Classification:Austric: Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: East: Bahnaric: Central
Consonant system:
Number:2482
Language:Tampuan
Location:NE Cambodia
Population:25,000
Classification:Austric: Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: East: Bahnaric: Central
Consonant system:
Number:2483
Language:Lmam
Location:NE Cambodia
Population:1,000
Classification:Austric: Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: East: Bahnaric: Central
Consonant system:
Number:2484
Language:Takua
Location:C Vietnam (Quang Tнn)
Classification:Austric: Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: East: Bahnaric: North: East
Consonant system:
Number:2485
Language:Cua
Location:C Vietnam (S Quang Tнn)
Population:12,000
Classification:Austric: Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: East: Bahnaric: North: East
Other Sources:WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax:SVO
Number:2486
Language:Kayong
Location:C Vietnam (NW Quang Ngai)
Classification:Austric: Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: East: Bahnaric: North: East
Consonant system:
Number:2487
Language:Rengao
Location:C Vietnam (Kontum)
Population:17,000
Classification:Austric: Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: East: Bahnaric: North: West
Other Sources:
Gregerson, Kenneth. 1979. Predicate and Argument in Rengao Grammar. Dallas: SIL. GREGERSON, Kenneth J. and Kenneth D. Smith. 1973. "The Development of To'drah Register," MKS 4, 143-84.
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ č ɡ̌ s h m n ñ ŋ l r
Stops:p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates:č ɡ̌
Fricatives:s h
Nasals:m n ñ ŋ
Laterals:l
Vibrants:r
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
Front Vowels: I̤ ɛ
Central Vowels:a a̤
Back Vowels:ʋ̤ ɔ
Long Vowels: ī̤ ē̤ ɛ̄ ā ā̤ ṳ̄ ō̤ ɔ̄
Modified Vowels:There are 2 registers: (1) tense, pharyngealized, tongue root retracted, bright, clear timbre; (2) lax, advanced tongue root, deep, muffled timbre, marked by the subscript ̤ .
Gradin, Dwight. 1966. "Consonantal Tone in Jeh Phonemics," in Mon-Khmer Studies II, Saigon, SIL, 41-53. Cohen, Patrick D. 1966. "Presyllables and Reduplication in Jeh," in Mon-Khmer Studies II, Saigon, SIL, 31-40. Gradin, Dwight. 1976a. "Word Affixation in Jeh," MKS 5, 25-42. Gradin, Dwight. 1976b. "The Verb in Jeh," MKS 5, 43-75. Cohen, Patrick. 1976. "The Noun Phrase in Jeh," MKS 5, 139-52. Cohen, Nancy. 1976. "Some Interclausal Relations in Jeh," MKS 5, 153-64.
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ č ɡ̌ s h m n ñ ŋ l ɾ
Stops:p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates:č ɡ̌
Fricatives:s h
Nasals:m n ñ ŋ
Laterals:l
Vibrants:ɾ
Modified Consonants:Aspirated stops (ph th kh) are analyzed as clusters: ch.
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o
Long Vowels:v̄ all
Nasal Vowels:(ṽ all)
Modified Vowels:
v̤ (deep) all v̤̄ e a only "The deep vowel quality is produced by relaxing the faucal pillars, lowering the larynx, and giving increased pressure from the diaphragm. The result is a deep, somewhat gruff, voice quality. Pitch is usually lower than that of the clear form. Deepness, when occuring with short vowels, changes the vowel height, forcing it up in most instances. . . Deep vowel in Jeh parallels very closely the description of the 'second register' of the pitch range of Cambodian, . . . the laryngealization of Sedang and the breathiness of Halang." Gradin 1966, 41-6.
Other Sources:Cooper, James and Nancy Cooper. 1966. "Halang Phonemes," in Mon-Khmer Studies II, Saigon, SIL, 87-98.
Consonant system:
p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
s h m n ñ ŋ l r
Stops:p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives:s h
Nasals:m n ñ ŋ
Laterals:l
Vibrants:r
Modified Consonants:Aspirated stops (ph th kh), voiceless nasals (m̥ n̥ ñ̥ ŋ̥) and ɡlides (j̥ w̥), and ɡlottalized nasals (ʔm ʔn ʔñ ʔŋ) and ɡlides (jʔ wʔ) are analyzed as clusters: Ch hN hG ʔN Gʔ, respectively.
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o
Long Vowels:v̄ all
Modified Vowels:
Vowels belong to two registers: (1) the first register has plain clear voice. (2) The second register has breathy dark sounding voice, and is marked by a subscript ̤ . Second register vowels have less vibration of the vocal cords as well as more oral resonance and increased pulmonic pressure. v̤̄ a only
Dictionary:Smith, Kenneth D. 1967. Sedang Vocabulary. Saigon: Bô Giáo-Duc.
Grammar:Smith, Kenneth D. 1979. Sedang Grammar. PL B50.
Other Sources:
Smith, Kenneth D. 1968. "Laryngealization and De-laryngealization in Sedang Phonemics," Linguistics 38, 52-69. Smith, Kenneth D. 1969. "The Phonology of Sedang Personal Names," AL 11, 187-98. Smith, Kenneth D. 1976a. "Sedang Pronoun Reference," MKS 5, 165-78. Smith, Kenneth D. 1976b. "Sedang Animal Folk Taxonomy," MKS 5, 179-94.
Consonant system:
p mb t nd k ŋɡ ʔ č ñɡ̌ v s ṣ h m n ñ ŋ l ɾ
Stops:p mb t nd k ŋɡ ʔ
Affricates:č ñɡ̌
Fricatives:v s ṣ h
Nasals:m n ñ ŋ
Laterals:l
Vibrants:ɾ
Modified Consonants:Aspirated stops (ph th kh), voiceless nasals (m̥ n̥ ñ̥ ŋ̥) and liquids (l̥ r̥) and preglotlalized consonants (ʔb ʔd ʔv ʔm ʔñ ʔŋ ʔl ʔr) are analyzed as clusters: Ch hN hL ʔC, respectively.
Glides:(j)
Vowel system:
Front Vowels:i e ɛ
Central Vowels:ǝ a
Back Vowels:u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels:ṽ all but o ǝ
Modified Vowels:
v̰ (larynɡealized) all ṽ̰ all (Vowels have 2 registers: (1) tense laryngealized, (2) lax, clear.)
Diphthongs:
ia ua ea oa io uo eo ie oe All diphthongs may be (1) nasalized, (2) laryngealized or (3) both.
Other Sources:Phillips, Richard L. 1973. "Vowel Distribution in Hrê," MKS 4, 63-8.
Consonant system:
p t d k ʔ č s h m n ñ ŋ
r
Stops:p t d k ʔ
Affricates:č
Fricatives:s h
Nasals:m n ñ ŋ
Vibrants:r
Glides:j jʔ j̥ w wʔ
Vowel system:
Front Vowels:i i̤ e e̤ ɛ ɛ̤
Central Vowels:a a̤
Back Vowels:u ṳ o ɔ ɔ̤
Modified Vowels:There are two registers: tense (v) and lax (v̤). Tense vowels are pronounced with tense faucal pillars and tongue root retracted; they are clear and bright. Lax vowels are pronounced with released faucal pillars and tongue root fronted; they are deep, muffled and breathy.
Other Sources:GREGERSON, Kenneth J. and Kenneth D. Smith. 1973. "The Development of To'drah Register," MKS 4, 143-84.
Consonant system:
p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ ts h m n ŋ l r
Stops:p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
Affricates:ts
Fricatives:h
Nasals:m n ŋ
Laterals:l
Vibrants:r
Glides:j j̥ jʔ w
Vowel system:
Front Vowels:i i̤ e e̤ ɛ̤
Central Vowels:a a̤
Back Vowels:u ṳ o o̤ ɔ̤
Long Vowels:ī ī̤ ē ā ā̤ ū ṳ̄ ō
Modified Vowels:There are two registers: tense (v) and lax (v̤). The term register was first used by Henderson (1952), "The Main Features of Cambodian Pronunciation," BSOAS 14, 149-74.
Jenner, Philip N. 1974. "Observations on the Surin Dialect of Khmer," in PL C31, 61-73. Smalley, William A. 1976. "The Problem of Vowels: Northern Khmer," PL C43, 43-83.
Consonant system:
p ɓ t ɗ c k ʔ
s h m n ñ ŋ l ɾ
Stops:p ɓ t ɗ c k ʔ
Fricatives:s h
Nasals:m n ñ ŋ
Laterals:l
Vibrants:ɾ
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
Front Vowels:i (e) ɛ
Central Vowels:ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels:u o ɔ
Long Vowels:v̄ all
Modified Vowels:There is no register distinction in the vowels of this dialect.
Diphthongs:
iǝ ɨǝ uǝ īǝ ɨ̄ǝ ūǝ
Syllable:(C)CV(C)
Stress:final
Syntax:SVO NA NG ND NUM-N/N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post:PREP
Comments:Mutual intelligibility with Standard Cambodian is limited.
Jacob, Judith M. 1974. A Concise Cambodian-English Dictionary. London: Oxford Univ Press. Huffman, Franklin E. and Im Proum. 1977. Cambodian-English Glossary. New Haven: Yale Univ Press. Headley, Robert K. Jr.,et al. 1977. Cambodian-English Dictionary, 2 vols. Washington, D.C.: Catholic Univ of America Press. Huffman, Franklin E. and Im Proum. 1978. English-Khmer Dictionary. New Haven: Yale Univ Press.
TextBooks:
Jacob, Judith M. 1968. Introduction to Cambidian. London: Oxford Univ Press. Huffman, Franklin E. 1970. Modern Spoken Cambodian. New Haven: Yale Univ Press.
Other Sources:
Henderson, Eugénie J. A. 1952. "The Main Features of Cambodian Pronunciation," BSOAS 14, 149-74. Huffman, Franklin E. 1970. Cambodian System of Writing and Beginning Reader. New Haven: Yale Univ Press. AL 8:3
Consonant system:
p ɓ t̪ ɗ c k ʔ
v s h m n̪ ñ ŋ l ɾ
Stops:p ɓ t̪ ɗ c k ʔ
Fricatives:v s h
Nasals:m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals:l
Vibrants:ɾ
Modified Consonants:Ch (C = p t c k) are analyzed as clusters rather than aspirated stops.
Modified Vowels:Syllable nuclei are divided into two registers: (1) First register (=clear, head, tense voice) is left unmarked. (2) Second register (=breathy, spooky, lax, chest, low-pitched voice) is marked with ̤ under the vowel or diphthong.
Diphthongs:
ei ǝɨ uǝ ou æɛ aǝ ao ĕǝ ŭǝ ŏǝ i̤ǝ ɨ̤ǝ ɔ̤ǝ
Syllable:(C)(C)CV(C)
Stress:final
Demonstratives:3
Pronouns:
1* 4* 2* 3* Politeness: the Cambodian pronouns, which are a subclass of nouns, show many nuances of politeness and familiarity in addition to the distinctions for person and number displayed above.
Syntax:SVO NA NG ND N-NUM/(NUM-N) N-POSS N+A+Num+D
