A global linguistic database : Query result

Number: 1961

Language: Chulym

Location: SC Russia (Chulym River)

Population: 48,000

Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Northern: Tuva-Altai

Dictionary: Dul'zon, A.P. 1966. "Chulymsko-tjurkskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 446-66.

Consonant system:

p b t d k ɡ q ʔ
t^s d^z
β s z š ž ç x ɣ
m m̥ n ŋ
l l̥ l^ɯl̥^ɯ
r r̥

Stops: p b t d k ɡ q ʔ

Affricates: t^s d^z

Fricatives: β s z š ž ç x ɣ

Nasals: m m̥ n ŋ

Laterals: l l̥ l^ɯl̥^ɯ

Vibrants: r r̥

Modified Consonants: c^j

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i Y e ø ɛ

Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ ɵ a

Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɑ

Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ ɵ ʋ

Diphthongs: ɑj aj oj uj ɨj ʋj ɛj ou ua uɑ uʋ ye ie

Stress: final

Noun Number: s p

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N N-POSS

Ergative:

Prep/Post: /POST

Number: 1962

Language: Shor

Location: SC Russia (Khakas A.O.)

Population: 15,000

Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Northern: Tuva-Altai

Grammar: Babushkin, G.F. and G.I. Donidze. 1966. "Shorskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 467-81.

Consonant system:

p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ q G
(t̪^s) č ɡ̌
(f) (v) s̪ z̪ š ž (x)
m n̪ ŋ
l̪̪
r

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ q G

Affricates: (t̪^s) č ɡ̌

Fricatives: (f) (v) s̪ z̪ š ž (x)

Nasals: m n̪ ŋ

Laterals: l̪

Vibrants: r

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i y e ø

Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)

Stress: final

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 4 [this/that there/that present/that absent]

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

Ergative:

Prep/Post: /POST

Number: 1963

Language: Tuva

Alternate Name: Tuvan

Location: SC Russia (Tuva ASSR)

Population: 137,000

Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Northern: Tuva-Altai

Dictionary:

Pal'mbax, A.A., ed. 1953. Russko-tuvinskij slovar'. Moscow.
Pal'mbax, A.A., ed. 1955. Tuvinsko-russkij slovar'. Moscow.

Grammar:

GD: Krueger, John R. 1977. Tuvan Manual. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Sat, S.C. 1966. "Tuvinskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 387-402.
Isxakov, F.G. and A.A. Pal'mbax. 1961. Grammatika tuvinskogo jazyka.

Consonant system:

p b t̪ d̪ k (Russian sources also give p^h and t^h)
(t^s) č
(f) (v) s̪ z̪ š ž ɣ χ ʁ (h)
m n̪ ŋ
l
r

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k (Russian sources also give p^h and t^h)

Affricates: (t^s) č

Fricatives: (f) (v) s̪ z̪ š ž ɣ χ ʁ (h)

Nasals: m n̪ ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i y ɛ œ

Back Vowels: u ɯ ɔ ɑ

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Nasal Vowels: (ṽ)

Modified Vowels: v̰(pharynɡealized) all

Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)

Stress: final

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

Ergative:

Prep/Post: /POST

Number: 1964

Language: Karagas

Alternate Name: Tofa

Location: Russia

Population: 560

Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Northern: Tuva-Altai

Dictionary: Rassadin, V.I. 1971. Fonetika i leksika tofalarskogo jazyka. Ulan-Ude: Burjatskoe Knizhnoe Izdatel'stvo.

Consonant system:

p b t d k ɡ q G ʔ
č ɡ̌
v s z š ž ɣ ʁ h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ q G ʔ

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Fricatives: v s z š ž ɣ ʁ h

Nasals: m n ñ ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i y ɛ œ

Back Vowels: u ɯ ɔ ɑ

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Modified Vowels: v̰ (pharynɡealized) all

Demonstratives: 3

Articles: indef

Pronouns:

1 4d 4
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: AN GN

Ergative:

Prep/Post:

Number: 1965

Language: Classical Mongolian

Location: Mongolia

Population: (+) c.1600 AD

Classification: Altaic: Mongolian

Grammar:

Poppe, Nicholas. 1964. Grammar of Written Mongolian. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
Grønbech, Kaare and John R. Krueger. 1976. An Introduction to Classical (Literary) Mongolian. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.

Consonant system:

(p) b t d k ɡ q
č ɡ̌
(v) s š ɣ (h)
m n
l
r

Stops: (p) b t d k ɡ q

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Fricatives: (v) s š ɣ (h)

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ʉ ɵ a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Syllable: (C)V(C)

Stress: initial

Noun Number: s p [pl not as comon as in other languages]

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: indef

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

Ergative:

Prep/Post: /POST

Number: 1966

Language: Moghol

Alternate Name: Moghol

Dialect: Herat

Location: Afghanistan (Herat)

Population: 50,000

Classification: Altaic: Mongolian: Western

Grammar: Weiers, Michael. 1972. Die Sprache der Moghol der Provinz Herat in Afghanistan. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.

Consonant system:

p b t d k ɡ q (ʔ)
č ɡ̌
f s (z) š x ʁ (h)
m n ŋ
l
r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ q (ʔ)

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Fricatives: f s (z) š x ʁ (h)

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Glides: j (w)

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: SOV GN/NG DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

Ergative:

Prep/Post: /POST

Number: 1967

Language: Dagur

Alternate Name: Daur

Location: NE China

Population: 50,000

Classification: Altaic: Mongolian: Eastern: Dagur

Other Sources: WALS

Consonant system:

Syntax: SOV

Ergative:

Prep/Post:

Number: 1968

Language: Monguor

Alternate Name: Mangghuer, Tu

Location: China (W Kansu)

Population: 60,000

Classification: Altaic: Mongolian: Eastern: Monguor

Grammar: Smedt, A. de and A. Mostaert. 1945. Le dialecte monguor. Peking: The Catholic Univ. [Reprinted 1964 by Indiana Univ., Bloomington]

Consonant system:

p p^h t̪ t̪^h k k^h q
t^s t^s^h ṭ^s ṭ^s^h č č^h
f s̪ ṣ ẓ š χ
m n ŋ
l
r

Stops: p p^h t̪ t̪^h k k^h q

Affricates: t^s t^s^h ṭ^s ṭ^s^h č č^h

Fricatives: f s̪ ṣ ẓ š χ

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i y e ɛ æ

Central Vowels: ʉ ɵ a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄

Nasal Vowels: ṽ: æ a o

Stress: final

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

Ergative:

Prep/Post: /POST

Number: 1969

Language: Yellow Uighur

Alternate Name: West Yugur

Location: China (NW Gansu)

Population: 4,600

Classification: Altaic: Mongolian: Eastern: Monguor

Consonant system:

Ergative:

Prep/Post:

Number: 1970

Language: Pao-an

Alternate Name: Baonan

Dialect: Tung-hsiang

Location: China (Kansu)

Population: 250,000 (160,000)

Classification: Altaic: Mongolian: Eastern: Monguor

Grammar: Todaeva, B.X. 1961. Dunsjanskij jazyk. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Vostochnoj literatury.

Consonant system:

p^h b t^h d c^h ɟ ɡ q^h
č^h ɡ̌
f (v) s (z) š x h
m n ŋ
l
r

Stops: p^h b t^h d c^h ɟ ɡ q^h

Affricates: č^h ɡ̌

Fricatives: f (v) s (z) š x h

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ

Syllable: (C)V(C)

Stress: initial

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

Ergative:

Prep/Post: /POST

Number: 1971

Language: Santa

Location: China (SW Gansu)

Population: 374,000

Classification: Altaic: Mongolian: Eastern: Monguor

Other Sources: WALS

Consonant system:

Syntax: SOV

Ergative:

Prep/Post:

Number: 1972

Language: Oirat

Location: China

Population: 518,000

Classification: Altaic: Mongolian: Eastern: Oirat-Khalkha: Oirat-Kalmyk

Other Sources: WALS

Consonant system:

Syntax: SOV

Ergative:

Prep/Post:

Number: 1973

Language: Kalmyk

Location: SW Russia (Kalmyk ASSR)

Population: 253,000

Classification: Altaic: Mongolian: Eastern: Oirat-Khalkha: Oirat-Kalmyk

Dictionary:

Ramstedt, G.J. 1935. Kalmückisches Wörterbuch. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.
Ilishkin, I., ed. 1964. Russko-kalmyyskij slovar'. Moscow

Grammar: Todaeva, B.X. 1968. "Kalmytskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 34-52.

Other Sources:

Street, John C. 1962. "Kalmyk Shwa," in ASAL, 263-91.
Badmaev, B.B. 1966. Grammatika Kalmytskogo jazyka: morfologija. Elista: Kalmytskoe Knizhnoe Izdatel'stvo.

Consonant system:

(p) b t d k ɡ
t^s č ɡ̌
β (f) s z š (ž) x ɣ
m n ŋ
l
r

Stops: (p) b t d k ɡ

Affricates: t^s č ɡ̌

Fricatives: β (f) s z š (ž) x ɣ

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i y e ø æ

Central Vowels: ǝ

Back Vowels: u o ɑ

Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ

Syllable: (C)V(C)

Stress: initial

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

Ergative:

Prep/Post: /POST

Number: 1974

Language: Buriat

Location: SE Russia (Buryat ASSR)

Population: 350,000

Classification: Altaic: Mongolian: Eastern: Oirat-Khalkha: Khalkha-Buriat

Dictionary:

Cheremisov, K.M. 1973. Burjatsko-russkij slovar'. Moscow: Sovetskaja Entsiklopedija.
Sanzheev, G.D. Grammatika burjatskogo jazyka'. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo vostochnoj literatury.

Grammar:

Bosson, James E. 1962. Buriat Reader. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Bertagaev, T.A. 1968. "Burjatskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 13-33.

Other Sources: Buraev, I.D., T.P. Bazheeva and E.S. Pavlova. 1975. Atlas zvukov burjatskogo jazyka. Ulan-Ude: Burjatskoe Knizhnoe Izdatel'stvo.

Consonant system:

(p) b t d (k) ɡ
(t^s) (č)
(f) (v) s z š ž x h
m n ŋ
l
r

Stops: (p) b t d (k) ɡ

Affricates: (t^s) (č)

Fricatives: (f) (v) s z š ž x h

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c^j ?

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: I y ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ

Long Vowels: i y ø ɛ u ɔ ɑ

Diphthongs: æɛ ɔɛ ʋI yi

Syllable: (C)V(C)

Stress: initial, or on first long vowel

Noun Number: s [p]

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

Ergative:

Prep/Post: /POST

Number: 1975

Language: Khalkha

Location: Mongolia

Population: 1 million

Classification: Altaic: Mongolian: Eastern: Oirat-Khalkha: Khalkha-Buriat

Dictionary:

Lessing, F.D. et al. 1960. Mongolian-English Dictionary. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
Hangin, John G. 1970. A Concise English-Mongolian Dictionary. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.

Grammar:

Street, John C. 1963. Khalkha Structure. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Bosson, James E. 1964. Modern Mongolian: A Primer and Reader. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Poppe, Nicholas. 1970. Mongolian Language Handbook. Washington, D.C.: CAL.

TextBooks: Hangin, John G. 1968. Basic Course in Mongolian. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.

Consonant system:

   (p^h) t̪^h (k^h)
   b d̪ ɡ
    t^sh č^h
    d^z ɡ̌
(ɸ) s š x
β
m n̪ ŋ
    l̪ (ɬ)
    r

Stops: (p^h) b t̪^h d̪ (k^h) ɡ

Affricates: t^s^h d^z č^h ɡ̌

Fricatives: (ɸ) β s š x

Nasals: m n̪ ŋ

Laterals: l̪ (ɬ)

Vibrants: r

Glides: j

Vowel system:

i ʉ u
e ǝ ɵ o
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ʉ ǝ ɵ a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄: all but ǝ

Diphthongs: ae oe ʉi ia io iu ui

Syllable: (C)V(C)

Stress: initial

Noun Number: s p [pl used less than in Western languages]

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4[ie]
2 5
*3 *6
*Politeness: pol/fam (2) [2 pol=5]

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS D+Num+A+N

Ergative:

Prep/Post: /POST

Number: 1976

Language: Khorchin

Location: China

Population: 900,000

Classification: Altaic: Mongolian: Eastern: Oirat-Khalkha: Khalkha-Buriat

Other Sources:

Bosson, James and B. Unensečen. 1962. "Some Notes on the Dialect of the Khorchin Mongols," in ASAL, 23-44.
E

Consonant system:

p^h b t̪^h d̪ ɟ ɡ

s̪ š h
m n̪ ŋ
l
r

Stops: p^h b t̪^h d̪ ɟ ɡ

Fricatives: s̪ š h

Nasals: m n̪ ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e ø

Central Vowels: ǝ ɵ

Back Vowels: u o ɔ ɑ

Long Vowels: i y e ø ǝ ɵ u o ɔ ɑ

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SOV

Ergative:

Prep/Post:

Number: 1977

Language: Ordos

Location: China (Sui Yang)

Population: 375,000

Classification: Altaic: Mongolian: Eastern: Oirat-Khalkha: Khalkha-Buriat

Dictionary: Mostaert, Antoine 1941. Dictionnaire ordos. Peking: The Catholic Univ. [Reprinted 1968 by Johnson Reprinted, New York]

Grammar: Soulié, G. 1903. Éléments de grammaire mongole (dialecte ordoss). Paris: Ernest Leroux.

Consonant system:

p p^h b t t^h k k^h ɡ q G
t^s č č^h k^x
f s z š ž x ɣ χ ʁ
m n ŋ
l l̥
r r̥

Stops: p p^h b t t^h k k^h ɡ q G

Affricates: t^s č č^h k^x

Fricatives: f s z š ž x ɣ χ ʁ

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l l̥

Vibrants: r r̥

Glides: j w w̥

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i y e ø œ æ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ

Long Vowels: v̄

Stress: initial

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: SOV AN GN NUM-N POSS-N

Ergative:

Prep/Post:

Number: 1978

Language: Even

Location: NE Russia (NE Yakut ASSR)

Population: 9,000

Classification: Altaic: Tungus: Northern

Dictionary:

Tsintsius, V.I. and L.D. Rishes. 1952. Russko-evenskij slovar'. Moscow.
GD: Benzing, J. 1955. Lamutische Grammatik mit Bibliographie, Sprachproben und Glossar. Wiesbaden.

Grammar:

Novikova, K.A. 1960. Ocherki dialektov evenskogo jazyka. Moscow: Academy of Sciences.
Novikova K.A. 1968. "Evenskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 88-108.
Menges, Karl H. 1968. "Das Lamutische," in Altaistik, vol 3, 92-129.

Consonant system:

   p t k
b d ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
    s h
v
m n ñ ŋ
    l
    r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Fricatives: v s h

Nasals: m n ñ ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄ t d k č n ŋ r

Glides: j

Vowel system:

i u
e ǝ o

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ǝ

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ i e u o

Modified Vowels:

ḭ æ̰
ḭ̄ ā̰ ǣ̰
a̤ ṳ o̤
ṳ̄ ō̤
(v̰ = 'hard' vowel: all vowels belong to either the hard or soft series. Compared to soft vowels, hard vowels: (1) are drawn back, (2) more tense, (3) have a lower timbre and in some dialects (4) are pharyngealized)

Diphthongs: ie iæ

Syllable: (C)V(C)

Stress: on last v̄, if no v̄, on last v

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

Ergative:

Prep/Post: /POST

Number: 1979

Language: Negidal

Location: SE Russia (Xabarovskij Krai)

Population: 350

Classification: Altaic: Tungus: Northern

Grammar: Kolesnikova, V.D. and O.A. Konstantinova. 1968. "Negidal'skij jazyk," in JNS 5, 109-28.

Consonant system:

p b t d k ɡ
č ɡ̌
(f) s x
m n ñ ŋ
l

Stops: p b t d k ɡ

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Fricatives: (f) s x

Nasals: m n ñ ŋ

Laterals: l

Modified Consonants: c̄

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e æ

Central Vowels: ǝ ɵ

Back Vowels: u o ɔ

Long Vowels: i I e æ ɵ a u o ɔ

Syllable: (C)V(C)

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

Ergative:

Prep/Post: /POST

Number: 1980

Language: Evenki

Alternate Name: Khamnigan

Location: E Russia (Yakut ASSR)

Population: 32,000

Classification: Altaic: Tungus: Northern

Dictionary:

Vasilevich, G.M. 1958. Evenkijsko-russkij slovar'. Moscow.
Kolesnikova, V.D. and O.A. Konstantinova. 1960. Russko-evenkijskij slovar'. Leningrad.

Grammar:

Konstantinova. O.A. 1968. "Evenkijskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 68-87.
Konstantinova, O.A. 1964. Evenkijskij jazyk. Moscow.
Menges, Karl H. 1968. "Das Ewenki," in Altaistik, vol 3, 42-92.

Other Sources: Kolesnikova, V.D. 1966. Sintaksis evenkijskogo jazyka. Moscow: Nauka.

Consonant system:

p b t d k ɡ
(t^s) č ɡ̌
β (f) s (z) (š) (ž) x
m n ñ ŋ
l
r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ

Affricates: (t^s) č ɡ̌

Fricatives: β (f) s (z) (š) (ž) x

Nasals: m n ñ ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i æ

Central Vowels: ǝ

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: i e æ ǝ u o

Syllable: (C)V(C)

Stress: phonemic

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

Ergative:

Prep/Post: /POST