard Ukrainian," Linguistics 98, 5-19.
AL 7:8

Consonant system:

   p t k
b d ɡ
    t^s č
(d^z) ɡ̌
f s š x h
v z ž
m n
    l
    r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ

Affricates: t^s (d^z) č ɡ̌

Fricatives: f v s z š ž x h

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c^j t d n s z t^s d^z l r

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ɨ a

Back Vowels: u o

Stress: phonemic, but largely predictable

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f n

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mfn 6

Syntax: SVO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1878

Language: Polish

Location: Poland

Population: 35 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Slavic: West

Dictionary: Stanislawski, Jan. 1964. The Great English-Polish Dictionary. Warsaw: State Publishing House.

Grammar: Brooks, Maria Zagorska. 1975. Polish Referece Grammar. The Hague: Mouton.

TextBooks: Schenker, Alexander M. 1973. Beginning Polish, 2 vols. New Haven: Yale Univ Press.

Other Sources: AL 7:8

Consonant system:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^s č ć
    d̪^z ɡ̌ ɟ́
f s̪ š ś x
v z̪ ž ź
m n̪ ñ
    l
    r

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ

Affricates: t̪^s d̪^z č ɡ̌ ć ɟ́

Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž ś ź x

Nasals: m n̪ ñ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c^j p b k ɡ f v x m

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: I ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u ɔ

Nasal Vowels: (ɛ̃) ɔ̃

Stress: penult

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f n

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mfn 6mM
M=non-masc

Syntax: SVO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+A+N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1879

Language: Kashubian

Location: N Poland

Population: 3,000

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Slavic: West

Grammar:

GD: Perkowski, Jan Louis. 1969. A Kashubian Idiolect in the United States. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Stokhof, W. A. L. 1973. The Extinct East-Slovencian Kluki-Dialect. The Hague: Mouton.

Other Sources: AL 7:8

Consonant system:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^s č
    d̪^z ɡ̌
f s̪ š x
v z̪ ž
m n̪
    l
    r ř
ř is a voiced apical alveolar sibilant trill)

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ

Affricates: t̪^s d̪^z č ɡ̌

Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž x

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r ř (voiced apical alveolar sibilant trill)

Modified Consonants: c^j p b f v m n l t d

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Nasal Vowels: ẽ ã

Stress: penult

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f n

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: def

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mfn 6

Syntax: SVO AN NG/(GN) DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: PREP

Comments: all bilingual in Polish

Number: 1880

Language: Polabian

Location: N Germany

Population: extinct (c. 1740)

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Slavic: West

Dictionary: Polań́ski, Kazimierz and james Allen Sehnert. 1967. Polabian-English Dictionary. The Hague: Mouton.

Consonant system:

   p t k
b d ɡ
    t^s
    d^z
f s x
v z
m n
    l
    r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ

Affricates: t^s d^z

Fricatives: f v s z x

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c^j all but f

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i y e ø

Central Vowels: ǝ ɐ a

Back Vowels: u o ɑ

Nasal Vowels: ã õ

Diphthongs: ai ɑi oi au ɑu

Stress: non-phonemic

Noun Number: s d p

Gender: m f n

Articles: def

Syntax: SVO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: PREP