Classification:Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Slavic: West
Other Sources:AL 7:8
Consonant system:
p t k b d ɡ ts č dz ɡ̌ f s š x h v z ž m n l r
Stops:p b t d k ɡ
Affricates:ts dz č ɡ̌
Fricatives:f v s z š ž x h
Nasals:m n
Laterals:l
Vibrants:r
Modified Consonants:cj p b t d s z n l r
Glides:j
Vowel system:
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:ǝ a
Back Vowels:u o
Stress:initial
Number:1882
Language:Lower Sorbian
Location:E Germany
Population:14,000
Classification:Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Slavic: West
Other Sources:WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax:SOV
Number:1883
Language:Czech
Location:Czech Republic
Population:10 million
Classification:Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Slavic: West
Grammar:
Mazon, André. 1952. Grammaire de la langue tchèque. Paris: Institut d'Études Slaves. Harkins, William E. 1953. A Modern Czech Grammar. New York: King's Crown Press.
TextBooks:Schwarz, J. 1960. Colloquial Czech. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Other Sources:AL 7:8
Consonant system:
p t̪ k b d̪ (ɡ) t̪s č (f) s š x v z ž ɦ m n̪ l r ř (ř = rž < rj)
Stops:p b t̪ d̪ k (ɡ)
Affricates:t̪s č
Fricatives:(f) v s z š ž x ɦ
Nasals:m n̪
Laterals:l
Vibrants:r ř (= rž < rj)
Modified Consonants:cj t d n
Glides:j
Vowel system:
Front Vowels:I ɛ
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:ʋ o
Long Vowels:ī ɛ̄ ā ū (ō)
Diphthongs:ou
Syllable:lˈ rˈ
Stress:initial
Noun Number:s p
Gender:m f n
Demonstratives:2 + ref
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 *3mfn *6mfn
Syntax:SVO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N D+A+N
Prep/Post:PREP
Number:1884
Language:Slovak
Location:Slovakia
Population:4 million
Classification:Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Slavic: West
Grammar:Bartoš, Jozef and Joseph Gagnaire. 1972. Grammaire de la langue slovaque. Paris: Institut d'Études Slaves.
TextBooks:Baláž, Peter, Jozef Bartoš and Miloslav Darovec. 1973. Manuel de slovaque à l'usage des slavisants. Bratislava: Slovenské Pedagogické Nakladatel'stvo.
Other Sources:AL 7:8
Consonant system:
p t̪ k b d̪ ɡ t̪s č d̪z ɡ̌ f s̪ š x h v z̪ ž m n̪ l r
Stops:p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
Affricates:t̪s d̪z č ɡ̌
Fricatives:f v s̪ z̪ š ž x h
Nasals:m n̪
Laterals:l
Vibrants:r
Modified Consonants:cj t d n l
Glides:j
Vowel system:
Front Vowels:i e æ
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o
Long Vowels:v̄ all but æ
Diphthongs:ia ie iu uo
Syllable:lˈ rˈ
Stress:initial
Noun Number:s p
Gender:m f n
Demonstratives:1
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 3mfn 6mM m=masc M=non-masc
Syntax:SVO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post:PREP
Number:1885
Language:Old Church Slavonic
Location:Bulgaria
Population:extinct (c. 1,000 A. D.)
Classification:Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Slavic: South
Grammar:
Lunt, Horace G. 1974. Old Church Slavonic Grammar. The Hague: Mouton. Schmalstieg, William T. 1976. An Introduction to Old Church Slavic. Cambridge, MA: Slavica.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k b d̪ ɡ t̪s č dz s̪ š x v z̪ ž m n̪ ñ l̪ ʎ r rj
Stops:p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
Affricates:ts d̪z č
Fricatives:v s̪ z̪ š ž x
Nasals:m n̪ ñ
Laterals:l̪ ʎ
Vibrants:r rj
Glides:j
Vowel system:
Front Vowels:i ɛ æ
Central Vowels:ɨ a
Back Vowels:u ɔ
Long Vowels:v̄ ? Ĭ ʋ̆
Nasal Vowels:ɛ̃ ɔ̃
Noun Number:s d p
Gender:m f n
Demonstratives:3
Pronouns:
1 4d 4 2 5d 5 *3 *6d *6
Syntax:SVO AN NG DN NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post:PREP
Number:1886
Language:Slovene
Alternate Name:Slovenian
Location:Slovenia
Population:2 million
Classification:Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Slavic: South
Dictionary:
Kotnik, Janko. 1962. Slovene-English Dictionary. Ljubljana: Državna Založba Slovenije. Grad, Anton. 1971. English-Slovene Dictionary. Ljubljana.
Other Sources:
Lenček, Rado L. 1966. The Verb Pattern of Contemporary Standard Slovene. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. Bidwell, Charles E. 1969. Outline of Slovenian Morphology. Pittsburgh: Univ Center for International Studies, Univ of Pittsburgh. AL 7:8
Consonant system:
p t̪ k b d̪ ɡ t̪s č f s̪ š x v z̪ ž m n̪ l r
Stops:p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
Affricates:t̪s č
Fricatives:f v s̪ z̪ š ž x
Nasals:m n̪
Laterals:l
Vibrants:r
Glides:j
Vowel system:
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:ǝ a
Back Vowels:u o
Long Vowels:ī ē ɛ̄ ā ū ō ɔ̄
Syllable:rˈ
Tones:ris fall
Stress:on v̄, final if no v̄
Noun Number:s p
Gender:m f n
Pronouns:
1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3mfn 6dmM 6mfn m=masc M=non-masc
Syntax:SVO NUM-N
Prep/Post:PREP
Number:1887
Language:Serbo-Croatian
Location:Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Yugoslavia
Population:17 million
Classification:Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Slavic: South
Dictionary:
Drvodelić, Milan. 1970. Croato-Serbian English Dictionary. Zagreb: školska Knjiga. Rustić, Svetomir and živojin Simić. 1975. An English-Serbocroatian Dictionary. Belgrad: Prosveta.
Grammar:
Grozdić, Oton. 1969. Serbo-Croatian Grammar and Reader. New York: Hafner. Popović, Alexandre and Michel Popović. 1969. Manuel pratique de langue serbo-croate. Paris: Klinksieck. Dmitriev, P. A. and G. I. Safronov. 1975. Serboxorvatskij jazyk. Leningrad: Leningrad Univ. Press. Hamm, Josip. 1975. Grammatik der serbokroatischen Sprache. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
TextBooks:
Magner, Thomas F. 1972. Introduction to the Croatian and Serbian Language. State College, PA: Singidunum Press. Javarek, Vera and Miroslava Sudjić. 1969. Teach Yourself Serbo-Croat. London: English Universities Press.
Other Sources:
Hodge, Carleton T. 1946. "Serbo-Croatian Phonemes," Lg 22, 112-20 Bidwell Charles E. 1964. "The Serbo-Croatian Verb," Lg 40, 532-50.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k b d̪ ɡ t̪s č ć ɡ̌ ɟ́ f s š h v z ž m n̪ ñ l ʎ r
Stops:p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
Affricates:t̪s ć ɟ́ č ɡ̌
Fricatives:f v s z š ž h
Nasals:m n̪ ñ
Laterals:l ʎ
Vibrants:r
Glides:j
Vowel system:
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o
Long Vowels:v̄ all
Syllable:(C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C) rˈ
Tones:ris fall
Noun Number:s p
Gender:m f n
Demonstratives:3
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 3mfn 6mfn
Syntax:SVO AN NG/(GN) DN NUM-N POSS-N Num+A+N
Prep/Post:PREP
Number:1888
Language:Macedonian
Location:Macedonia
Population:2 million
Classification:Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Slavic: South
Grammar:Lunt, Horace G. 1952. A Grammar of the Macedonian Literary Language. Skopje.
Other Sources:
AL 7:8 WALS WPF
Consonant system:
p t̪ c k b d̪ ɟ ɡ t̪s č d̪z ɡ̌ f s̪ š h v z̪ ž m n̪ ñ l lɯ r
Stops:p b t̪ d̪ c ɟ k ɡ
Affricates:t̪s d̪z č ɡ̌
Fricatives:f v s̪ z̪ š ž h
Nasals:m n̪ ñ
Laterals:l lɯ
Vibrants:r
Glides:j
Vowel system:
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:(ǝ) a
Back Vowels:u o
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 3mfn 6
Syntax:SVO
Number:1889
Language:Bulgarian
Location:Bulgaria
Population:8 million
Classification:Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Slavic: South
Dictionary:
Atanasova, T., et al. 1975. Bulgarian-English Dictionary. Sofia: Nauka i Izkustvo. Atanasova, T., et al. 1973. English-Bulgarian Dictionary, 2 vols. Sofia: Academy of Sciences.
Other Sources:
Van Campen, Joseph A. 1959. "Alternative Analyses of the Bulgarian Nonsyllabic Phonemes," Lg 35, 264-70. Aronson, Howard I. 1968. Bulgarian Inflectional Morphophonology. The Hague: Mouton. Scatton, Ernest A. 1975. Bulgarian Phonology. Cambrige, MA: Slavica. Al 7:8
Consonant system:
p t k b d ɡ ts č (dz) (ɡ̌) f s š x v z ž m n l r
Stops:p b t d k ɡ
Affricates:ts (dz) č (ɡ̌)
Fricatives:f v s z š ž x
Nasals:m n
Laterals:l
Vibrants:r
Modified Consonants:cj all but č ɡ̌ š ž x
Glides:j
Vowel system:
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:ǝ a
Back Vowels:u o
Noun Number:s p
Gender:m f n
Articles:def
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 3mfn 6
Syntax:SVO AN POSS-N
Prep/Post:PREP
Number:1890
Language:Yukaghir
Location:NE Russia (Jakut ASSR)
Population:400
Classification:Uralic: Yukaghir
Grammar:
Krejnovich, E.A. 1958. Jukagirskij jazyk. Moscow: Academy of Sciences. Krejnovich, E.A. 1968. "Jukagirskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 435-52.
Other Sources:
AL 7:1. CTIL 1, 366.
Consonant system:
p t k q b d ɡ s h m n ŋ l r
Stops:p b t d k ɡ q
Fricatives:s h
Nasals:m n ŋ
Laterals:l
Vibrants:r
Modified Consonants:cj t d n l
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i u e ø o a
Front Vowels:i e ø
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o
Long Vowels:v̄ all
Diphthongs:ie uo
Syllable:(C)V(C)(C)
Stress:mostly initial or second
Noun Number:s [p] [pl rarely used]
Demonstratives:4: this, that , yonder, that very far or invisible + REF
Benkő, Loránd and Samu Imre, eds. 1972. The Hungarian Language. The Hague: Mouton. Tompa, József. 1972. Kleine ungarische Grammatik. Leipzig: VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie. Hall, Robert A. 1944. Hungarian Grammar. Lg Monograph No. 21.
TextBooks:Bánhidi, Z. Z. Jókay and D. Szabó. 1965. A Textbook of the Hungarian Language. London: Collet's.
Other Sources:SUL
Consonant system:
p t̪ c k b d̪ ɟ ɡ t̪s č d̪z ɡ̌ f s̪ š h v z̪ ž m n̪ ñ l̪ r