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\data\typol\typology
Number: 2561
Language: Wu-ming
Location: SE China (C Kwangsi)
Classification: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Northern
Other Sources: AL 7:3
Consonant system:

   p ʔb t ʔd k ʔ


m n ŋ
l
r

Stops: p ʔb t ʔd k ʔ
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cɒ ŋ
Glides: j ʔj w ʔw
Back Vowels: o ɑ
Long Vowels: i e ɨ a u o
Tones: hi lev hi fall mid lev mid ris lo fall lo ris
Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 2562
Language: Yay
Location: N Vietnam
Classification: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Northern
Other Sources: Gedney, William J. 1965. "Yay a Northern Tai Language in North Viertnam," Lingua 14, 180-93.
Consonant system:

   p ph b t th d c ch k kh (ɡ) ʔ

f v θ s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r

Stops: p ph b t th d c ch k kh (ɡ) ʔ
Fricatives: f v θ s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:

    cj p b m
cʷ k ʔ h ŋ

Glides: j ɥ
Vowel system:

   

Front Vowels: i æ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u ɯ ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ a only
Diphthongs: ia ɯa ua
Syllable: CV(C)
Tones: hi lev hi-mid lev lo-mid lev lo-lev ris fall
Syntax: SVO NA
Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 2563
Language: Man Cao-lan
Location: N Vietnam (Moncay)
Classification: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Central
Consonant system:

   




Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 2564
Language: Nung
Location: N Vietnam
Population: 170,000
Classification: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Central
Other Sources: Freiberger, Nancy E. 1964. "A Phonemic Description of Nong (Nung)," Te Reo 7, 15-22.
Consonant system:

   p ph b t th d k kh ʔ
č
f s x
m n ñ ŋ
l ɬ

Stops: p ph b t th d k kh ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: f s x
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l ɬ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:

   

Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ ɐ
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: æ a ɒ
Syllable: CV(C)
Tones: hi ris hi glot mid lev lo ris lo fall lo glot
Syntax: SVO NA
Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 2565
Language: Tay
Location: NE Vietnam
Classification: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Central
Consonant system:

   




Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 2566
Language: Tho
Location: N Vietnam
Population: 150,000
Classification: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Central
Consonant system:

   




Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 2567
Language: Tien-pao
Location: SE China (W Kwangsi)
Classification: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Central
Consonant system:

   




Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 2568
Language: Ts'un-lao
Location: N Vietnam (Monday)
Classification: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Central
Consonant system:

   




Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 2569
Language: Yung-chu'un
Location: SE China (C Kwangsi)
Classification: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Central
Consonant system:

   




Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 2570
Language: Lung-chow
Location: SE China (SW Kwangsi)
Population: 170,000
Classification: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Central
Other Sources: Li, Fang-Kuei. 1977. A Handbook of Comparative Tai. OLSP 15.
Consonant system:

   p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ k kh ʔ
č čh
f v š h
m n̪ ŋ
l ɬ

Stops: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ k kh ʔ
Affricates: č čh
Fricatives: f v š h
Nasals: m n̪ ŋ
Laterals: l ɬ
Glides: j
Vowel system:

   

Front Vowels: I
Central Vowels: ǝ
Back Vowels: ʋ ɑ
Long Vowels: i e ǝ a u o
Diphthongs:

   ɑi ɑu aǝ
āi ōi ūi īu ēu āu

Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)
Tones: hi lev mid lev mid fall lo lev lo fall glott ris
Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 2571
Language: Khamti
Location: NE India (Assam)
Classification: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Southwestern
Dictionary: Weidert, Alfons 1977. Tai-Khamti Phonology and Vocabulary. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner.
Consonant system:

   p ph t̪ t̪h k kh ʔ
ts
s h
m n̪ ŋ
l

Stops: p ph t̪ t̪h k kh ʔ
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n̪ ŋ
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:

   

Front Vowels: I
Central Vowels: ɐ
Back Vowels: ʋ ɯ
Long Vowels: i e ɛ a u ɯ o ɔ
Tones: hi lev hi fall lo lev lo ris lo creaky
Syntax: SOV
Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 2572
Language: Khün
Location: EC Burma (E Shan)
Classification: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Southwestern
Other Sources: Egerod, Søren. 1959. "Essentials of Khün Phonology and Script," Acta Orientalia 24, 123-46.
Consonant system:

   p ph ʔb t th ʔd k kh ʔ
ts
ɸ s h
m n ŋ
l
r

Stops: p ph ʔb t th ʔd k kh ʔ
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: ɸ s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:

   

Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)CV(C)
Tones: hi lev hi ris hi fall mid fall lo fall lo ris
Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 2573
Language: Lao
Alternate Name: Laotian
Location: Laos
Population: 10 million
Classification: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Southwestern
Dictionary:

   Marcus, Russell. 1970. English-Lao : Lao-English Dictionary. Rutland Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle.
Kerr, Allen D. 1972. Lao-English Dictionary. Washington, D.C:. Catholic Univ of America Press.
Reinhorn, Marc. 1970. Dictionnaire laotien-français, 2 vols. Paris: CNRS.

Grammar:

   Hospitalier, J.-J. 1937. Grammaire Laotienne. Paris: Paul Geuthner.
Nginn, Pierre S. 1965. Eléments de grammaire laotienne. Vientiane: Ministère de l'Education Nationale.
Morev, Lev N. 1972. Laosskij jazyk. Moscow: Nauka.

TextBooks: Roffe, G.Edward and Thelma W. Roffe. 1956-58. Spoken Lao. Washington, D.C.: American Council of Learned Societies.
Other Sources: Roffe, G. Edward. 1946. "The Phonemic Structure of Lao," JAOS 66, 289-95.
Consonant system:

   p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ c k kh ʔ

f v s h
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l
(r)

Stops: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ c k kh ʔ
Fricatives: f v s h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: (r)
Modified Consonants: cʷ th k kh č s h n ŋ l
Glides: j
Vowel system:

   

Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels: (ṽ a)
Diphthongs:

   ia ɨa ua ai ao
iā ɨā uā

Syllable: C V (C)
Tones: hi ris hi fall mid lev lo level lo ris lo fall
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:

   1* 4*
2* 5*
3* 6*

* The pronoun system shows many gradations of politeness and familiarity

Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 2574
Language: Lü
Alternate Name: Lue
Location: SE China (SW Yunnan)
Population: 400,000
Classification: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Southwestern
Other Sources:

   Hartmann, John F. 1979. "Comparative Aspects of Lue Syntax," in PL, C49, 1-15.
E

Consonant system:

   




Syntax: SVO NA
Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 2575
Language: Maw
Location: Burma
Classification: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Southwestern
Consonant system:

   




Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 2576
Language: Phu Thai
Location: NE Thailand (Sakon Nakhon)
Population: 100,000
Classification: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Southwestern
Consonant system:

   




Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 2577
Language: Phuan
Location: C Thailand
Classification: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Southwestern
Consonant system:

   




Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 2578
Language: Shan
Location: EC Burma (Shan)
Population: 2 million
Classification: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Southwestern
Dictionary:

   Cushing J.N. 1914. A Shan and English Dictionary. Rangoon: American Baptist Mission Press. [Reprinted 1971 by Gregg International Publishers, Farnborough, England]

Grammar: GD: Cushing J.N. 1906. Elementary Handbook of the Shan Language. Rangoon: American Baptist Mission Press. [Reprinted 1971 by Gregg International Publishers, Farnborough, England]
TextBooks: Bigg-Wither. Ferdinand. 1911. A Guide to the Study of Shan Language. Rangoon: American Baptist Mission Press.
Other Sources:

   Egerod Søren 1957. "Essentials of Shan Phonology and Script," Academia Sinica 29:1, 121-9.
Egerod Søren. 1962. "Three Shan Texts," Acta Orientalia 26, 149-88.

Consonant system:

   p ph t th c ch k kh (ʔ)

s sh h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r

Stops: p ph t th c ch k kh (ʔ)
Fricatives: s sh h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:

   

Front Vowels: i e æ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: au iu ow oi
Tones: hi, mid, lo, ris, fall
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 2579
Language: Thai
Alternate Name: Siamese
Location: Thailand
Population: 20 million
Classification: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Southwestern
Dictionary:

   McFarland, George B. 1954. Thai -English Dictionary. Stanford: Stanford Univ Press.
Haas, Mary R. 1964. Thai-English Student's Dictionary. Stanford: Stanford Univ Press.
Manich Jumsai, M.L. 1960. English-Thai Dictioanary. London: Macmillan.

Grammar: Noss, Richard B. 1964. Thai Reference Grammar. Washington, D.C.: Foreign Service Institute.
TextBooks:

   Anthony, Edward M., Deborah P. French and Udom Warotamasikkhadit. 1968. Foundations of Thai, 2 vols. Ann Arbor: Univ of Michigan Press.
Haas, Mary R. and Heng R. Subhanka. 1973. Spoken Thai. Ithaca, N.Y.: Spoken Languages Service.

Other Sources:

   Abramson, Arthur S. 1962. The Vowels and Tones of Standard Thai. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Warotamasikkhadit. Udom. 1972. Thai Syntax. The Hague: Mouton.
Li, Fang Kuei. 1977. A Handbook of Comparative Tai. OLSP 15.

Consonant system:

   p ph t̪ t̪h c ch k kh ʔ
b d̪ (ɡ)
f s̪ h
m n̪ ŋ
    l
    (ɾ)

Stops: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ c ch k kh (ɡ) ʔ
Fricatives: f s̪ h
Nasals: m n̪ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: (ɾ)
Glides: j w
Vowel system:

    I ɨ ʋ
    ǝ o
ɛ ɔ
æ a

Front Vowels: I ɛ æ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: ʋ o ɔ
Long Vowels: i e æ ɨ ǝ a u o ɔ
Diphthongs:

   ia ɨa ua
iā ɨā uā

Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)
Tones: hi, mid, lo, ris, fall
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:

   *1mf 4
2 5
3Pfn 6
P=plain
*The pronoun system has numerous polite-intimate distinctions.

Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS N+A+Num+D
Ergative:
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 2580
Language: Northern Thai
Location: N Thailand
Population: 3 million
Classification: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Southwestern
Other Sources: Mundhenk, Norman Arthur. 1967. Auxiliary Verbs in Myang of Northern Thailand. HSL 22.
Consonant system:

   




Syntax: SVO NA NG ND NUM-N/N-NUM N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: PREP
typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-tones,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-diphthongs,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-syntax,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-syntax,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-diphthongs,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-dictionary,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-tones,typology-syntax,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-dictionary,typology-grammar,typology-textbooks,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-nasalvowel,typology-diphthongs,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-syntax,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-dictionary,typology-grammar,typology-textbooks,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-diphthongs,typology-tones,typology-syntax,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-dictionary,typology-grammar,typology-textbooks,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-diphthongs,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-syntax,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,
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