A global linguistic database : Query result

Number: 1881

Language: Upper Sorbian

Alternate Name: Lusatian

Location: SE Germany

Population: 55,000

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Slavic: West

Other Sources: AL 7:8

Consonant system:

   p t k
b d ɡ
    t^s č
    d^z ɡ̌
f s š x h
v z ž
m n
    l
    r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ

Affricates: t^s d^z č ɡ̌

Fricatives: f v s z š ž x h

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c^j p b t d s z n l r

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Stress: initial

Number: 1882

Language: Lower Sorbian

Location: E Germany

Population: 14,000

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Slavic: West

Other Sources: WALS

Consonant system:

Syntax: SOV

Number: 1883

Language: Czech

Location: Czech Republic

Population: 10 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Slavic: West

Grammar:

Mazon, André. 1952. Grammaire de la langue tchèque. Paris: Institut d'Études Slaves.
Harkins, William E. 1953. A Modern Czech Grammar. New York: King's Crown Press.

TextBooks: Schwarz, J. 1960. Colloquial Czech. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Other Sources: AL 7:8

Consonant system:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ (ɡ)
    t̪^s č
(f) s š x
v z ž ɦ
m n̪
    l
    r ř
(ř = r^ž < r^j)

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k (ɡ)

Affricates: t̪^s č

Fricatives: (f) v s z š ž x ɦ

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r ř (= r^ž < r^j)

Modified Consonants: c^j t d n

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: I ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: ʋ o

Long Vowels: ī ɛ̄ ā ū (ō)

Diphthongs: ou

Syllable: lˈ rˈ

Stress: initial

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f n

Demonstratives: 2 + ref

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3mfn *6mfn

Syntax: SVO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N D+A+N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1884

Language: Slovak

Location: Slovakia

Population: 4 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Slavic: West

Dictionary: šimko, Ján. 1968. English-Slovak Dictionary. Bratislava: Pedagogical Publishing House.

Grammar: Bartoš, Jozef and Joseph Gagnaire. 1972. Grammaire de la langue slovaque. Paris: Institut d'Études Slaves.

TextBooks: Baláž, Peter, Jozef Bartoš and Miloslav Darovec. 1973. Manuel de slovaque à l'usage des slavisants. Bratislava: Slovenské Pedagogické Nakladatel'stvo.

Other Sources: AL 7:8

Consonant system:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^s č
    d̪^z ɡ̌
f s̪ š x h
v z̪ ž
m n̪
    l
    r

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ

Affricates: t̪^s d̪^z č ɡ̌

Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž x h

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c^j t d n l

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e æ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all but æ

Diphthongs: ia ie iu uo

Syllable: lˈ rˈ

Stress: initial

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f n

Demonstratives: 1

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mfn 6mM
m=masc M=non-masc

Syntax: SVO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1885

Language: Old Church Slavonic

Location: Bulgaria

Population: extinct (c. 1,000 A. D.)

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Slavic: South

Grammar:

Lunt, Horace G. 1974. Old Church Slavonic Grammar. The Hague: Mouton.
Schmalstieg, William T. 1976. An Introduction to Old Church Slavic. Cambridge, MA: Slavica.

Consonant system:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^s č
    d^z
    s̪ š x
v z̪ ž
m n̪ ñ
    l̪ ʎ
    r r^j

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ

Affricates: t^s d̪^z č

Fricatives: v s̪ z̪ š ž x

Nasals: m n̪ ñ

Laterals: l̪ ʎ

Vibrants: r r^j

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i ɛ æ

Central Vowels: ɨ a

Back Vowels: u ɔ

Long Vowels: v̄ ? Ĭ ʋ̆

Nasal Vowels: ɛ̃ ɔ̃

Noun Number: s d p

Gender: m f n

Demonstratives: 3

Pronouns:

1 4d 4
2 5d 5
*3 *6d *6

Syntax: SVO AN NG DN NUM-N N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1886

Language: Slovene

Alternate Name: Slovenian

Location: Slovenia

Population: 2 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Slavic: South

Dictionary:

Kotnik, Janko. 1962. Slovene-English Dictionary. Ljubljana: Državna Založba Slovenije.
Grad, Anton. 1971. English-Slovene Dictionary. Ljubljana.

Other Sources:

Lenček, Rado L. 1966. The Verb Pattern of Contemporary Standard Slovene. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
Bidwell, Charles E. 1969. Outline of Slovenian Morphology. Pittsburgh: Univ Center for International Studies, Univ of Pittsburgh.
AL 7:8

Consonant system:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^s č
f s̪ š x
v z̪ ž
m n̪
    l
    r

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ

Affricates: t̪^s č

Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž x

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: ī ē ɛ̄ ā ū ō ɔ̄

Syllable: rˈ

Tones: ris fall

Stress: on v̄, final if no v̄

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f n

Pronouns:

1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3mfn 6dmM 6mfn
m=masc M=non-masc

Syntax: SVO NUM-N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1887

Language: Serbo-Croatian

Location: Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Yugoslavia

Population: 17 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Slavic: South

Dictionary:

Drvodelić, Milan. 1970. Croato-Serbian English Dictionary. Zagreb: školska Knjiga.
Rustić, Svetomir and živojin Simić. 1975. An English-Serbocroatian Dictionary. Belgrad: Prosveta.

Grammar:

Grozdić, Oton. 1969. Serbo-Croatian Grammar and Reader. New York: Hafner.
Popović, Alexandre and Michel Popović. 1969. Manuel pratique de langue serbo-croate. Paris: Klinksieck.
Dmitriev, P. A. and G. I. Safronov. 1975. Serboxorvatskij jazyk. Leningrad: Leningrad Univ. Press.
Hamm, Josip. 1975. Grammatik der serbokroatischen Sprache. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.

TextBooks:

Magner, Thomas F. 1972. Introduction to the Croatian and Serbian Language. State College, PA: Singidunum Press.
Javarek, Vera and Miroslava Sudjić. 1969. Teach Yourself Serbo-Croat. London: English Universities Press.

Other Sources:

Hodge, Carleton T. 1946. "Serbo-Croatian Phonemes," Lg 22, 112-20
Bidwell Charles E. 1964. "The Serbo-Croatian Verb," Lg 40, 532-50.

Consonant system:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^s č ć
    ɡ̌ ɟ́
f s š h
v z ž
m n̪ ñ
    l ʎ
    r

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ

Affricates: t̪^s ć ɟ́ č ɡ̌

Fricatives: f v s z š ž h

Nasals: m n̪ ñ

Laterals: l ʎ

Vibrants: r

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C) rˈ

Tones: ris fall

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f n

Demonstratives: 3

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mfn 6mfn

Syntax: SVO AN NG/(GN) DN NUM-N POSS-N Num+A+N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1888

Language: Macedonian

Location: Macedonia

Population: 2 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Slavic: South

Dictionary: Kitanovski, Dano. 1967. Frantsusko-makedonski rechnik. Skopje.

Grammar: Lunt, Horace G. 1952. A Grammar of the Macedonian Literary Language. Skopje.

Other Sources:

AL 7:8
WALS
WPF

Consonant system:

   p t̪ c k
b d̪ ɟ ɡ
    t̪^s č
    d̪^z ɡ̌
f s̪ š h
v z̪ ž
m n̪ ñ
    l l^ɯ
    r

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ c ɟ k ɡ

Affricates: t̪^s d̪^z č ɡ̌

Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž h

Nasals: m n̪ ñ

Laterals: l l^ɯ

Vibrants: r

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: (ǝ) a

Back Vowels: u o

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mfn 6

Syntax: SVO

Number: 1889

Language: Bulgarian

Location: Bulgaria

Population: 8 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Slavic: South

Dictionary:

Atanasova, T., et al. 1975. Bulgarian-English Dictionary. Sofia: Nauka i Izkustvo.
Atanasova, T., et al. 1973. English-Bulgarian Dictionary, 2 vols. Sofia: Academy of Sciences.

Other Sources:

Van Campen, Joseph A. 1959. "Alternative Analyses of the Bulgarian Nonsyllabic Phonemes," Lg 35, 264-70.
Aronson, Howard I. 1968. Bulgarian Inflectional Morphophonology. The Hague: Mouton.
Scatton, Ernest A. 1975. Bulgarian Phonology. Cambrige, MA: Slavica.
Al 7:8

Consonant system:

   p t k
b d ɡ
    t^s č
(d^z) (ɡ̌)
f s š x
v z ž
m n
    l
    r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ

Affricates: t^s (d^z) č (ɡ̌)

Fricatives: f v s z š ž x

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c^j all but č ɡ̌ š ž x

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f n

Articles: def

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mfn 6

Syntax: SVO AN POSS-N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1890

Language: Yukaghir

Location: NE Russia (Jakut ASSR)

Population: 400

Classification: Uralic: Yukaghir

Grammar:

Krejnovich, E.A. 1958. Jukagirskij jazyk. Moscow: Academy of Sciences.
Krejnovich, E.A. 1968. "Jukagirskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 435-52.

Other Sources:

AL 7:1.
CTIL 1, 366.

Consonant system:

   p t k q
b d ɡ
    s h
m n ŋ
    l
    r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ q

Fricatives: s h

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c^j t d n l

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
e ø o
a

Front Vowels: i e ø

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Diphthongs: ie uo

Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)

Stress: mostly initial or second

Noun Number: s [p] [pl rarely used]

Demonstratives: 4: this, that , yonder, that very far or invisible + REF

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N (N-POSS) D+A+N

Ergative:

Prep/Post: /POST

Number: 1891

Language: Chuvantsy

Location: NE Russia

Population: extinct

Classification: Uralic: Yukaghir

Consonant system:

Ergative:

Prep/Post:

Number: 1892

Language: Omok

Location: NE Russia

Population: extinct

Classification: Uralic: Yukaghir

Consonant system:

Ergative:

Prep/Post:

Number: 1893

Language: Nenets

Location: NC Russia (Nenets National Okrug)

Population: 25,000

Classification: Uralic: Samoyed: North

Dictionary:

Lehtisalo, T. 1956. Juraksamojedishes Wörterbuch. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.
Pyrerka, A.P. and N.M. Tereshchenko. 1948. Russko-nenetskij slovar'. Moscow.
Tereshchenko, N.M. 1965. Nenetsko-russkij slovar. Moscow.

Grammar:

Décsy, Gyula. 1966. Yurak Chrestomathy. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Tereshchenko, N.M. 1966. "Nenetskij jazyk," in JNS 3, 376-95.

Other Sources: SUL

Consonant system:

    p t k ʔ
   b d (ɡ)
    t^s
    s x
β (z)
m n ŋ
    l
    r

Stops: p b t d k (ɡ) ʔ

Affricates: t^s

Fricatives: β s (z) x

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants:

c̄ all but ʔ j
c^j all but k ɡ ʔ j β x ŋ

Glides: j

Vowel system:

    i ɯ u
   e ɤ o
    a

Front Vowels: i e

Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɤ ɑ

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Syllable: CV(C)(C)(C)

Stress: phonemic

Noun Number: s d p

Demonstratives: 2+ref

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N N-POSS

Ergative:

Prep/Post: /POST

Number: 1894

Language: Enets

Alternate Name: Yenets

Location: NC Russia

Population: 300

Classification: Uralic: Samoyed: North

Grammar: Tereshchenko, N.M. 1966. "Enetskij jazyk," in JNS 3, 438-57.

Consonant system:

   p t c k ʔ ʔ ̃ (nasalized ɡlottal stop)
b d ɟ ɡ
    č
    s sʷ š šʷ (x)
(β) ð
m n ñ (ŋ)
    l
    r

Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ ʔ̃ (nasalized ɡlottal stop)

Affricates: č

Fricatives: (β) ð s sʷ š šʷ (x)

Nasals: m n ñ (ŋ)

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants:

c̄ t d ɡ n

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i ɛ

Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Diphthongs: diphthonɡs

Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)

Stress: initial

Noun Number: s d p

Pronouns:

1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

Ergative:

Prep/Post: /POST

Number: 1895

Language: Nganasan

Alternate Name: Tavgy

Location: NC Russia (Taymyr Peninsula)

Population: 750

Classification: Uralic: Samoyed: North

Grammar: Tereshchenko, N.M. 1966. "Nganasanskij jazyk," in JNS 3, 416-37.

Consonant system:

   p t k ʔ
b d ɡ
    č
    s x
ð
m n ŋ
    l
    r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ

Affricates: č

Fricatives: ð s x

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c^j ̄ d n l

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i y e æ

Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Diphthongs: ie ia eu æu au yæ ya yo ǝu ɨǝ ua uo ou

Syllable: (C)V(C)

Stress: initial

Noun Number: s d p

Demonstratives: 4?+REF

Pronouns:

1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N N-POSS

Ergative:

Prep/Post: /POST

Number: 1896

Language: Selkup

Dialect: Taz

Location: NW Russia (Xanty-Mansiysk)

Population: 3,800

Classification: Uralic: Samoyed: South

Dictionary: Erdélyi, István. 1970. Selkupisches Wörterverzeichnis. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.

Grammar: Prokofjeva. E.D. 1966. "Sel'kupskij jazyk," in JNS 3, 396-415.

Other Sources: SUL

Consonant system:

   p t k q
    č
    s š
β
m n ñ ŋ
    l ʎ
    r

Stops: p t k q

Affricates: č

Fricatives: β s š

Nasals: m n ñ ŋ

Laterals: l ʎ

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄ all but č β ŋ r

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i y e ø æ

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɒ

Long Vowels: v̄

Syllable: (C)V(C)

Stress: initial

Noun Number: s d p

Demonstratives: 4?

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4d* 4*
2 5d* 5*
3 6d 6
*[4d=4 & 5d=5 in some case forms (e.g. nom.), but not in others (e.g. dat.)]

Syntax: SOV AN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

Ergative:

Prep/Post: /POST

Number: 1897

Language: Selkup

Dialect: Tym

Location: NW Russia (Xanty-Mansiysk)

Population: 3,800

Classification: Uralic: Samoyed: South

Grammar: GD: Katz, Hartmut. 1975. Selcupica 1. Materialen vom Tym. Munich: Finno-Ugric Seminar, Univ of Munich.

Other Sources:

Szabó, László. 1967. Selkup Texts. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.

Consonant system:

   p t̪ c k q
b d̪ ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
(f) s š (x)
v ʁ
m n̪ ñ ŋ
    l ʎ
    r

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ c k ɡ q

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Fricatives: (f) v s š (x) ʁ

Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ

Laterals: l ʎ

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants:

c̄ t s š m n l only
cʷ t c k q č s

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i y e ø æ

Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɤ ɑ

Long Vowels: v̄ all but æ

Diphthongs: au ou

Stress: initial

Noun Number: s d p

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

Ergative:

Prep/Post:

Number: 1898

Language: Kamas

Alternate Name: Sayan Samoyed

Location: Russia

Population: (+) 1970

Classification: Uralic: Samoyed: South

Other Sources: SUL

Consonant system:

   p t k ʔ
b d ɡ
    t^s
    d^z
    s š h
β z ž ɣ
m n ñ ŋ
    l ʎ
    r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ

Affricates: t^s d^z

Fricatives: β s z š ž ɣ h

Nasals: m n ñ ŋ

Laterals: l ʎ

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄ c^j s z

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i y e ɛ

Central Vowels: ǝ

Back Vowels: u o ɤ ɒ ɑ

Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ

Diphthongs: ia iɛ ie yɛ yɤ uǝ yǝ iy

Stress: initial

Noun Number: s [d] p

Articles: def

Pronouns:

1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6

Syntax: SOV N-POSS

Ergative:

Prep/Post:

Number: 1899

Language: Hungarian

Location: Hungary

Population: 14 million

Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Ugric

Dictionary:

Országh, László. 1953. Hungarian-English Dictionary. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.
Országh, László. 1960. English-Hungarian Dictionary. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.

Grammar:

Benkő, Loránd and Samu Imre, eds. 1972. The Hungarian Language. The Hague: Mouton.
Tompa, József. 1972. Kleine ungarische Grammatik. Leipzig: VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie.
Hall, Robert A. 1944. Hungarian Grammar. Lg Monograph No. 21.

TextBooks: Bánhidi, Z. Z. Jókay and D. Szabó. 1965. A Textbook of the Hungarian Language. London: Collet's.

Other Sources: SUL

Consonant system:

   p t̪ c k
b d̪ ɟ ɡ
    t̪^s č
    d̪^z ɡ̌
f s̪ š h
v z̪ ž
m n̪ ñ
    l̪
    r

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ c ɟ k ɡ

Affricates: t̪^s d̪^z č ɡ̌

Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž h

Nasals: m n̪ ñ

Laterals: l̪

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄ all

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i y ɛ ø

Back Vowels: u o ɒ

Long Vowels: v̄ i y e ø a u o

Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)

Stress: initial

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

Ergative:

Prep/Post: PREP/POST

Number: 1900

Language: Xanty

Alternate Name: Ostyak, Khanty

Dialect: Northern

Location: NW Russia (Xanty-Mansiysk)

Population: 15,000

Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Ugric: Ob-Ugric

Other Sources:

Rédei, Károly. 1965. Northern Ostyak Chrestomathy. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
SUL

Consonant system:

   p t k
    t^s č
    s š x
m n ŋ
    l (ḷ)
    r

Stops: p t k

Affricates: t^s č

Fricatives: s š x

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l (ḷ)

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄ c^j t s n (l)

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i

Central Vowels: ǝ ɐ

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: e a ʋ ɔ

Syllable: (C)V(C)

Stress: initial

Noun Number: s d p

Demonstratives: 3

Articles: def

Pronouns:

1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

Ergative:

Prep/Post: /POST