A global linguistic database : Query result

Number: 2021

Language: Brahui

Location: SW Pakistan (N Baluchistan)

Population: 300,000

Classification: Dravidian: Northwest

Other Sources:

Emeneau, M. B. 1962. Brahui and Dravidian Comparative Grammar. UCPL 27.
De Armond, Richard C. 1971. "The Grammatical Morphemes of the Brahui Verb," IL 32, 91-106.
De Armond, Richard C. 1975. "Some Rules of Brahui Conjugation," in Dravidian Phonological Systems, ed. by Harold F. Schiffman and Carol M. Eastman, 242-98.

Consonant system:

   p t̪ ṭ k ʔ
b d̪ ḍ ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
f s š x h
v z ž ɣ
m n
    l ḷ
    r ɾ̣

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ k ɡ ʔ

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Fricatives: f v s z š ž x ɣ h

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l ḷ

Vibrants: r ɾ̣

Modified Consonants: c̄

Vowel system:

i u
a

Front Vowels: i

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u

Long Vowels: ī ē ā ō ū

Syntax: SOV

Number: 2022

Language: Kurux

Location: EC India (E Madhya Pradesh)

Population: 1.1 million

Classification: Dravidian: Northeast

Grammar: Hahn, F. 1911. Kurukh Grammar. Calcutta: Bengal Secretariat Press.

Other Sources:

Pfeiffer, Martin. 1972. Elements of Kurux Historical Phonology. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
Gordon, Kent H. and Kenneth L Pike. 1973. "Paired Semantic Components," in PCSD I, 313-43.
Gorden, Kent H. 1973. "Clause Patterns in Dhangar-Kurux," in PCSD II, 37-121.

Consonant system:

p p^h b b̤ t t^h d d̤ ṭ ṭ^h ḍ ḍ̤ k k^h ɡ ɡ̤ ʔ
č č^h ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌
s x h
m n (ṇ) ŋ
l
r ṛ (ṛ̤)

Stops: p p^h b b̤ t t^h d d̤ ṭ ṭ^h ḍ ḍ̤ k k^h ɡ ɡ̤ ʔ

Affricates: č č^h ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌

Fricatives: s x h

Nasals: m n (ṇ) ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r ṛ (ṛ̤)

Modified Consonants: c̄

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Nasal Vowels:

ṽ all but ǝ
v̄̃ all but ǝ

Diphthongs: ai au

Noun Number: s p

Gender: masc non-masc (fem gender=neuter in the sing, = masc in the plural) (N=fem+neut)

Demonstratives: 3

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
*3mM *6hN
m=masc M=non-masc h=human N=non-human

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N Num+A+N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 2023

Language: Malto

Location: NE India (NE Bihar)

Population: 90,000

Classification: Dravidian: Northeast

Grammar: Das, A. Sisir Kumar. 1973. Structure of Malto. Annamalainagar: Annamalai Univ.

Other Sources: Mahapatra, Bijay P. 1973. "Malto Object Classifiers," IL 34, 191-9.

Consonant system:

p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ c j k ɡ q G

θ s̪ h
m n̪ N
l
r ɾ̣

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ c ɟ k ɡ q G

Fricatives: θ s̪ h

Nasals: m n̪ N

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r ɾ̣

Modified Consonants: c̄ p b t ḍ c ɟ k q s ɾ̣ n l j

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)

Stress: non-phonemic (on v̄)

Noun Number: s p

Gender: masc non-masc (= f+n)

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
*3mM *6mM
m=masc M=non-masc

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+NUM+A+N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 2024

Language: Kolami

Location: C India (N Andhra Pradesh)

Population: 50,000

Classification: Dravidian: Central: Kolami-Parji

Grammar: GD: Emeneau, M. B. 1955. Kolami, A Dravidian Language. UCPL 12.

Other Sources:

McNair, Norman and Helen McNair. 1973. "Clause Patterns in Kolami," in PCSD II, 123-90.
AL 8:4

Consonant system:

p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ k ɡ
(t^s) č ɡ̌
v s z (h)
m n̪ ŋ
l (ḷ)
r

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ k ɡ

Affricates: (t^s) č ɡ̌

Fricatives: v s z (h)

Nasals: m n̪ ŋ

Laterals: l (ḷ)

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄ all but z ŋ j

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: (ǝ) a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Syllable: (C)C(N)(C)(C)(C)

Stress: initial

Noun Number: s p

Gender: masc non-masc

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
*3mM *6mM
[M=non-masc = f+n]

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 2025

Language: Naiki

Location: C India (NE Maharashtra)

Population: 1,500

Classification: Dravidian: Central: Kolami-Parji

Consonant system:

Syntax: SOV

Number: 2026

Language: Parji

Location: EC India (SE Madhya Pradesh)

Population: 25,000

Classification: Dravidian: Central: Kolami-Parji

Grammar: GD: Burrow, T. and S. Bhattacharya. 1953. The Parji Language. Hertford: Stephen Austin & Sons.

Other Sources:

Shanmugam, R. 1969. "Phonology and Noun Morphology of Parji," in Dravidian Linguistics: Seminar Papers, ed. by S. Agesthialingom and N. Kumaraswami, 177-86.
Khrishnamurti, B. 1978. "On Diachronic and Synchronic Rules in Phonology," IL 39, 252-76.
AL 8:4

Consonant system:

p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ k ɡ
č ɡ̌
v (s) (h)
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l
r ɾ̣

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ k ɡ

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Fricatives: v (s) (h)

Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r ɾ̣

Modified Consonants: c̄ all but b t s h ɾ̣ j

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄

Nasal Vowels:

(ṽ)
(v̄̃)

Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)

Noun Number: s p

Gender: masc non-masc [=f+n]

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
*3mM *6mM
M=non-masc = f+n

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 2027

Language: Gadaba

Dialect: Ollari

Location: EC India (S Orissa)

Population: 8,800

Classification: Dravidian: Central: Kolami-Parji

Grammar: Bhattacharya, Sudhibhushan. 1957. Ollari: A Dravidian Speech. Delhi: Government of India.

Other Sources: AL 8:4

Consonant system:

p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ k ɡ
(t^s) (d^z) č ɡ̌
v s z
m n̪ ṇ (ñ) ŋ
l
r ɾ̣

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ k ɡ

Affricates: (t^s) (d^z) č ɡ̌

Fricatives: v s z

Nasals: m n̪ ṇ (ñ) ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r ɾ̣

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Nasal Vowels: (ṽ)

Noun Number: s p

Gender: masc non-masc

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mM 6mM
M=non-masc

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 2028

Language: Gondi

Location: C India (SE Madhya Pradesh)

Population: 1.5 million

Classification: Dravidian: Central: Telugu-Kui: Gondi-Koya

Grammar: GD: Subrahmanyam P. S. 1968. A Descriptive Grammar of Gondi. Annamalainagar: Annamalai Univ.

Other Sources: Pandurangachar. 1975. "Pronouns in Gondi," IL 36, 203-11.

Consonant system:

p p^h b b̤ t̪ t̪^h (t̪^ʔ) ṭ ṭ^h ḍ d̪̤ k k^h k (k̪^̪̪ʔ) ɡ ɡ̤
t^s t^sh d^z d^z̤
β s h
m n ṇ ŋ
l
ɾ

Stops: p p^h b b̤ t̪ t̪^h (t̪^ʔ) ṭ ṭ^h ḍ d̪̤ k k^h k (k̪^ʔ) ɡ ɡ̤

Affricates: t^s t^sh d^z d̤^z

Fricatives: β s h

Nasals: m n ṇ ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: ɾ

Modified Consonants: c̄ all but s ŋ

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Modified Vowels: vowel harmony

Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)(C)

Noun Number: s p

Gender: masc non-masc

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3mM *6mM
[M=non-masc]

Syntax: SOV AN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 2029

Language: Koya

Location: C India (Andhra Pradesh)

Population: 170,000

Classification: Dravidian: Central: Telugu-Kui: Gondi-Koya

Grammar: Tyler, Stephen A. 1969. Koya: An Outline Grammar. UCPL 54.

Consonant system:

p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ k ɡ
č ɡ̌
β s ɦ
m n ṇ
l
ɾ

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ k ɡ

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Fricatives: β s ɦ

Nasals: m n ṇ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: ɾ

Modified Consonants: c̄ all but ɦ

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)(C)

Stress: non-phonemic (on long syllables)

Noun Number: s p

Gender: masc, non-masc [= f+n]

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
*3mM *6mM
M=non-masc = f+n

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+A+N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 2030

Language: Konda

Location: EC India (S Orissa)

Population: 13,000

Classification: Dravidian: Central: Telugu-Kui: Konda-Kui

Other Sources: AL 8:4

Consonant system:

p b t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ ʔ
t^s d^z
v s z
m n ṇ ŋ
l
r̪ r ṛ

Stops: p b t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ ʔ

Affricates: t^s d^z

Fricatives: v s z

Nasals: m n ṇ ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r̪ r ṛ

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Nasal Vowels: ı̃̄ ȭ

Syntax: SOV

Number: 2031

Language: Manda

Location: EC India (Orissa)

Classification: Dravidian: Central: Telugu-Kui: Konda-Kui

Consonant system:

Syntax: SOV

Number: 2032

Language: Pengo

Location: EC India (S Orissa)

Population: 1,300

Classification: Dravidian: Central: Telugu-Kui: Konda-Kui

Grammar: GD: Burrow, T. and S. Bhattacharya. 1970. The Pengo Language. Oxford. Clarendon Press.

Consonant system:

p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ k ɡ
t̪^s d̪^z
s̪ z̪ h
m n̪ ṇ ŋ
l̪
r ṛ

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ k ɡ

Affricates: t̪^s d̪^z

Fricatives: s̪ z̪ h

Nasals: m n̪ ṇ ŋ

Laterals: l̪

Vibrants: r ṛ

Modified Consonants: c̄ "Long consonants are common in Pengo, but they always result from the combination of roots and affixes." p. 18

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Modified Vowels: vowel harmony

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f n

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
*3mfn *6mfn

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: POST

Comments: All Bilingual in Oriya.

Number: 2033

Language: Kui

Location: EC India (NW Orissa)

Population: 510,000

Classification: Dravidian: Central: Telugu-Kui: Konda-Kui

Dictionary: Winfield, W. W. 1929. A Vocabulary of the Kui Language. Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal.

Grammar: Winfield, W. W. 1928. A Grammar of the Kui Language. Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press.

Other Sources: Watkin, K. L. 1975. "Some Phonological Rules for the Kui Verb," in Dravidian Phonological Systems, ed. by Harold F. Schiffman and Carol M. Eastman, 375-89.

Consonant system:

p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ k ɡ
ɡ̌
β s ṣ h
m n ṇ
l ḷ
r ṛ

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ k ɡ

Affricates: ɡ̌

Fricatives: β s ṣ h

Nasals: m n ṇ

Laterals: l ḷ

Vibrants: r ṛ

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Stress: initial

Noun Number: s p

Gender: masc, non-masc [=f+n]

Demonstratives: 4 (3 + that over there)

Articles: indef

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
*3mM *6mM
M=non-masc

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 2034

Language: Kuvi

Location: EC India (S Orissa)

Population: 190,000

Classification: Dravidian: Central: Telugu-Kui: Konda-Kui

Other Sources: Ramakrishna Reddy, B., Susheela P. Upadhyaya and Joy Reddy. 1974. Kuvi Phonetic Reader. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages.

Consonant system:

p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ k ɡ ʔ
t^sd^z
v s h
m n ṇ ŋ
l
ɾ ɾ̣

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ k ɡ ʔ

Affricates: t^sd^z

Fricatives: v s h

Nasals: m n ṇ ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: ɾ ɾ̣

Modified Consonants: c̄

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Nasal Vowels:

ṽ all
v̄̃ all

Syntax: SOV

Number: 2035

Language: Telugu

Location: SC India (Andhra Pradesh)

Population: 50 million

Classification: Dravidian: Central: Telugu-Kui: Telugu

Grammar: DG: Polkam, D. B. 1971. Merolu Telugu. Poona: Deccan College.

TextBooks:

Lisker, Leigh. 1963. Introduction to Spoken Telugu. Poona: Deccan College.
Krishnamurti, B. and P. Sivananda Sarma. 1968. A Basic Course in Modern Telugu. Hyderabad.
Subrahmanyam, P. S. 1974. An Introduction to Modern Telugu. Annamalainagar: Annamalai Univ.

Other Sources:

Kelley, Gerald. 1958. "Telugu Vowel Phonemes," IL 18, 146-58.
Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju. 1961. Telugu Verbal Bases. UCPL 24.
Murti, K. V. S. 1972. "Telugu Syntax: A Brief Description," Linguistics 81, 49-82.
Venkateswara Sastry, J. 1972. Telugu Phonetic Reader. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages.
AL 8:4

Consonant system:

p (p^h) b (b̤) t̪ d̪ (d̤̪) ṭ (ṭ^h) ḍ (ḍ̤) k (k^h) ɡ (ɡ̤)
č (č^h) ɡ̌ (ɡ̤̌)
(f) v s ṣ š h
m n̪ ṇ
l ḷ
ɾ

Stops: p (p^h) b (b̤) t̪ d̪ (d̤̪) ṭ (ṭ^h) ḍ (ḍ̤) k (k^h) ɡ (ɡ̤)

Affricates: č (č^h) ɡ̌ (ɡ̤̌)

Fricatives: (f) v s ṣ š h

Nasals: m n̪ ṇ

Laterals: l ḷ

Vibrants: ɾ

Modified Consonants: c̄

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: ī ē ǣ ā ū ō

Diphthongs: ai au ao ia

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
*3mfn *6hH
h=m+f H=non-hum

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+A+N

Number: 2036

Language: Savara

Location: S India (Andhra Pradesh)

Classification: Dravidian: Central: Telugu-Kui: Telugu

Consonant system:

Syntax: SOV

Number: 2037

Language: Tulu

Location: SW India (W Mysore)

Population: 1 million

Classification: Dravidian: South: Tulu

Dictionary: Mariappa Bhat, M. and A. Shanker Kedilaya. 1967. Tulu-English Dictionary. Madras: Univ of Madras.

Grammar: Bhat, D. N. Shankara. 1967. Descriptive Analysis of Tulu. Poona: Deccan College.

Other Sources:

Ayyer, L. V. Ramaswami. 1932. "Tulu Prose Texts in Two Dialects," BSOAS 6, 897-931.
Aiyar, L. V. Ramaswamy. 1936. "Materials for a Sketch of Tulu Phonology," IL 6, 84-127.
Kölver, Bernhard. 1969. Tulu Texts. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner.
Bhatt, Sooda Lakshminarayana. 1975. "Inflection in the Tulu Noun," in Dravidian Phonological Systems, ed. by Harold F. Schiffman and Carol E. Eastman, 180-96.
AL 8:4

Consonant system:

p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ k ɡ
č ɡ̌
v s̪ ṣ š h
m n̪ ṇ ñ ŋ
l̪ ḷ
r

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ k ɡ

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Fricatives: v s̪ ṣ š h

Nasals: m n̪ ṇ ñ ŋ

Laterals: l̪ ḷ

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄ all but ṣ š h ñ ŋ

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u ɯ o

Long Vowels: v̄ all but ɯ

Nasal Vowels: ã

Diphthongs: ai

Syllable: (C)CV(C)

Noun Number: s p

Gender: sing: m f; pl: hum, non-hum

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: indef

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
*3mfn *6hH
h=hum=m+f H=non-hum
politeness: 2 honorific & 3 honorific

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 2038

Language: Bellari

Location: SW India (Maharashtra)

Classification: Dravidian: South: Tulu

Consonant system:

Syntax: SOV

Number: 2039

Language: Koraga

Location: SW India (Mysore)

Population: 1,000

Classification: Dravidian: South: Tulu

Dictionary: Bhat, D. N. S. 1971. The Koraga Language. Poona: Deccan College.

Consonant system:

p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ k ɡ
č ɡ̌
v s
m n ŋ
l
r

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ k ɡ

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Fricatives: v s

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄ all but ŋ v s

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u ɯ o

Long Vowels: v̄ all but ɯ

Noun Number: s p

Gender: hum., non-hum

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3mf

Syntax: SOV

Number: 2040

Language: Kannada

Location: SW India (Mysore)

Population: 25 million

Classification: Dravidian: South: Tamil-Kannada: Kannada

Dictionary: Kittel, Ferdinand. 1894. Kannada-English Dictionary, 4 vols. Mangalore: Basel Massion Book and Tract Depository. [Reprinted 1968 by the Univ of Madras]

Grammar:

Bright, William. 1958. An Outline of Colloquial Kannada. Poona: Deccan College.
Jensen, Hans. 1969. Grammatik der kanaresischen Schriftsprache. Leizig: VEB Verlag.
Hiremath, R. C. 1961. THe Structure fo Kannada. Dharwar: Karnatak Univ.
GD: Bhat, D. N. Shankara. 1971. An Outline Grammar of Havyaka. Poona. Deccan College.

TextBooks:

McCormack, William. 1966. Kannada. Madison: Univ of Wisconsin Press.

Other Sources:

Nayak, H. M. 1967. Kannada: Literary and Colloquial. Mysore: Rao & Raghavan.
Upadhyaya, U. P. 1972. Kannada Phonetic Reader. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages.
Chisum, Gary L. 1975. "Systematic Phonology of the Kannada Noun," in Dravidian Phonological Systems, ed. by Harold F. Schiffman and Carol M.Eastman, 197-205.
AL 8:4

Consonant system:

p (p^h) b (b̤) t̪ (t̪^h) d̪ (d̪) ṭ (ṭ^h) ḍ (ḍ̤) k (k^h) ɡ (ɡ̤) Aspirated stops are found in literary, but not colloquial Kannada.
č (č^h) ɡ̌ (ɡ̤̌)
(f) v s ṣ š h
m n ṇ ŋ
l ḷ
ɾ

Stops: p (p^h) b (b̤) t̪ (t̪^h) d̪ (d̪) ṭ (ṭ^h) ḍ (ḍ̤) k (k^h) ɡ (ɡ̤) Aspirated stops are found in literary, but not colloquial Kannada.

Affricates: č (č^h) ɡ̌ (ɡ̤̌)

Fricatives: (f) v s ṣ š h

Nasals: m n ṇ ŋ

Laterals: l ḷ

Vibrants: ɾ

Modified Consonants: c̄

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e (æ)

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f n

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3mfn *6hH
h=hum=m+f H=non-hum

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+A+N

Prep/Post: POST