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A global linguistic database : Search within this database Total of 5736 records 287 pages
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Number: 2061
Language: Southern Min
Dialect: Shangfeng
Location: Taiwan
Population: 36 million
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Min
Other Sources: Chang, Yü-hung. 1972. "Tone Systems in Shangfeng: A Southern Min Dialect," Unicorn 9, 41-54.
Consonant system: p ph t th k kh ʔ ts ts h s z h m n ŋ
Stops: p ph t th k kh ʔ
Affricates: ts ts h
Fricatives: s z h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Syllable: N ˈ
Tones: hi-lev hi-fall mid-lev lo-fall lo-ris
Number: 2062
Language: Southern Min
Dialect: Taiwanese
Location: Taiwan
Population: 36 million
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Min
Other Sources: Cheng, Robert L. 1968. "Tone Sandhi in Taiwanese," Linguistics 41, 19-42.
Consonant system: p ph b t th k kh ɡ (ʔ) ts ts h dz s h m n ŋ l
Stops: p ph b t th k kh ɡ (ʔ)
Affricates: ts ts h dz
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Diphthongs: ia au iu ua ui ai io uǝ iau uai
Syllable: (C)V(C) mˈ ŋˈ
Tones: hi-lev hi-fall mid-lev lo-ris lo-fall neutral
Syntax: SVO AN
Number: 2063
Language: Southern Min
Dialect: Hokkien
Location: Malaysia
Population: 36 million
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Min
Other Sources: Tay, Mary W. J. 1969. "Hokkien Phonological Structure," Journal of Linguistics 6, 81-8.
Consonant system: p ph b t̪ t̪h k kh ɡ ʔ ts ts h dz s h m n̪ ñ ŋ l̪
Stops: p ph b t̪ t̪h k kh ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ts ts h dz
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l̪
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ã
Modified Vowels: nasal harmony
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Tones: 7 tones
Number: 2064
Language: Mandarin
Dialect: Beijing
Location: N China (Hopei)
Population: 680 million
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue
Grammar: Chao, Yuen Ren. 1968. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley: Univ of California Press. Henne, Henry, Ole Bjørn Rongen and Lars Jul Hansen. 1977. A Handbook on Chinese Language Structure. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
TextBooks: Chao, Yuen Ren. 1961. Mandarin Primer. Cambridge: Harvard Univ Press. De Francis, John. 1963. Beginning Chinese. New Haven:Yale Univ Press. Fenn, Henry C. and M. Gardner Tewksbury. 1967. Speak Mandarin. New Haven: Yale Univ Press. Forrest, R. A. D. 1965. The Chinese Language. London: Faber & Faber.
Other Sources: Newnham, Richard. 1971. About Chinese. Baltimore: Penguin. Howie, John Marshall. 1976. Acoustical Studies of Mandarin Vowels and Tones. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press. Chen, Matthew Y. 1976. "From Middle Chinese to Modern Peking," Journal of Chinese Linguistics 4, 113-277. AL 7:4
Consonant system: p ph t̪ t̪h k kh t̪s t̪sh ṭs ṭsh (č) (čh ) f s̪ ṣ (š) x m n̪ ŋ l̪ ɹ̣
Stops: p ph t̪ t̪h k kh
Affricates: t̪s t̪s h ṭs ṭs h (č) (čh )
Fricatives: f s̪ ṣ (š) x
Nasals: m n̪ ŋ
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: ɹ̣
Glides: j ɥ w
Vowel system: i y u ǝ a + apical vowel
Front Vowels: apical vowel i y
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u
Diphthongs: ai au ei ou uo ua ye ie ia iau iou uai uei
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Tones: hi-lev hi-fall mid-ris lo-mid-fall-ris
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 2 & 5 also have polite forms
Syntax: SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+A+N
Prep/Post: PREP/POST
Number: 2065
Language: Mandarin
Dialect: P'ingtu
Location: E China (NE Shantung)
Population: 680 million
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue
Other Sources: Hsueh, F. S. 1972. "The P'ing-tu Dialect as a Variant of Mandarin," Unicorn 10, 78-96.
Consonant system: p ph t̪ t̪h k kh tθ tθ h ts ts h ṭs ṭs h f θ s ṣ x m n̪ ŋ l
Stops: p ph t̪ t̪h k kh
Affricates: tθ tθh ts tsh ṭs ṭsh
Fricatives: f θ s ṣ x
Nasals: m n̪ ŋ
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: apical vowel i y
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u ʌ
Diphthongs: ei ou uʌ ie ye æi ia ua ɑu uei iou iɛi uæi iɑu
Tones: hi-lev hi-fall mid-lev mid-fall
Number: 2066
Language: Mandarin
Dialect: Lin-Ch'i
Location: E China (NW Honan)
Population: 680 million
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue
Other Sources: Wang, John C. and F. S. Hsueh. 1973. "The Lin-Ch'i Dialect and Its Relation to Mandarin," JAOS 93, 136-45.
Consonant system: p ph t̪ t̪h k kh ʔ ts ts h č̣ č̣h f s ṣ̌ ẓ̌ x m n̪ ŋ l
Stops: p ph t̪ t̪h k kh ʔ
Affricates: ts ts h č̣ č̣h
Fricatives: f s ṣ̌ ẓ̌ x
Nasals: m n̪ ŋ
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: ɔ
Diphthongs: diphthongs
Tones: hi-lev hi-mid-fall lo-mid-lev
Number: 2067
Language: Mandarin
Dialect: Yangzhou
Location: E China (Kiangsu)
Population: 680 million
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue
Other Sources: Børdahl, Vibeke. 1977. "The Phonemes and the Phonological Structure of the Yangzhou Dialect," Acta Orientalia 38, 251-320.
Consonant system: p ph t th k kh (ʔ) ts ts h f s h m n
Stops: p ph t th k kh (ʔ)
Affricates: ts ts h
Fricatives: f s h
Nasals: m n
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i y e æ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɑ
Long Vowels: v̄
Diphthongs: diphthongs
Syllable: (C)V
Tones: hi-lev mid-fall lo-mid-ris lo-mid-fall
Number: 2068
Language: Mandarin
Dialect: Hank'ou
Location: E China (Kiangsu)
Population: 680 million
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue
Other Sources: AL 7:4
Consonant system: p ph t th k kh ts ts h č čh f s š x m n ŋ ɬ
Stops: p ph t th k kh
Affricates: ts ts h č čh
Fricatives: f s š x
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: ɬ
Front Vowels: apical vowel i y
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɤ
Diphthongs: ai ei au ou ia io ie ua uɤ ye iau iou uai uei
Tones: hi-lev hi-mid-fall mid-ris lo-mid-fall-ris
Number: 2069
Language: Mandarin
Dialect: Szechuanese
Location: SW China (Szechuan)
Population: 680 million
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue
Other Sources: Scott, N. C. 1947. "The Monosyllable in Szechuanese," BSOAS 12, 197-213.
Consonant system: p ph t̪ t̪h k kh ts ts h č čh f s z x m n̪ ŋ l
Stops: p ph t̪ t̪h k kh
Affricates: ts ts h č čh
Fricatives: f s z x
Nasals: m n̪ ŋ
Laterals: l
Modified Consonants: cj cʷ
Glides: j ɥ w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ṽ ?
Diphthongs: ai au ei eu
Tones: hi-lev hi-fall mid-lev lo-ris lo-fall
Number: 2070
Language: Mandarin
Dialect: Ch'engtu
Location: SW China (Szechuan)
Population: 680 million
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue
Other Sources: AL 7:4
Consonant system: p ph t th k kh ts ts h č čh f v s z š x m n ñ ŋ
Stops: p ph t th k kh
Affricates: ts ts h č čh
Fricatives: f v s z š x
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Front Vowels: apical vowel1 apical vowel2 i y e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Diphthongs: ai ei au ou ia ie ua ue yo ye iai iau iou uai uei
Tones: hi-fall hi-mid-lev mid-fall lo-ris
Number: 2071
Language: Mandarin
Dialect: T'aiyüan
Location: N China (Shansi)
Population: 680 million
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue
Other Sources: AL 7:4
Consonant system: p ph t th k kh ʔ ts ts h č čh f v s z š x m n ŋ l
Stops: p ph t th k kh ʔ
Affricates: ts ts h č čh
Fricatives: f v s z š x
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Front Vowels: apical vowel1 apical vowel2 i y
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u
Nasal Vowels: ṽ æ ɒ only
Diphthongs: ai ei au ou ia iɛ ua uǝ yɛ iɒ̃ uæ̃ uɒ̃ iau iou uai uei
Tones: hi-lev hi-fall-to-hi-mid hi-fall-to-mid lo-mid-lev lo-lev
Number: 2072
Language: Mandarin
Dialect: Dungan
Location: SC Russia (Kirgiz SSR)
Population: 680 million
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue
Dictionary: Shinlo, L. and J. Janshansin. 1958. Russko-dunganskij slover'. Frunze.
Grammar: Kalimov, A. 1968. "Dunganskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 475-88.
Consonant system: p ph t th k kh ts ts h č čh f v s z š ž x m n ŋ l (r)
Stops: p ph t th k kh
Affricates: ts ts h č čh
Fricatives: f v s z š ž x
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: (r)
Modified Consonants: cj p ph t th č čh š m n l
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i y e
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Tones: hi-lev hi-fall lo-ris
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns: 1 4ie 2* 5 3 6 politeness: 2fam & 2pol [2pol=5]
Syntax: SVO/SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N Num+A+N
Prep/Post: PREP/POST
Number: 2073
Language: Xiang
Alternate Name: Hsiang
Dialect: Ch'ang Sha
Location: SE China (Hunan)
Population: 29 million
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue
Other Sources: AL 7:4
Consonant system: p ph t th k kh ts ts h ṭs ṭs h č čh f s ṣ ẓ š x m n ñ ŋ
Stops: p ph t th k kh
Affricates: ts ts h ṭs ṭs h č čh
Fricatives: f s ṣ ẓ š x
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Front Vowels: (apical vowel) i y
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɤ
Nasal Vowels: ṽ o only
Diphthongs: ai ei au ɤu ia io ieua ya ye ĩe yẽ iai iɤu uai uei yai yei
Tones: hi-lev hi-mid-fall mid-lev lo-mid-ris lo-mid-fall lo-ris
Number: 2074
Language: Xiang
Alternate Name: Hsiang
Dialect: Shuang Feng
Location: SE China (Hunan)
Population: 29 million
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue
Other Sources: AL 7:4
Consonant system: p ph b t th d k kh ɡ ts ts h dz ṭs ṭs h ḍz č čh ɡ̌ f s ṣ ẓ š x ɣ m n ñ ŋ
Stops: p ph b t th d k kh ɡ
Affricates: ts ts h dz ṭs ṭs h ḍz č čh ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s ṣ ẓ š x ɣ
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Front Vowels: apical vowel1 apical vowel2 i y
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u ʋ o
Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ɛ̃ ã õ
Diphthongs: ǝu iɛ ie iǝ io iʋ ua uɛ ue ui uɛ yɛ iɛ̃ iõ uã uı̃
Syllable: mˈ nˈ
Tones: hi-lev mid-lev mid-ris lo-mid-ris lo-mid-fall
Number: 2075
Language: Wu
Dialect: Changchow
Location: SE China (SE Kiangsu)
Population: 69 million
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue
Other Sources: Chao, Yuen Ren. 1970. "The Changchow Dialect," JAOS 90, 45-56.
Consonant system: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ k kh ɡ ʔ t̪s t̪s h d̪z f v s̪ z̪ h ɦ m n̪ ŋ l̪
Stops: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ k kh ɡ ʔ
Affricates: t̪s t̪s h d̪z
Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ h ɦ
Nasals: m n̪ ŋ
Laterals: l̪
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: apical vowel i y e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ı̃ æ̃ õ
Diphthongs: ia io ie ua uo ue ye ai ei au eu ũæ ĩo ũo uai iau ieu
Tones: hi-lev hi-glot hi-fall-ris hi-mid-lev lo-mid-ris lo-mid-ris-glot lo-ris
Syntax: SVO AN
Number: 2076
Language: Wu
Dialect: Shanghai
Location: SE China (SE Kiangsu)
Population: 69 million
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue
Other Sources: Walton, Ronald. 1976. Phonological Redundancy in Shanghai. Ithaca: China-Japan Program, Cornell Univ.
Consonant system: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ k kh ɡ ʔ ts ts h f v s̪ z̪ x ɦ m n ŋ l
Stops: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ k kh ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ts ts h
Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ x ɦ
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: apical vowel i y e ø ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɒ
Nasal Vowels: ã ɒ̃
Diphthongs: iy ia ua uɛ ue iǝ iɔ ũɒ ĩa
Syllable: CV(C) N ˈ
Tones: hi-lev hi-fall mid-ris lo-lev lo-ris
Number: 2077
Language: Gan
Location: SE China (Kiangsi)
Population: 21 million
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue
Other Sources: AL 7:4
Consonant system: p ph t th k kh ts ts h č čh f s š h m ñ ŋ l
Stops: p ph t th k kh
Affricates: ts ts h č čh
Fricatives: f s š h
Nasals: m ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Front Vowels: apical vowel i y ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Diphthongs: ia iɛ ua uo yo ai ǝi au ɛu ǝu iu ui iɛu uai uɛu
Tones: hi-lev hi-lev-short hi-mid-fall mid-fall lo-mid-ris lo-mid-fall-ris
Number: 2078
Language: Kejia
Alternate Name: Hakka
Location: SE China (NE Kwangtung)
Population: 28 million
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue
Dictionary: English-Hakka Dictionary. 1958. n.p: n.p.
Grammar: Hashimoto, Mantaro J. 1973. The Hakka Dialect. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.
TextBooks: Beginning Hakka. 1948. Hong Kong: Maryknoll House.
Other Sources: Henne, Henry. 1964. "An Annotated Syllabary of Sathewkok Hakka," Acta Orientalia 28, 61-127. AL 7:4
Consonant system: p ph t th k kh (ʔ) t̪s t̪s h f s̪ h m n ŋ l
Stops: p ph t th k kh (ʔ)
Affricates: t̪s t̪s h
Fricatives: f s̪ h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Diphthongs: ie ia io iu eu ai au oi ui
Syllable: (C)(G)V(C) N ˈ
Tones: hi-lev mid-lev lo-lev hi-ris-staccato mid-fall-legato mid-fall-staccato
Demonstratives: 2
Syntax: SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+A+N
Prep/Post: PREP/POST
Number: 2079
Language: Yue
Alternate Name: Cantonese
Location: SE China (Kwangtung)
Population: 53 million
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue
Dictionary: Huang, Parker Po-fei. 1970. Cantonese Dictionary. New Haven: Yale Univ Press.
TextBooks: Chao, Yuen Ren. 1947. Cantonese Primer. Cambridge: Harvard Univ Press. [Reprinted 1969 by Greenword Press, New York] Lau, Sidney. 1972. Elemantary Cantonese. Hong Kong: Government Printer.
Other Sources: Kwok, Helen. 1971. A Linguistic Study of the Cantonese Verb. Hong Kong: Centre of Asian Studies, Univ of Hong Kong. Hashimoto, Oi-kan Yue. 1972. Phonology of Cantonese. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press. Fok Chan, Yuen-Yuen. 1974. A Perceptual Study of Tones in Cantonese. Hong Kong: Centre of Asian Studies, Univ of Hong Kong. AL 7:4
Consonant system: p ph t̪ t̪h k kh kʷ kh ʷ ts ts h f s h m n̪ ŋ l̪
Stops: p ph t̪ t̪h k kh kʷ kh ʷ
Affricates: ts ts h
Fricatives: f s h
Nasals: m n̪ ŋ
Laterals: l̪
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: I ø
Central Vowels: ɐ
Back Vowels: ʋ
Long Vowels: ī ȳ ɛ̄ ↔ē ā ū ɔ̄
Diphthongs: ɐi ɐu ei īu øy ɔ̄i ou ūi
Syllable: (C)V(C) N ˈ
Tones: hi-lev mid-lev mid-ris lo-lev lo-ris lo-fall
Demonstratives: 2
Syntax: SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+A+N
Prep/Post: PREP/POST
Number: 2080
Language: Yue
Alternate Name: Cantonese
Dialect: Taishan
Location: SE China (Kwangtung)
Population: 53 million
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue
Other Sources: Cheng, Teresa M. 1973. "The Phonology of Taishan," Journal of Chinese Linguistics 1, 256-322.
Consonant system: p ph t̪ t̪h k kh kʷ kh ʷ ʔ ʔʷ č čh f š h m n̪ ŋ l̪ ɬ̪
Stops: p ph t̪ t̪h k kh kʷ kh ʷ ʔ ʔʷ
Affricates: č čh
Fricatives: f š h
Nasals: m n̪ ŋ
Laterals: l̪ ɬ̪
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i æ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Diphthongs: iw ew aj aw uj oj
Tones: hi-lev mid-lev lo-lev hi-fall lo-fall
Syntax: SVO AN NUM-N
typology-language,typology-dialect,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-nasalvowel,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-pronouns,typology-language,typology-dialect,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-nasalvowel,typology-diphthongs,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-syntax,typology-language,typology-dialect,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-nasalvowel,typology-modifiedvo,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-language,typology-dialect,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-textbooks,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-diphthongs,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-dialect,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-diphthongs,typology-tones,typology-language,typology-dialect,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-diphthongs,typology-tones,typology-language,typology-dialect,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-nasalvowel,typology-diphthongs,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-language,typology-dialect,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-diphthongs,typology-tones,typology-language,typology-dialect,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-nasalvowel,typology-diphthongs,typology-tones,typology-language,typology-dialect,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-diphthongs,typology-tones,typology-language,typology-dialect,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-nasalvowel,typology-diphthongs,typology-tones,typology-language,typology-dialect,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-dictionary,typology-grammar,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-dialect,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-nasalvowel,typology-diphthongs,typology-tones,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-dialect,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-nasalvowel,typology-diphthongs,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-language,typology-dialect,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-nasalvowel,typology-diphthongs,typology-tones,typology-syntax,typology-language,typology-dialect,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-nasalvowel,typology-diphthongs,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-diphthongs,typology-tones,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-dictionary,typology-grammar,typology-textbooks,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-diphthongs,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-dictionary,typology-textbooks,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-diphthongs,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-dialect,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-diphthongs,typology-tones,typology-syntax,
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