A global linguistic database : Query result

Number: 2061

Language: Southern Min

Dialect: Shangfeng

Location: Taiwan

Population: 36 million

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Min

Other Sources: Chang, Yü-hung. 1972. "Tone Systems in Shangfeng: A Southern Min Dialect," Unicorn 9, 41-54.

Consonant system:

p p^h t t^h k k^h ʔ
t^s t^s^h
s z h
m n ŋ

Stops: p p^h t t^h k k^h ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^s^h

Fricatives: s z h

Nasals: m n ŋ

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ

Nasal Vowels: ṽ all

Syllable: Nˈ

Tones: hi-lev hi-fall mid-lev lo-fall lo-ris

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
3 6

Number: 2062

Language: Southern Min

Dialect: Taiwanese

Location: Taiwan

Population: 36 million

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Min

Other Sources: Cheng, Robert L. 1968. "Tone Sandhi in Taiwanese," Linguistics 41, 19-42.

Consonant system:

p p^h b t t^h k k^h ɡ (ʔ)
t^s t^s^h d^z
s h
m n ŋ
l

Stops: p p^h b t t^h k k^h ɡ (ʔ)

Affricates: t^s t^s^h d^z

Fricatives: s h

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Nasal Vowels: ṽ all

Diphthongs: ia au iu ua ui ai io uǝ iau uai

Syllable: (C)V(C) mˈ ŋˈ

Tones: hi-lev hi-fall mid-lev lo-ris lo-fall neutral

Syntax: SVO AN

Number: 2063

Language: Southern Min

Dialect: Hokkien

Location: Malaysia

Population: 36 million

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Min

Other Sources: Tay, Mary W. J. 1969. "Hokkien Phonological Structure," Journal of Linguistics 6, 81-8.

Consonant system:

p p^h b t̪ t̪^h k k^h ɡ ʔ
t^s t^s^h d^z
s h
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l̪

Stops: p p^h b t̪ t̪^h k k^h ɡ ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^s^h d^z

Fricatives: s h

Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ

Laterals: l̪

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ

Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ã

Modified Vowels: nasal harmony

Syllable: (C)V(C)

Tones: 7 tones

Number: 2064

Language: Mandarin

Dialect: Beijing

Location: N China (Hopei)

Population: 680 million

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue

Grammar:

Chao, Yuen Ren. 1968. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley: Univ of California Press.
Henne, Henry, Ole Bjørn Rongen and Lars Jul Hansen. 1977. A Handbook on Chinese Language Structure. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.

TextBooks:

Chao, Yuen Ren. 1961. Mandarin Primer. Cambridge: Harvard Univ Press.
De Francis, John. 1963. Beginning Chinese. New Haven:Yale Univ Press.
Fenn, Henry C. and M. Gardner Tewksbury. 1967. Speak Mandarin. New Haven: Yale Univ Press.
Forrest, R. A. D. 1965. The Chinese Language. London: Faber & Faber.

Other Sources:

Newnham, Richard. 1971. About Chinese. Baltimore: Penguin.
Howie, John Marshall. 1976. Acoustical Studies of Mandarin Vowels and Tones. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.
Chen, Matthew Y. 1976. "From Middle Chinese to Modern Peking," Journal of Chinese Linguistics 4, 113-277.
AL 7:4

Consonant system:

   p p^h t̪ t̪^h k k^h
    t̪^s t̪^sh ṭ^s ṭ^sh (č) (č^h)
f s̪ ṣ (š) x
m n̪ ŋ
    l̪
    ɹ̣

Stops: p p^h t̪ t̪^h k k^h

Affricates: t̪^s t̪^s^h ṭ^s ṭ^s^h (č) (č^h)

Fricatives: f s̪ ṣ (š) x

Nasals: m n̪ ŋ

Laterals: l̪

Vibrants: ɹ̣

Glides: j ɥ w

Vowel system:

    i y u
    ǝ
    a
+ apical vowel

Front Vowels: apical vowel i y

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u

Diphthongs:

ai au ei ou uo ua ye ie ia
iau iou uai uei

Syllable: (C)V(C)

Tones:

hi-lev
hi-fall
mid-ris
lo-mid-fall-ris

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6
2 & 5 also have polite forms

Syntax: SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+A+N

Prep/Post: PREP/POST

Number: 2065

Language: Mandarin

Dialect: P'ingtu

Location: E China (NE Shantung)

Population: 680 million

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue

Other Sources: Hsueh, F. S. 1972. "The P'ing-tu Dialect as a Variant of Mandarin," Unicorn 10, 78-96.

Consonant system:

p p^h t̪ t̪^h k k^h
t^θ t^θ^h t^s t^s^h ṭ^s ṭ^s^h
f θ s ṣ x
m n̪ ŋ
l

Stops: p p^h t̪ t̪^h k k^h

Affricates: t^θ t^θh t^s t^sh ṭ^s ṭ^sh

Fricatives: f θ s ṣ x

Nasals: m n̪ ŋ

Laterals: l

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: apical vowel i y

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u ʌ

Diphthongs:

ei ou uʌ ie ye æi ia ua ɑu
uei iou iɛi uæi iɑu

Tones: hi-lev hi-fall mid-lev mid-fall

Number: 2066

Language: Mandarin

Dialect: Lin-Ch'i

Location: E China (NW Honan)

Population: 680 million

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue

Other Sources: Wang, John C. and F. S. Hsueh. 1973. "The Lin-Ch'i Dialect and Its Relation to Mandarin," JAOS 93, 136-45.

Consonant system:

p p^h t̪ t̪^h k k^h ʔ
t^s t^s^h č̣ č̣^h
f s ṣ̌ ẓ̌ x
m n̪ ŋ
l

Stops: p p^h t̪ t̪^h k k^h ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^s^h č̣ č̣^h

Fricatives: f s ṣ̌ ẓ̌ x

Nasals: m n̪ ŋ

Laterals: l

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: ɛ

Central Vowels: ɨ a

Back Vowels: ɔ

Diphthongs: diphthongs

Tones: hi-lev hi-mid-fall lo-mid-lev

Number: 2067

Language: Mandarin

Dialect: Yangzhou

Location: E China (Kiangsu)

Population: 680 million

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue

Other Sources: Børdahl, Vibeke. 1977. "The Phonemes and the Phonological Structure of the Yangzhou Dialect," Acta Orientalia 38, 251-320.

Consonant system:

p p^h t t^h k k^h (ʔ)
t^s t^s^h
f s h
m n

Stops: p p^h t t^h k k^h (ʔ)

Affricates: t^s t^s^h

Fricatives: f s h

Nasals: m n

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i y e æ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o ɑ

Long Vowels: v̄

Nasal Vowels:

ṽ ?
v̄̃ ?

Diphthongs: diphthongs

Syllable: (C)V

Tones:

hi-lev
mid-fall
lo-mid-ris
lo-mid-fall

Number: 2068

Language: Mandarin

Dialect: Hank'ou

Location: E China (Kiangsu)

Population: 680 million

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue

Other Sources: AL 7:4

Consonant system:

p p^h t t^h k k^h
t^s t^s^h č č^h
f s š x
m n ŋ
ɬ

Stops: p p^h t t^h k k^h

Affricates: t^s t^s^h č č^h

Fricatives: f s š x

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: ɬ

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: apical vowel i y

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o ɤ

Diphthongs:

ai ei au ou ia io ie ua uɤ ye
iau iou uai uei

Tones: hi-lev hi-mid-fall mid-ris lo-mid-fall-ris

Number: 2069

Language: Mandarin

Dialect: Szechuanese

Location: SW China (Szechuan)

Population: 680 million

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue

Other Sources: Scott, N. C. 1947. "The Monosyllable in Szechuanese," BSOAS 12, 197-213.

Consonant system:

p p^h t̪ t̪^h k k^h
t^s t^s^h č č^h
f s z x
m n̪ ŋ
l

Stops: p p^h t̪ t̪^h k k^h

Affricates: t^s t^s^h č č^h

Fricatives: f s z x

Nasals: m n̪ ŋ

Laterals: l

Modified Consonants:

c^j
cʷ

Glides: j ɥ w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Nasal Vowels: ṽ ?

Diphthongs: ai au ei eu

Tones: hi-lev hi-fall mid-lev lo-ris lo-fall

Number: 2070

Language: Mandarin

Dialect: Ch'engtu

Location: SW China (Szechuan)

Population: 680 million

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue

Other Sources: AL 7:4

Consonant system:

p p^h t t^h k k^h
t^s t^s^h č č^h
f v s z š x
m n ñ ŋ

Stops: p p^h t t^h k k^h

Affricates: t^s t^s^h č č^h

Fricatives: f v s z š x

Nasals: m n ñ ŋ

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: apical vowel1 apical vowel2 i y e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Diphthongs:

ai ei au ou ia ie ua ue yo ye
iai iau iou uai uei

Tones: hi-fall hi-mid-lev mid-fall lo-ris

Number: 2071

Language: Mandarin

Dialect: T'aiyüan

Location: N China (Shansi)

Population: 680 million

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue

Other Sources: AL 7:4

Consonant system:

p p^h t t^h k k^h ʔ
t^s t^s^h č č^h
f v s z š x
m n ŋ
l

Stops: p p^h t t^h k k^h ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^s^h č č^h

Fricatives: f v s z š x

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: apical vowel1 apical vowel2 i y

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u

Nasal Vowels: ṽ æ ɒ only

Diphthongs:

ai ei au ou ia iɛ ua uǝ yɛ
iɒ̃ uæ̃ uɒ̃
iau iou uai uei

Tones: hi-lev hi-fall-to-hi-mid hi-fall-to-mid lo-mid-lev lo-lev

Number: 2072

Language: Mandarin

Dialect: Dungan

Location: SC Russia (Kirgiz SSR)

Population: 680 million

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue

Dictionary: Shinlo, L. and J. Janshansin. 1958. Russko-dunganskij slover'. Frunze.

Grammar: Kalimov, A. 1968. "Dunganskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 475-88.

Consonant system:

p p^h t t^h k k^h
t^s t^s^h č č^h
f v s z š ž x
m n ŋ
l
(r)

Stops: p p^h t t^h k k^h

Affricates: t^s t^s^h č č^h

Fricatives: f v s z š ž x

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: (r)

Modified Consonants: c^j p p^h t t^h č č^h š m n l

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i y e

Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Syllable: (C)V(C)

Tones: hi-lev hi-fall lo-ris

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2* 5
3 6
politeness: 2fam & 2pol [2pol=5]

Syntax: SVO/SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N Num+A+N

Prep/Post: PREP/POST

Number: 2073

Language: Xiang

Alternate Name: Hsiang

Dialect: Ch'ang Sha

Location: SE China (Hunan)

Population: 29 million

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue

Other Sources: AL 7:4

Consonant system:

p p^h t t^h k k^h
t^s t^s^h ṭ^s ṭ^s^h č č^h
f s ṣ ẓ š x
m n ñ ŋ

Stops: p p^h t t^h k k^h

Affricates: t^s t^s^h ṭ^s ṭ^s^h č č^h

Fricatives: f s ṣ ẓ š x

Nasals: m n ñ ŋ

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: (apical vowel) i y

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o ɤ

Nasal Vowels: ṽ o only

Diphthongs:

ai ei au ɤu ia io ieua ya ye
ĩe yẽ
iai iɤu uai uei yai yei

Tones: hi-lev hi-mid-fall mid-lev lo-mid-ris lo-mid-fall lo-ris

Number: 2074

Language: Xiang

Alternate Name: Hsiang

Dialect: Shuang Feng

Location: SE China (Hunan)

Population: 29 million

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue

Other Sources: AL 7:4

Consonant system:

p p^h b t t^h d k k^h ɡ
t^s t^s^h d^z ṭ^s ṭ^s^h ḍ^z č č^h ɡ̌
f s ṣ ẓ š x ɣ
m n ñ ŋ

Stops: p p^h b t t^h d k k^h ɡ

Affricates: t^s t^s^h d^z ṭ^s ṭ^s^h ḍ^z č č^h ɡ̌

Fricatives: f s ṣ ẓ š x ɣ

Nasals: m n ñ ŋ

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: apical vowel1 apical vowel2 i y

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u ʋ o

Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ɛ̃ ã õ

Diphthongs:

ǝu iɛ ie iǝ io iʋ ua uɛ ue ui uɛ yɛ
iɛ̃ iõ uã uı̃

Syllable: mˈ nˈ

Tones: hi-lev mid-lev mid-ris lo-mid-ris lo-mid-fall

Number: 2075

Language: Wu

Dialect: Changchow

Location: SE China (SE Kiangsu)

Population: 69 million

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue

Other Sources: Chao, Yuen Ren. 1970. "The Changchow Dialect," JAOS 90, 45-56.

Consonant system:

p p^h b t̪ t̪^h d̪ k k^h ɡ ʔ
t̪^st̪^s^h d̪^z
f v s̪ z̪ h ɦ
m n̪ ŋ
l̪

Stops: p p^h b t̪ t̪^h d̪ k k^h ɡ ʔ

Affricates: t̪^st̪^s^h d̪^z

Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ h ɦ

Nasals: m n̪ ŋ

Laterals: l̪

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: apical vowel i y e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Nasal Vowels: ı̃ æ̃ õ

Diphthongs:

ia io ie ua uo ue ye ai ei au eu
ũæ ĩo ũo
uai iau ieu

Tones: hi-lev hi-glot hi-fall-ris hi-mid-lev lo-mid-ris lo-mid-ris-glot lo-ris

Syntax: SVO AN

Number: 2076

Language: Wu

Dialect: Shanghai

Location: SE China (SE Kiangsu)

Population: 69 million

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue

Other Sources: Walton, Ronald. 1976. Phonological Redundancy in Shanghai. Ithaca: China-Japan Program, Cornell Univ.

Consonant system:

p p^h b t̪ t̪^h d̪ k k^h ɡ ʔ
t^s t^s^h
f v s̪ z̪ x ɦ
m n ŋ
l

Stops: p p^h b t̪ t̪^h d̪ k k^h ɡ ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^s^h

Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ x ɦ

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: apical vowel i y e ø ɛ

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o ɒ

Nasal Vowels: ã ɒ̃

Diphthongs:

iy ia ua uɛ ue iǝ iɔ
ũɒ ĩa

Syllable: CV(C) Nˈ

Tones: hi-lev hi-fall mid-ris lo-lev lo-ris

Number: 2077

Language: Gan

Location: SE China (Kiangsi)

Population: 21 million

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue

Other Sources: AL 7:4

Consonant system:

p p^h t t^h k k^h
t^s t^s^h č č^h
f s š h
m ñ ŋ
l

Stops: p p^h t t^h k k^h

Affricates: t^s t^s^h č č^h

Fricatives: f s š h

Nasals: m ñ ŋ

Laterals: l

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: apical vowel i y ɛ

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Diphthongs:

ia iɛ ua uo yo ai ǝi au ɛu ǝu iu ui
iɛu uai uɛu

Tones: hi-lev hi-lev-short hi-mid-fall mid-fall lo-mid-ris lo-mid-fall-ris

Number: 2078

Language: Kejia

Alternate Name: Hakka

Location: SE China (NE Kwangtung)

Population: 28 million

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue

Dictionary: English-Hakka Dictionary. 1958. n.p: n.p.

Grammar: Hashimoto, Mantaro J. 1973. The Hakka Dialect. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.

TextBooks: Beginning Hakka. 1948. Hong Kong: Maryknoll House.

Other Sources:

Henne, Henry. 1964. "An Annotated Syllabary of Sathewkok Hakka," Acta Orientalia 28, 61-127.
AL 7:4

Consonant system:

p p^h t t^h k k^h (ʔ)
t̪^s t̪^s^h
f s̪ h
m n ŋ
l

Stops: p p^h t t^h k k^h (ʔ)

Affricates: t̪^s t̪^s^h

Fricatives: f s̪ h

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Diphthongs: ie ia io iu eu ai au oi ui

Syllable: (C)(G)V(C) Nˈ

Tones: hi-lev mid-lev lo-lev hi-ris-staccato mid-fall-legato mid-fall-staccato

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+A+N

Prep/Post: PREP/POST

Number: 2079

Language: Yue

Alternate Name: Cantonese

Location: SE China (Kwangtung)

Population: 53 million

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue

Dictionary: Huang, Parker Po-fei. 1970. Cantonese Dictionary. New Haven: Yale Univ Press.

TextBooks:

Chao, Yuen Ren. 1947. Cantonese Primer. Cambridge: Harvard Univ Press. [Reprinted 1969 by Greenword Press, New York]
Lau, Sidney. 1972. Elemantary Cantonese. Hong Kong: Government Printer.

Other Sources:

Kwok, Helen. 1971. A Linguistic Study of the Cantonese Verb. Hong Kong: Centre of Asian Studies, Univ of Hong Kong.
Hashimoto, Oi-kan Yue. 1972. Phonology of Cantonese. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.
Fok Chan, Yuen-Yuen. 1974. A Perceptual Study of Tones in Cantonese. Hong Kong: Centre of Asian Studies, Univ of Hong Kong.
AL 7:4

Consonant system:

p p^h t̪ t̪^h k k^h kʷ k^hʷ
t^s t^s^h
f s h
m n̪ ŋ
l̪

Stops: p p^h t̪ t̪^h k k^h kʷ k^hʷ

Affricates: t^s t^s^h

Fricatives: f s h

Nasals: m n̪ ŋ

Laterals: l̪

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: I ø

Central Vowels: ɐ

Back Vowels: ʋ

Long Vowels: ī ȳ ɛ̄ ↔ē ā ū ɔ̄

Diphthongs: ɐi ɐu ei īu øy ɔ̄i ou ūi

Syllable: (C)V(C) Nˈ

Tones: hi-lev mid-lev mid-ris lo-lev lo-ris lo-fall

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+A+N

Prep/Post: PREP/POST

Number: 2080

Language: Yue

Alternate Name: Cantonese

Dialect: Taishan

Location: SE China (Kwangtung)

Population: 53 million

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue

Other Sources: Cheng, Teresa M. 1973. "The Phonology of Taishan," Journal of Chinese Linguistics 1, 256-322.

Consonant system:

p p^h t̪ t̪^h k k^h kʷ k^hʷ ʔ ʔʷ
č č^h
f š h
m n̪ ŋ
l̪ ɬ̪

Stops: p p^h t̪ t̪^h k k^h kʷ k^hʷ ʔ ʔʷ

Affricates: č č^h

Fricatives: f š h

Nasals: m n̪ ŋ

Laterals: l̪ ɬ̪

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i æ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u ɔ

Diphthongs: iw ew aj aw uj oj

Tones:

hi-lev
mid-lev
lo-lev
hi-fall
lo-fall

Syntax: SVO AN NUM-N