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A global linguistic database : Search within this database Total of 5736 records 287 pages
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Number: 1921
Language: Ingrian
Location: NW Russia
Population: 350
Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Baltic Finnic
Grammar: Laanest, A. 1966. "Izhorskij jazyk," in JNS 3, 102-17.
Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ ts č (f) s š h v z ž m n l r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: (f) v s z š ž h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ p t k s m n l r
Glides: j
Front Vowels: i y e ø æ
Back Vowels: u o ɑ
Long Vowels: ̄v̄ all
Diphthongs: ai æi oi øi ui yi ei au ou eu iu æy øy
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: initial
Noun Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Syntax: SVO AN DN NUM-N POSS-N N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: PREP/POST
Number: 1922
Language: Karelian
Location: NW Russia
Population: 128,000
Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Baltic Finnic
Grammar: Makarov, G.N. 1966. "Karel'skij jazyk," in JNS 3, 61-80
Consonant system: p t̪ t̪j k b d̪ d̪j ɡ (t̪s ) č ɡ̌ (f) s̪ s̪j š (x) h v z̪ z̪j ž m n̪ n̪j l̪ l̪j r rj
Stops: p b t̪ t̪j d̪ d̪j k ɡ
Affricates: (t̪s ) č ɡ̌
Fricatives: (f) v s̪ s̪j z̪ z̪j š ž (x) h
Nasals: m n̪ n̪j
Laterals: l̪ l̪j
Vibrants: r rj
Modified Consonants: c̄ p t tj k č sj š m n nj l lj r rj
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i y e ø æ
Back Vowels: u o ɑ
Long Vowels: (v̄)
Diphthongs: diphthonɡs triphthonɡs
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: initial
Noun Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2+ref
Syntax: AN DN NUM-N N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: PREP/POST
Number: 1923
Language: Olonets
Alternate Name: Livvi
Location: NW Russia
Population: 80,000
Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Baltic Finnic
Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 1924
Language: Ludic
Alternate Name: Ludian
Location: NW Russia
Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Baltic Finnic
Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 1925
Language: Vepsian
Location: NW Russia (Karelian ASSR)
Population: 30,000
Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Baltic Finnic
Dictionary: Zajtseva, M.I. and M.I. Mullonen. 1972. Slovar' vepsskogo jazyka. Leningrad: Nauka.
Grammar: Xjamjaljajnen, M.M. 1966. "Vepsskij jazyk," in JNS 3, 81-101.
Consonant system: p t̪ k b d̪ ɡ t̪s č (ɡ̌) f s̪ š v z̪ ž ɦ m n̪ l̪ r
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
Affricates: t̪s č (ɡ̌)
Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž ɦ
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ p t k s l m n cj all but č š ž
Glides: j
Front Vowels: i y e ø æ
Back Vowels: u o ɑ
Diphthongs: ai ei ij oi ui æi øi yi au ou uw æu øu yu
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)(C)
Stress: initial
Noun Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns: 1 4ie* 2 5ie* 3 6ie* *Vepsian has a special set of plural pronouns indicating membership in a group (e.g. family, home, village) (i.e. exclusive?) as opposed to the plain (inclusive?) forms.
Syntax: SVO/SOV AN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: PREP/POST
Number: 1926
Language: Votic
Location: NW Russia
Population: 100
Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Baltic Finnic
Grammar: Adler, E. 1966. "Vodskij jazyk," in JNS 3, 118-37. Ariste, Paul. 1968. A Grammar of the Votic Language. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Consonant system: p t̪ k b d̪ ɡ t̪s č (ɡ̌) (f) s̪ (š) (x) h v z̪ (ž) m n̪ l̪ r
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
Affricates: t̪s č (ɡ̌)
Fricatives: (f) v s̪ z̪ (š) (ž) (x) h
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ p t k ts č f v s z š ž m n l r j cj t d s z n l r
Glides: j
Front Vowels: i y e ø æ
Central Vowels: (ɨ) ǝ
Back Vowels: u o ɑ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: ai oi ui ǝi æi ei øi yi au ou ǝu eu iu iæ yæ æy ey øy ua ǝa ia æu iy
Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C)
Stress: initial
Noun Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Syntax: SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/(N-POSS)
Ergative:
Prep/Post: PREP/POST
Number: 1927
Language: Estonian
Location: Estonian
Population: 1 million
Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Baltic Finnic
Dictionary: Silvet, J. 1970. Eesti-inglise sõnaraamat. Tallinn: Kirjastus Eesti Raamat. Silvet, J. 1956. Inglise-eesti sõnaraamat. Toronto: Eesti Kirjastus Orto.
Grammar: Harms, Robert T. 1962. Estonian Grammar. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Ruan, Alo and Andrus Saareste. 1965. Introduction to Estonian Linguistics. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. Kask, A.X. 1966. "Estonskij jazyk," in JNS 3, 35-60.
TextBooks: Oinas, Felix J. 1966. Basic Course in Estonian. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Consonant system: p t tj k (f) s sj (š) h v m n nj l lj r
Stops: p t tj k
Fricatives: (f) v s sj (š) h
Nasals: m n nj
Laterals: l lj
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ (lonɡ) all c̄̄ (overlonɡ) all
Glides: j
Front Vowels: i y e ø æ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɤ
Long Vowels: v̄ (lonɡ) all, v̄̄ (overlonɡ) all
Diphthongs: diphthonɡs
Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)
Stress: initial
Noun Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns: 1 4 2* 5 3 6 *Politeness: 2 intim & 2 pol [2 pol = 5]
Syntax: SVO [At an earlier period the basic word order was SOV] AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+N
Ergative:
Prep/Post: (PREP)/POST
Number: 1928
Language: Livonian
Alternate Name: Liv
Location: Latvia
Population: 500
Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Baltic Finnic
Dictionary: Kettunen, Lauri. 1938. Livisches Wörterbuch. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.
Grammar: Vjaari, E.E. 1966. "Livskij jazyk," in JNS 3, 138-54.
Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ ts č dz ɡ̌ (f) s š v z ž m n l r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: ts dz č ɡ̌
Fricatives: (f) v s z š ž
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ all but dz ɡ̌ w
Glides: j
Front Vowels: i e æ
Central Vowels: ǝ ɵ
Back Vowels: u o ɑ
Long Vowels: v̄ all but e o
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)(C)
Stress: initial
Noun Number: s p
Demonstratives: 1
Syntax: SVO AN NUM-N POSS-N Num+A+N
Ergative:
Prep/Post: (PREP)/POST
Number: 1929
Language: Proto-Altaic
Location: Asia
Classification: Altaic
Other Sources: Tsintsius, V.I. 1975. "On the Pre-Altaic System of Consonants," in Researches in Altaic Languages, ed. by Louis Ligeti, 299-306.
Consonant system: p ph t th k kh b d ɡ č čh ɡ̌ s m n ñ ŋ l r
Stops: p ph b t th d k kh ɡ
Affricates: č čh ɡ̌
Fricatives: s
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j
Front Vowels: i y ɛ œ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɯ o
Long Vowels: v̄ The existance of v̄ in Altaic is a matter of dispute.
Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 1930
Language: Proto-Turkic
Location: C Asia
Classification: Altaic: Turkic
Grammar: Menges, Karl H. 1968. The Turkic Languages and Peoples. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
Consonant system: p t̪ k q b d̪ ɡ č ɡ̌ s̪ š z̪ ɣ m n̪ ñ ŋ l̪ lɯ r
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ q
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s̪ z̪ š ɣ
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l̪ lɯ
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i y ɛ œ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɯ o
Noun Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Syntax: AN GN
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1931
Language: Old Turkic
Location: Mongolia
Population: (+)c.700 A.D.
Classification: Altaic: Turkic
Grammar: Tekin, Talaflt. 1968. A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Consonant system: p t̪ k b d̪ ɡ č s̪ š z̪ m n̪ ñ ŋ l r
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: s̪ z̪ š
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j
Front Vowels: i y (e) ø æ
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ
Long Vowels: i y e ø u ɯ o ɑ
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)
Stress: final
Noun Number: [pl is usually not indicated, though pl suffixes exist and are sometimes used for humans]
Demonstratives: 2
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Num+A+N
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Comments: Old Turkic (=Orkhon Turkic) was the official language of the second East Turkic Empire (c. 680-740 AD).
Number: 1932
Language: Chuvash
Location: W Russia (Chuvash SSR)
Population: 1.7 million
Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Bolgar
Dictionary: Ashmarin, N.I. 1928-50. Slovar' chuvashskogo jazyka. Kazan'. Egorov, V.G. 1972. Russko-chuvashkij slovar'. Cheboksary.
Grammar: Krueger, John R. 1961. Chuvash Manual. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Andreev, I.A. 1966. "Chuvashskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 43-65.
Other Sources: Krueger, John R. 1962. "Morphophonemic Change in Chuvash Verb Stems," in ASAL, 129-40.
Consonant system: p t k (b) (d) (ɡ) (ts ) č (f) s š χ v (z) (ž) m n l r
Stops: p (b) t (d) k (ɡ)
Affricates: (ts ) č
Fricatives: (f) v s (z) š (ž) χ
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cj ? c̄ all
Glides: j
Vowel system: i y ɯ u e ǝ ɤ (o) ɑ
Front Vowels: i y e
Central Vowels: ǝ
Back Vowels: u ɯ (o) ɤ ɑ
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)
Stress: final (non-reduced) vowel
Noun Number: s p
Demonstratives: 4+ref
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1933
Language: Khalaj
Location: C Iran
Population: 20,000
Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Southern
Other Sources: Doerfer, Gerhard. 1971. Khalaj Materials. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. WALS
Consonant system: p t̪ k b d̪ ɡ č (ɡ̌) (f) s š h v z (ž) m n̪ l ɾ
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
Affricates: č (ɡ̌)
Fricatives: (f) v s z š (ž) h
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j
Front Vowels: i y œ æ
Back Vowels: u ɔ ɑ
Long Vowels: v̄ œ u ɔ only
Diphthongs: diphthonɡs
Syntax: SOV
Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 1934
Language: Gagauz
Location: E Rumania
Population: 157,000
Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Southern
Dictionary: Gajdarzhi, G.A. et al. 1973. Gagauzsko-russko-moldavskij slovar'. Moscow: Sovetskaja Entsiklopedija.
Grammar: Pokrovskaja, L.A. 1964. Grammatika gagauzskogo jazyka. Moscow: Nauka. Pokrovskaja, L.A. 1966. "Gagauzskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 112-38.
Consonant system: p t̪ k b d̪ ɡ (t̪s ) č ɡ̌ f s̪ š (x) h v z̪ (ž) m n̪ l̪ r
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
Affricates: (t̪s ) č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š (ž) (x) h
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j
Front Vowels: i y e ø æ
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɤ ɑ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: diphthonɡs
Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)
Stress: final
Noun Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: indef
Pronouns: 1 4 2* 5* *3* *6* *Politeness: a polite/plain distinction for 2 3 5 6
Syntax: SVO AN GN/NG DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS D+Num+N
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1935
Language: Turkish
Location: Turkey
Population: 40 million
Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Southern
Dictionary: Alderson, A.D. and Fahir Iz, eds. 1959. The Concise Oxford Turkish Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Grammar: Swift, Lloyd B. 1963. A Reference Grammar of Modern Turkish. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Lewis, G.L. 1967. Turkish Grammar. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
TextBooks: Underhill, Robert. 1976. Turkish Grammar. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Consonant system: ph t̪h (ch ) kh (ʔ) b d̪ (ɟ) ɡ čh ɡ̌ f s š h v z ž m n̪ l lɯ ɾ
Stops: ph b t̪h d̪ (ch ) (ɟ) kh ɡ (ʔ)
Affricates: čh ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s z š (ž) h
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l lɯ
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j
Front Vowels: I Y ɛ œ
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)
Stress: usually final
Noun Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: indef
Pronouns: 1 4 2* 5 *3 *6 Politeness: 2 pol&2 intim(5 = 2 pol)
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1936
Language: Crimean Turkish
Location: Uzbekistan
Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Southern
Grammar: Sevortjan, E.V. 1966. "Krymsko-tatarskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 234-59.
Consonant system: p t k q b d ɡ č ɡ̌ f s š x v z ž ʁ m n N l r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ q
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s z š ž x ʁ
Nasals: m n N
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j
Front Vowels: i y e ø
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)
Stress: final
Noun Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3+ref
Articles: indef
Syntax: SOV AN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS D+Num+A+N
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1937
Language: Turkmen
Location: Turkmenistan
Population: 2 million
Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Southern
Dictionary: Baskakov, N.A. and M.J. Xamzaev. 1956. Russko-turkmenskij slovar'. Moscow.
Grammar: Azimov, P., D. Amansaryev and K. Saryev. 1966. "Turkmenskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 91-111. Baskakov, N.A., M.J. Xamzaev and B. Charyjarov, eds. 1970. Grammatika turkmenskogo jazyka. Ashxaban: Ylym.
Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ (ts ) č ɡ̌ ɸ s š h β z ž m n ŋ l r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: (ts ) č ɡ̌
Fricatives: ɸ β s z š ž h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j
Front Vowels: i y e ø
Central Vowels: ɨ
Back Vowels: u o ɑ
Long Vowels: i y ø æ ɨ u o ɑ
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)
Stress: final
Noun Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: indef
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1938
Language: Turkmen
Dialect: Chagatay
Location: Turkmenistan
Population: extinct
Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Southern
Grammar: GD: Eckmann, János. 1966. Chagatay Manual. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Consonant system: p t̪ k q ʔ b d̪ ɡ č ɡ̌ f s̪ š χ h v z̪ ž ʁ m n̪ N l̪ lɯ r̪ r
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ q ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž χ ʁ h
Nasals: m n̪ N
Laterals: l̪ lɯ
Vibrants: r̪ r
Front Vowels: i y e ø æ
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ
Long Vowels: v̄
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)
Noun Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: indef
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Num+A+N
Ergative:
Prep/Post: (PREP)/POST
Number: 1939
Language: Azerbaijani
Alternate Name: Azari
Location: Azerbaijan
Population: 7 million
Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Southern
Dictionary: Dzhafarov, S. 1959. Leksika sovremenogo azerbajdzhanskogo jazyka, Baku.
Grammar: Gadzhieva, N.Z. 1966. "Azerbajdzhanskij jazyk," JNS 2, 66-90. Shiraliev, M.S. and E.V. Sevortjan, eds. 1971. Grammatika azerbajdzhanskogo jazyka. Baku: Elm.
TextBooks: Householder, Fred W. 1965. Basic Course in Azerbaijani. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Other Sources: Alekperov, A.K. 1971. Fonematicheskaja sistema sovremennogo azerbajdzhanskogo jazyka. Baku: Elm.
Consonant system: p t c k b d ɟ ɡ č ɡ̌ (f) s š χ h v z ž ʁ m n l r
Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: (f) v s z š ž χ ʁ h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j
Front Vowels: i y e ø æ
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ
Long Vowels: (v̄)
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)
Stress: final
Noun Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: indef?
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1940
Language: Qashqay
Location: SW Iran (Fars)
Population: 1.5 million
Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Southern
Ergative:
Prep/Post:
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