A global linguistic database : Query result

Number: 2041

Language: Badaga

Location: India (Tamil Nadu)

Population: 125,000

Classification: Dravidian: South: Tamil-Kannada: Kannada

Consonant system:

Syntax: SOV

Number: 2042

Language: Kodagu

Location: SW India (S Mysore)

Population: 80,000

Classification: Dravidian: South: Tamil-Kannada: Tamil-Kodagu

Other Sources:

Kothandaraman, P. 1969. "Kodagu Vowels," in Dravidian Linguistics: Seminar Papers, ed. by S. Agesthialingom and N. Kumaraswami, 233-47.
Emeneau, M. B. 1970. "Kodagu Vowels," JAOS 90, 145-58.
Garman, Michael. 1975. "Coorg Verbal Base Structure" in Dravidian Phonological Systems, ed. by Harold F. Schiffman and Carol M. Eastman, 322-74.
AL 8:4

Consonant system:

p b t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ
č ɡ̌
v s h
m n ṇ ñ ŋ
l ḷ
r

Stops: p b t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Fricatives: v s h

Nasals: m n ṇ ñ ŋ

Laterals: l ḷ

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Nasal Vowels: ã ũ

Syntax: SOV

Number: 2043

Language: Kurumba

Location: SW India (Mysore)

Population: 9,000

Classification: Dravidian: South: Tamil-Kannada: Tamil-Kodagu

Other Sources: Upadhyaya, U. P. 1972. "Kuruba - A Dravidian Language," in Third Seminar on Dravidian Linguistics, ed. by S. Agesthialingom and S. V. Shanmugam, 307-28.

Consonant system:

p b t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ
č ɡ̌
v
m n ṇ ŋ
l ḷ
r

Stops: p b t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Fricatives: v

Nasals: m n ṇ ŋ

Laterals: l ḷ

Vibrants: r

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e ɛ

Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Noun Number: s p

Syntax: SOV

Number: 2044

Language: Toda

Location: S India (W Tamil Nadu)

Population: 1,000

Classification: Dravidian: South: Tamil-Kannada: Tamil-Kodagu

Grammar: Emeneau, Murray B. 1983. Toda Grammar and Texts. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.

Other Sources:

Emeneau, M. B. 1957. "Toda, a Dravidian Language," Transactions of the Philological Society, 15-66.
Agesthialingom, S. and S. Sakthivel. 1972. "Toda Nouns," IL 33, 153-7.
AL 8:4
WPF

Consonant system:

p b t̪ d̪ t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ
t^s d^zč ɡ̌
f θ s̪ z̪ s z ṣ ẓ š ž x
m n ṇ (ŋ)
l ɬ ḷ ɬ̣
ɾ r ṛ

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ

Affricates: t^s d^zč ɡ̌

Fricatives: f θ s̪ z̪ s z ṣ ẓ š ž x

Nasals: m n ṇ (ŋ)

Laterals: l ɬ ḷ ɬ̣

Vibrants: ɾ r ṛ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i y e ø

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u ɯ o

Long Vowels: ī ȳ ǣ ↔ō ā ū ɯ̄ ō

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
*3mfn *6

Syntax: SOV

Number: 2045

Language: Kota

Location: S India (W Tamil Nadu)

Population: 900

Classification: Dravidian: South: Tamil-Kannada: Tamil-Kodagu

Other Sources:

Emeneau, M. B. 1944-46. Kota Texts, 4 vols. UCPL 2-3.
Eastman, Carol M. 1975. "Morphophonemics of the Positive and Negative Stems of the Kota Verb," in Dravidian Phonological Systems, ed. by Harold F. Schiffman and Carol M. Eastman, 299-321.
AL 8:4

Consonant system:

p^h b t̪^h d̪ t^h d ṭ^h ḍ k^h ɡ
č ɡ̌
v ṣ
m n ṇ ŋ
l ḷ
r ɾ̣

Stops: p^h b t̪^h d̪ t^h d ṭ^h ḍ k^h ɡ

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Fricatives: v ṣ

Nasals: m n ṇ ŋ

Laterals: l ḷ

Vibrants: r ɾ̣

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Stress: initial

Noun Number: s p (pl not obligatory)

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 2046

Language: Irula

Location: S India (S Mysore)

Population: 4,000

Classification: Dravidian: South: Tamil-Kannada: Tamil-Kodagu

Grammar: Zvelebil, Kamil V. 1973. The Irula Language. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.

Consonant system:

p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ t d k ɡ
č ɡ̌
v
m n̪ ṇ
l ḷ
r̪ r ṛ

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ t d k ɡ

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Fricatives: v

Nasals: m n̪ ṇ

Laterals: l ḷ

Vibrants: r̪ r ṛ

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ɨ ʉ ǝ ɵ a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Noun Number: s p

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mfn 6mn
3n=6n

Syntax: SOV GN NUM-N POSS-N

Number: 2047

Language: Tamil

Dialect: Yerukala

Location: SE India (S Andhra Pradesh)

Population: 40 million (75,000)

Classification: Dravidian: South: Tamil-Kannada: Tamil-Kodagu

Other Sources: Srinivasavarma, G. 1969. "Phonology of Yerukala," in Dravidian Linguistics: Seminar Papers, ed. by S. Agesthialingom and N. Kumaraswami, 187-202.

Consonant system:

p b t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ
č ɡ̌
v s ṣ
m n ṇ
l ḷ
r

Stops: p b t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Fricatives: v s ṣ

Nasals: m n ṇ

Laterals: l ḷ

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ɨ a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all but ɨ

Nasal Vowels:

ẽ ã ũ õ
ẽ̄ ã̄ ȭ

Diphthongs: ai au

Syntax: SOV

Comments: Speakers of the Yerukala dialect are all bilingual in Telugu.

Number: 2048

Language: Tamil

Dialect: Tirunelveli

Location: S India (S Tamil Nadu)

Population: 40 million

Classification: Dravidian: South: Tamil-Kannada: Tamil-Kodagu

Grammar: Kamatchinathan, A. 1969. The Tirunelveli Tamil Dialect. Annamalainagar: Annamalai Univ.

Consonant system:

p t̪ ṭ k
č
ɸ v ð š h
m n ṇ ñ ŋ
l ḷ
r ɾ̣

Stops: p t̪ ṭ k

Affricates: č

Fricatives: ɸ v ð š h

Nasals: m n ṇ ñ ŋ

Laterals: l ḷ

Vibrants: r ɾ̣

Modified Consonants: c̄

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: I e

Central Vowels: ɐ

Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ

Long Vowels: ī ɛ̄ ā ū ō

Nasal Vowels: ṽ v̄̃

Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C)

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f n

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
*3mfn *6mf
+2 honorific

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 2049

Language: Tamil

Dialect: Sri Lanka

Location: N Sri Lanka

Population: 40 million (2 million)

Classification: Dravidian: South: Tamil-Kannada: Tamil-Kodagu

Other Sources: Karunatilake, W. S. and S. Suseendirarajah. 1973. "Phonology of Sinhalese and Sri Lanka Tamil," IL 34, 180-90.

Consonant system:

p t̪ t ṭ k
č
v
m n ṇ
l ḷ
r

Stops: p t̪ t ṭ k

Affricates: č

Fricatives: v

Nasals: m n ṇ

Laterals: l ḷ

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e æ

Central Vowels: (ɨ) (ǝ) a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Syllable: (C)V(C)

Syntax: SOV

Number: 2050

Language: Tamil

Location: SE India (Madras)

Population: 40 million

Classification: Dravidian: South: Tamil-Kannada: Tamil-Kodagu

Dictionary: Visvanatha Pillai, V. 1963. A Tamil-English Dictionary. Madras: Madras School Book and Literature Society.

Grammar:

Subramoniam, Vadasery Iyemperumal. 1958. A Descriptive Analysis of a Dialect of Tamil. Bloomington: India Univ Diss.
Ganesan, S. N. 1975. A Contrastive Grammar of Hindi and Tamil. Madras: Univ of Madras.

TextBooks:

Kumaraswami Raja, N. and K. Doraswamy. 1966. Conversational Tamil. Annamalainagar: Annamalai Univ.
Shanmugam Pillai, M. 1965, 1968. Spoken Tamil, 2 vols. Annamalainagar: Annamalai Univ.

Other Sources: Rajaram, S. 1972. Tamil Phonetic Reader. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages.

Consonant system:

p b t̪ d̪ t ṭ ḍ k ɡ
č ɡ̌
(f) v s ṣ ẓ š h
m n ṇ (ñ) (ŋ)
l ḷ
r ṛ

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ t ṭ ḍ k ɡ

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Fricatives: (f) v s ṣ ẓ š h

Nasals: m n ṇ (ñ) (ŋ)

Laterals: l ḷ

Vibrants: r ṛ

Modified Consonants: c̄

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Nasal Vowels:

(ṽ)
(v̄̃)

Diphthongs: ai au

Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f n

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
*3mfn *6hH
h=hum=m+f H=non-hum
honorifics for 3 & 6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+A+N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 2051

Language: Malayalam

Location: SW India (Kerela)

Population: 25 million

Classification: Dravidian: South: Tamil-Kannada: Tamil-Kodagu

Dictionary: Ramunni, Kalladi Thyen. 1951. Malayalam and English Vocabulary. Mangalore: Basel Mission Book Depot.

TextBooks: Peter, K. C. 1967. Malayalam for Foreigners. Ernakulam, Kerela: C.I.C.C. Book House.

Other Sources:

Subramoniam,V. I. 1962. "Phonemic Outline of a Dialect of Malayalam," IL 23, 99-116.
Syamala Kumari, B. 1972. Malayalam Phonetic Reader. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages.
McAlpin, David. W. 1975. "The Morphophonology of the Malayalam Noun," in Dravidian Phonological Systems, ed. by Harold F. Schiffman and Carol M. Eastman, 206-223.
Subramoniam, V. I. 1962. "Phonemic Outline of a Dialect of Malayalam," IL 23, 99-116.
Sreedhar, M. V. 1972. "Phonology of the Cochin Dialect of Malayalam," IJDL 1:2, 100-25.
AL 8:4

Consonant system:

p (p^h) b t̪ (t̪^h) d̪ t ṭ (ṭ^h) ḍ k (k^h) ɡ
č (č^h) ɡ̌
(f) v s ṣ š h
m n̪ n ṇ ñ ŋ
l ḷ ʎ̣
ɾ r

Stops: p (p^h) b t̪ (t̪^h) d̪ t ṭ (ṭ^h) ḍ k (k^h) ɡ

Affricates: č (č^h) ɡ̌

Fricatives: (f) v s ṣ š h

Nasals: m n̪ n ṇ ñ ŋ

Laterals: l ḷ ʎ̣

Vibrants: ɾ r

Modified Consonants: c̄

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: (ǝ) a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Diphthongs: ai au ei

Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
*3mfn *6mfn

Syntax: SOV AN GN

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 2052

Language: Proto-Sino-Tibetan

Location: SE Asia

Classification: Sino-Tibetan

Other Sources: Benedict, Paul K. 1976. "Sino-Tibetan: Another Look," JAOS 96, 167-97.

Consonant system:

p b t̪ d̪ c ɟ k ɡ (ʔ)
t̪^s d̪^z
s̪ z̪ š ž h
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l
r

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ c ɟ k ɡ (ʔ)

Affricates: t̪^s d̪^z

Fricatives: s̪ z̪ š ž h

Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Number: 2053

Language: Eryuan

Location: SE China (NW Yunnan)

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Bai

Consonant system:

Number: 2054

Language: Hoking

Location: SE China (NW Yunnan)

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Bai

Consonant system:

Number: 2055

Language: Bai₂

Location: SE China (NW Yunnan)

Population: 900,000

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Bai

Other Sources: WALS

Consonant system:

Syntax: SVO

Number: 2056

Language: Tali

Location: SE China (NW Yunnan)

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Bai

Consonant system:

Number: 2057

Language: Archaic Chinese

Location: China

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese

Other Sources: Benedict, Paul K. 1972. Sino-Tibetan: A Conspectus. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.

Consonant system:

p p^h (b) b̤ t̪ t̪^h d̪ d̪̤ c c^h ɟ ɟ k k^h ɡ ɡ̤ ʔ
t̪^s t̪^s^h d̪^z d̪̤^z ṭ^s ṭ^s^h ḍ^z
s̪ z̪ ṣ š x
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l̪
(ɹ̣)

Stops: p p^h (b) b̤ t̪ t̪^h d̪ d̪̤ c c^h ɟ ɟ k k^h ɡ ɡ̤ ʔ

Affricates: t̪^s t̪^s^h d̪^z d̪̤^z ṭ^s ṭ^s^h ḍ^z

Fricatives: s̪ z̪ ṣ š x

Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ

Laterals: l̪

Vibrants: (ɹ̣)

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e ɛ

Central Vowels: ǝ ɐ a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ ɑ

Tones: lev ris fall

Comments: Archaic Chinese is estimated to have been spoken c. 1,000 B.C.

Number: 2058

Language: Northern Min

Location: SE China (N Fukien)

Population: 11 million

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Min

TextBooks:

Chen, Leo and Jerry Norman. 1965. An Introduction to the Foochow Dialect. Washington, D.C.: Office of Education.

Other Sources:

Norman, Jerry. 1972. "A Preliminary Report on the Dialects of Mintung," Unicorn 10, 20-35.
AL 7:4

Consonant system:

p p^h t t^h k k^h ʔ
t^s t^s^h
s z x
m n ŋ
l

Stops: p p^h t t^h k k^h ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^s^h

Fricatives: s z x

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i y ɛ œ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u ɔ

Diphthongs: ei ai ɛu au ou øy uɔ yɔ ia ua ie io iu oi øi ui uei uai iei iau

Syllable: CV(C)

Tones: hi-lev hi-lev-glot hi-fall mid-ris-glot mid-ris-fall lo-lev lo-rising

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+A+N

Prep/Post: PREP/POST

Number: 2059

Language: Southern Min

Dialect: Amoy

Location: SE China (S Fukien)

Population: 36 million

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Min

Other Sources:

Sung, Margaret M. Y. 1973. "A Study of Literary and Colloquial Amoy Chinese," Journal of Chinese Linguistics 1, 414-36.
AL 7:4

Consonant system:

p p^h b t t^h k k^h ɡ ʔ
t^s t^s^h
s h
m n ŋ
l

Stops: p p^h b t t^h k k^h ɡ ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^s^h

Fricatives: s h

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ

Nasal Vowels: ṽ all but o

Diphthongs:

ai au iu ia io iu ua ue ui
ãi ãu ĩa ĩu ũa ũi
uai iau
uãi iãu

Syllable: (C)V(C) Nˈ

Tones: hi-lev hi-glot hi-fall mid-lev mid-fall-glot lo-mid-ris lo-mid-fall

Syntax: SVO AN NUM-N

Number: 2060

Language: Southern Min

Dialect: Ch'ao-chou

Location: SE China (E Kwangtung)

Population: 36 million

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Min

Other Sources: AL 7:4

Consonant system:

p p^h b t t^h d k k^h ɡ ʔ
t^s t^s^h d^z
s h
m n ŋ
l

Stops: p p^h b t t^h d k k^h ɡ ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^s^h d^z

Fricatives: s h

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: apical vowel i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u ɯ o

Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ ã

Diphthongs:

ai au ou iu ui ia io ua ue
ãi ãu õu ı̃o ũa ũe õi ɯ̃a
iou uai
uãi

Syllable: mˈ ŋˈ

Tones: hi-lev hi-lev-glot hi-fall mid-lev mid-ris lo-lev lo-lev-glot lo-ris