A global linguistic database : Query result

Number: 2121

Language: Gurung

Location: WC Nepal

Population: 170,000

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Bodic: Tamang

Dictionary: Glover, Warren W., Jessie R. Glover and Deu Bahadur Gurung. 1977. Gurung-Nepali-English Dictionary. PL C51.

Grammar: Glover, Warren William. 1974. Sememic and Grammatical Structures in Gurung (Nepal). SIL 49.

Other Sources: CSDP IV, 13-5.

Consonant system:

p p^h b b̤ t̪ t̪^h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ṭ^h ḍ ḍ̤ k k^h ɡ ɡ̤
t^s t^s^h d^z d̤^z
s̪ (h)
m n̪ ŋ
l̪
ɾ

Stops: p p^h b b̤ t̪ t̪^h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ṭ^h ḍ ḍ̤ k k^h ɡ ɡ̤

Affricates: t^s t^s^h d^z d̤^z

Fricatives: s̪ (h)

Nasals: m n̪ ŋ

Laterals: l̪

Vibrants: ɾ

Modified Consonants: c̄

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄

Nasal Vowels:

ṽ all
v̄̃

Modified Vowels: v̄̃

Stress: pitch accent

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN N-NUM/(NUM-N [if either the number or noun is a loanword from Nepali]) POSS-N D+A+N+Num

Ergative: erg

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 2122

Language: Thakali

Location: Nepal

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Bodic: Tamang

Other Sources:

Hari, Maria. 1971. A Guide to Thakali Tone. Kathmandu: SIL. [=PL A29, 23-51]
CSDP IV, 17-8

Consonant system:

p p^h t̪ t̪^h ṭ ṭ^h k k^h
č č^h
s h
m n ŋ
l l̥
r r̥

Stops: p p^h t̪ t̪^h ṭ ṭ^h k k^h

Affricates: č č^h

Fricatives: s h

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l l̥

Vibrants: r r̥

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ

Modified Vowels: v̤ (lax) there is a tense/lax distinction for all vowels

Tones: hi-ris lo-fall

Noun Number: s p

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SOV NA GN N-NUM POSS-N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 2123

Language: Classical Tibetan

Location: Tibet

Population: extinct

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Bodic: Tibetan

Grammar: Bernard,Theos. 1946. A Simplified Grammar of the Literary Tibetan Language. Santa Barbara: Tibetan Text Society.

Other Sources: Miller, Roy Andrew. 1970. "A Grammatical Sketch of Classical Tibetan," JAOS 90, 74-96.

Consonant system:

p p^h b t̪ t̪^h d̪ k k^h ɡ ʔ
t^s t^s^h d^z č č^h ɡ̌
s z š ž x ɣ
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l̪
r

Stops: p p^h b t̪ t̪^h d̪ k k^h ɡ ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^s^h d^z č č^h ɡ̌

Fricatives: s z š ž x ɣ

Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ

Laterals: l̪

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6
politeness: many honorific pronouns

Syntax: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+A+Num+D

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 2124

Language: Zhang-zhung

Location: Tibet

Population: extinct

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Bodic: Tibetan

Grammar: GD: Haarh, Erik. 1968. The Zhang-Zhung Language. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.

Consonant system:

p p^h b b̤ t̪ t̪^h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ḍ k k^h ɡ ɡ̤ ʔ
t̪^s t̪^s^h d̪^z č č^h ɡ̌
s̪ z̪ š ž h
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l
r

Stops: p p^h b b̤ t̪ t̪^h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ḍ k k^h ɡ ɡ̤ ʔ

Affricates: t̪^s t̪^s^h d̪^z č č^h ɡ̌

Fricatives: s̪ z̪ š ž h

Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c^j p p^h b b̤ k k^h ɡ m

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Demonstratives: 2

Syntax: SOV NA GN N-NUM

Comments: a sister language of classical Tibetan

Number: 2125

Language: Central Tibetan

Location: Central Tibetan

Population: 4 million

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Bodic: Tibetan

Dictionary: Bell, C. A. 1905. English-Tibetan Colloquial Dictionary. Calcutta. [Reprinted 1977 by Rakesh Press, New Delhi]

Grammar: Bell, C. A. 1919. Grammar of Colloquial Tibetan. Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press.

Other Sources:

Miller, Roy Andrew. 1955. "Studies in Spoken Tibetan (I)," JAOS 75, 46-51.
Narkyid, Ngawang Thondup. 1978. "Aspects of Tibetan Syntax," The Informant 11:1. Kalamazoo: Western Michigan Univ.
AL 7:5

Consonant system:

p p^h b t̪ t̪^h d̪ ṭ ṭ^h ḍ c c^h ɟ k k^h ɡ ʔ
t^s t^s^h d^z č č^h ɡ̌
s š ɦ
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l ɬ
ɾ ɾ̥

Stops: p p^h b t̪ t̪^h d̪ ṭ ṭ^h ḍ c c^h ɟ k k^h ɡ ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^s^h d^z č č^h ɡ̌

Fricatives: s š ɦ

Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ

Laterals: l ɬ

Vibrants: ɾ ɾ̥

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i y e ø

Back Vowels: u o ɑ

Syllable: CV(C)

Tones: hi lo

Demonstratives: 5 (3 + that above, that below) + ref

Articles: indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mf 6

Syntax: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+A+Num+D

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 2126

Language: Central Tibetan

Dialect: Lhasa

Location: SE Tibet

Population: 4 million

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Bodic: Tibetan

TextBooks:

Chang, Kun and Betty Shefts. 1964. A Manual of Spoken Tibetan (Lhasa Dialect). Seattle: Univ of Washington Press.
Goldstein, Melvyn C. and Nawang Nornang. 1970. Modern Spoken TIbetan. Lhasa Dialect. Seattle: Univ of Washington Press.

Other Sources:

Chang, Kun and Betty Shefts. 1965. "A Morphophonemic Problem in the Spoken Tibetan of Lhasa," JAOS 85, 34-9.
Shefts, Betty and Kun Chang. 1967. "Spoken Tibetan Morphophonemics: p," Lg 43, 512-25.
AL 7:5

Consonant system:

   p p^h t t^h ṭ ṭ^h k k^h q q^h
    t^s t^sh č č^h
    s š h
m m̥ n ñ ñ̥ ŋ ŋ̥
    l l̥
    r r̥

Stops: p p^h t t^h ṭ ṭ^h k k^h q q^h

Affricates: t^s t^s^h č č^h

Fricatives: s š h

Nasals: m m̥ n ñ ñ̥ ŋ ŋ̥

Laterals: l l̥

Vibrants: r r̥

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

    i y u
   I ʋ
   e ø ǝ o
   ɛ ɔ
    a

Front Vowels: i y I e ø ɛ

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Nasal Vowels:

ṽ all
v̄̃ all

Tones: hi mid lo fall

Demonstratives: 5 (3 + that above, that below)

Pronouns:

1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3mf 6d 6
politeness: + honorific forms for 2 3 5d 6d 5 6

Syntax: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+A+Num+D

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 2127

Language: Central Tibetan

Dialect: Sherpa

Location: NW Nepal

Population: 4 million (5,000)

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Bodic: Tibetan

Other Sources:

Pike, Kenneth L. and Burkhard Schoettelndreyer. 1972. "Paired-Sentence Reversals in the Discovery of Underlying and Surface Structures in Sherpa Discourse," IL 33, 72-83.
Pike, Kenneth L. and Burkhard Schottelndreyer. 1973. "Paired-Sentence Reversals," in CSDP I, 361-75.
WPF

Consonant system:

p p^h b t t^h d ṭ ṭ^h ḍ k k^h ɡ
t^s t^s^h d^z č č^h ɡ̌
s š
m n ñ ŋ
l l̥
r r̥

Stops: p p^h b t t^h d ṭ ṭ^h ḍ k k^h ɡ

Affricates: t^s t^s^h d^z č č^h ɡ̌

Fricatives: s š

Nasals: m n ñ ŋ

Laterals: l l̥

Vibrants: r r̥

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o ɑ

Nasal Vowels: ṽ all

Tones: hi-ris hi-fall lo-lev lo-ris

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SOV NA GN DN N-NUM POSS-N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 2128

Language: Central Tibetan

Dialect: Jirel

Location: Nepal

Population: 4 million (3,000)

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Bodic: Tibetan

Other Sources: Maibaum, Anita and Esther Strahm. 1973. "Jirel Texts," in CSDP III, 177-299.

Consonant system:

p p^h b t t^h d ṭ ṭ^h ḍ k k^h ɡ
t^s t^s^h d^z č č^h ɡ̌
s š h
m n ŋ
l l̥
r r̥

Stops: p p^h b t t^h d ṭ ṭ^h ḍ k k^h ɡ

Affricates: t^s t^s^h d^z č č^h ɡ̌

Fricatives: s š h

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l l̥

Vibrants: r r̥

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ũ ã

Tones: hi lo

Noun Number: s p

Syntax: SOV NA GN DN N-NUM POSS-N D+N+A

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 2129

Language: Central Tibetan

Dialect: Lhomi

Location: Nepal

Population: 4 million (4,000)

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Bodic: Tibetan

Other Sources: Vesalainen, Olavi and Marja Vesalainen. 1980. Clause Patterns in Lhomi. PL B53.

Consonant system:

p p^h t t^h ṭ ṭ^h k k^h
t̪^s t̪^s^h č č^h
s̪ š h
m n̪ ŋ
l l̥
r

Stops: p p^h t t^h ṭ ṭ^h k k^h

Affricates: t̪^s t̪^s^h č č^h

Fricatives: s̪ š h

Nasals: m n̪ ŋ

Laterals: l l̥

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i y e ø

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ a only

Tones: tense lax tense-ris lax-ris

Syntax: SOV GN ND POSS-N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 2130

Language: Western Tibetan

Alternate Name: Ladakhi

Dialect: Kham

Location: E Tibet

Population: 200,000

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Bodic: Tibetan

Dictionary: Watters, David E. and Nancy Watters. 1973. An English-Kham, Kham-English Glossary. Kirtipur: SIL.

Other Sources:

Ray, Punya Sloka. 1965. "Kham Phonology," JAOS 85, 336-42.
Watters, David E. 1973. "Clause Patterns in Kham," in CSDP I, 39-202.
AL 7:5

Consonant system:

p p^h b t t^h d ṭ ṭ^h ḍ k k^h ɡ ʔ
t^s t^s^h d^z č č^h ɡ̌
s z š ž x ɣ h
m m̥ n n̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ ŋ̥
l l̥
ṛ̥ ṛ

Stops: p p^h b t t^h d ṭ ṭ^h ḍ k k^h ɡ ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^s^h d^z č č^h ɡ̌

Fricatives: s z š ž x ɣ h

Nasals: m m̥ n n̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ ŋ̥

Laterals: l l̥

Vibrants: ṛ̥ ṛ

Modified Consonants: ^Nc = b d ḍ ɡ d^z ɡ̌ ?

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Nasal Vowels: ṽ all

Modified Vowels: v̤ (breathy, lax) all

Tones: hi-ris mid-fall

Demonstratives: 2 + ref

Pronouns:

1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6

Syntax: SOV AN DN POSS-N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 2131

Language: Western Tibetan

Dialect: Balti

Location: Tibet

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Bodic: Tibetan

Grammar: Read, A. F. C. 1934. Balti Grammar. London: Royal Asiatic Society.

Consonant system:

p p^h b t̪ t̪^h d̪ ṭ (ḍ) k k^h ɡ q
t^s t^sh d^z č č^h ɡ̌
(f) s z ṣ̌ š ž x ʁ h
m n̪ ŋ
l l̥
r r̥ ṛ

Stops: p p^h b t̪ t̪^h d̪ ṭ (ḍ) k k^h ɡ q

Affricates: t^s t^s^h d^z č č^h ɡ̌

Fricatives: (f) s z ṣ̌ š ž x ʁ h

Nasals: m n̪ ŋ

Laterals: l l̥

Vibrants: r r̥ ṛ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: I ɛ

Central Vowels: ǝ

Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ

Long Vowels: v̄

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mf 6
politeness: + 2 honorific & 5 honorific

Syntax: SOV AN/NA GN DN N-NUM POSS-N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 2132

Language: Magar

Location: Nepal

Population: 500,000

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Central Himalayan

Other Sources:

Shepherd, Gary and Barbara Shepherd. 1973. "Magar Texts," in CSDP III, 301-434.
CSDP IV, 18-9.
AL 7:5

Consonant system:

p p^h b b̤ t̪ t̪^h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ṭ^h ḍ ḍ̤ k k^h ɡ ɡ̤
č č^h ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌
s s^h h
m m̥ n n̥ ŋ ŋ̥
l l̥
r r̥

Stops: p p^h b b̤ t̪ t̪^h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ṭ^h ḍ ḍ̤ k k^h ɡ ɡ̤

Affricates: č č^h ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌

Fricatives: s s^h h

Nasals: m m̥ n n̥ ŋ ŋ̥

Laterals: l l̥

Vibrants: r r̥

Glides: j j̥ w w̥

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Nasal Vowels: ṽ all

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 3

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N Num+A+N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 2133

Language: Raji

Location: Nepal

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Central Himalayan

Consonant system:

Number: 2134

Language: Raute

Location: Nepal

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Central Himalayan

Consonant system:

Number: 2135

Language: Kham

Alternate Name: Parbate

Location: Nepal

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Central Himalayan

Other Sources: WALS

Consonant system:

Syntax: SOV

Number: 2136

Language: Vayu

Alternate Name: Hayu

Location: Nepal

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Central Himalayan

Other Sources: WALS

Consonant system:

Syntax: SOV

Number: 2137

Language: Chepang

Location: Nepal (Makwanpur)

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Central Himalayan

Other Sources:

CSDP IV, 30-1.
WALS

Consonant system:

p p^h b b̤ t t^h d d̤ k k^h ɡ ɡ̤ ʔ
č č^h ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌
s h
m m̥ n n̥ ŋ ŋ̥
l l̥
r r̥

Stops: p p^h b b̤ t t^h d d̤ k k^h ɡ ɡ̤ ʔ

Affricates: č č^h ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌

Fricatives: s h

Nasals: m m̥ n n̥ ŋ ŋ̥

Laterals: l l̥

Vibrants: r r̥

Glides: j j̥ w w̥

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Tones: "Chepang might just be an incipient tone language." p.30

Syntax: SOV

Number: 2138

Language: Bunan

Alternate Name: Gahri

Location: N India (Himachal Pradesh)

Population: 3,000

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: West Himalayan: North

Other Sources: WALS

Consonant system:

Syntax: SOV

Number: 2139

Language: Thebor

Location: N India (Himachal Pradesh)

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: West Himalayan: North

Consonant system:

Number: 2140

Language: Sumchu

Location: India

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: West Himalayan: North

Consonant system: