A global linguistic database : Query result

Number: 2581

Language: Southern Thai

Location: S Thailand

Population: 2 million

Classification: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Southwestern

Consonant system:

Ergative:

Prep/Post:

Number: 2582

Language: White Tai

Location: NW Vietnam (Lai Chau)

Population: 60,000

Classification: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Southwestern

Other Sources: Donaldson, Jean. 1963. White Tai Phonology. HSL 5.

Consonant system:

p p^h b t t^h d k k^h (ʔ)
č č^h
f s x h
m n ñ ŋ
l

Stops: p p^h b t t^h d k k^h (ʔ)

Affricates: č č^h

Fricatives: f s x h

Nasals: m n ñ ŋ

Laterals: l

Modified Consonants: cʷ k k^h x ŋ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e ɛ

Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ ɐ ā

Back Vowels: u o ɔ

Long Vowels: ā

Syllable: (C)V(C)

Tones: hi ris, hi ris-glot, mid lev, mid lev glot, lo-mid, lo fall glot, lo ris glot

Ergative:

Prep/Post:

Number: 2583

Language: Black Tai

Location: NW Vietnam

Population: 300,000

Classification: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Southwestern

Other Sources: Fippinger, Jay and Dorothy Fippinger. 1970. "Black Tai Phonemes, with Reference to White Tai," AL 12, 83-97.

Consonant system:

p b t t^h d k ʔ (b, d in free variation with ɓ, ɗ)
č
f v s x h
m n ñ ŋ
l

Stops: p b t t^h d k ʔ (b, d in free variation with ɓ, ɗ)

Affricates: č

Fricatives: f v s x h

Nasals: m n ñ ŋ

Laterals: l

Modified Consonants: cʷ k x ŋ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e ɛ

Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ

Long Vowels: v̄ a only

Diphthongs: iǝ ɨǝ uǝ

Syllable: CV(C)

Tones: hi lev, hi ris, hi-mid lev, mid fall glot, lo-mid lev, lo lev glot

Syntax: SVO NA

Ergative:

Prep/Post:

Number: 2584

Language: Red Tai

Location: N Vietnam

Population: 50,000

Classification: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Southwestern

Consonant system:

Ergative:

Prep/Post:

Number: 2585

Language: Tay Nua

Location: SE China ( S Yunnan)

Classification: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Southwestern

Consonant system:

Ergative:

Prep/Post:

Number: 2586

Language: Ya

Alternate Name: Tai Ya

Location: SE China (C Yunnan)

Classification: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Southwestern

Other Sources: E

Consonant system:

Syntax: SVO

Ergative:

Prep/Post:

Number: 2587

Language: Yuan

Location: Thailand

Population: 2 million

Classification: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Southwestern

Consonant system:

Ergative:

Prep/Post:

Number: 2588

Language: Yunnan Shant'ou

Location: SE China (SC Yunnan)

Classification: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Southwestern

Consonant system:

Ergative:

Prep/Post:

Number: 2589

Language: Proto-Austronesian

Location: SE Asia

Classification: Austric: Austro-Tai: Austronesian

Other Sources:

Chrétien, C. Douglas. 1965. "The Statistical Structure of the Proto-Austronesian Morph," Lingua 14, 243-70.
Prentice, D. J. 1974. "Yet Another PAN Phoneme," OL 13, 33-75.
Wolff, John. 1974. "Proto-Austronesian *r and *d," OL 13, 77-121.

Consonant system:

p b t d ṭ ḍ c ɟ k ɡ q G ʔ

s h
m n ñ ŋ
l ḷ
r

Stops: p b t d ṭ ḍ c ɟ k ɡ q G ʔ

Fricatives: s h

Nasals: m n ñ ŋ

Laterals: l ḷ

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u

Syllable: (C)V(C)

Comments: There is no concensus on the phonemes of proto-austronesian, the phonological system sketched above is a composite of several different sources.

Number: 2590

Language: Atayal

Location: NC Taiwan

Population: 35,000

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Atayalic

Dictionary:

Egerod, Søren. 1965a. "An English-Atayal Vocabulary," Acta Orientalia 29, 203-20.
Egerod, Søren. 1980. Atayal-English Dictionary, 2 vols. London: Curzon Press.

Other Sources:

Egerod, Søren. 1965b. "Verb Inflection in Atayal," Lingua 15, 251-82.
Egerod, Søren. 1966a. "A Statement on Atayal Phonology," Artibus Asiae, Supplement 23, 120-30.
Dyen, Isidore. 1971. "The Austronesian Languages of Formosa," CTIL 8, 168-99.
RPTP.
Egerod, Søren. 1966b. "Word Order and Word Classes in Atayal," Lg 42, 346-69.

Consonant system:

   p t k q ʔ
    t^s
    s x ɦ
β ž ɣ
m n ŋ
    l
    ɾ

Stops: p t k q ʔ

Affricates: t^s

Fricatives: β s ž x ɣ ɦ

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: ɾ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
ɛ (ǝ) ɔ
a

Front Vowels: i ɛ

Central Vowels: (ǝ) a

Back Vowels: u ɔ

Long Vowels: v̄ i u only

Stress: final

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
3 6

Syntax: VSO/VOS NA NG ND NUM-N N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 2591

Language: Sedeq

Alternate Name: Seediq

Location: EC Taiwan

Population: 20,000

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Atayalic

Other Sources:

Dyen, Isidore. 1971. "The Austronesian Languages of Formosa," CTIL 8, 168-99.
Starosta, Stanley. 1974. "Causative Verbs in Formosan Languages," OL 13, 279.
RPTP

Consonant system:

   p t k q ʔ
b d
    ɡ̌
    s x
    ɣ
m n ŋ
    l
    ɾ

Stops: p b t d k q ʔ

Affricates: ɡ̌

Fricatives: s x ɣ

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: ɾ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i ɨ u
a

Front Vowels: i

Central Vowels: ɨ a

Back Vowels: u

Syntax: VOS NG ND N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 2592

Language: Proto-Tsouic

Location: Taiwan

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Tsouic

Other Sources: RPTP

Consonant system:

   p t k ʔ
    t^s č
    θ s h
v z ž
m n ñ ŋ
    l ɬ
    ɾ r

Stops: p t k ʔ

Affricates: t^s č

Fricatives: v θ s z ž h

Nasals: m n ñ ŋ

Laterals: l ɬ

Vibrants: ɾ r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i ɨ u
a

Front Vowels: i

Central Vowels: ɨ a

Back Vowels: u

Nasal Vowels: ṽ a

Number: 2593

Language: Rukai

Dialect: Budai

Location: SE Taiwan

Population: 6,300

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Tsouic

Other Sources: RPTP

Consonant system:

   p t k
b d ḍ ɡ
    t^s
    θ s
v ð
m n ŋ
    ɬ
    ɾ r

Stops: p b t d ḍ k ɡ

Affricates: t^s

Fricatives: v θ ð s

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: ɬ

Vibrants: ɾ r

Vowel system:

    i ɨ
    o
    a

Front Vowels: i

Central Vowels: ɨ a

Back Vowels: o

Stress: phonemic

Syntax: VSO

Number: 2594

Language: Rukai

Dialect: Tona

Location: SE Taiwan

Population: 6,300

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Tsouic

Other Sources: RPTP

Consonant system:

   p t k ʔ
b d ḍ ɡ
    t^s
    θ s
v
m n ŋ
    ɬ

Stops: p b t d ḍ k ɡ ʔ

Affricates: t^s

Fricatives: v θ s

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: ɬ

Vowel system:

    i ɨ
    o
    a

Front Vowels: i

Central Vowels: ɨ a

Back Vowels: o

Stress: phonemic

Number: 2595

Language: Rukai

Dialect: Mantauran

Location: SE Taiwan

Population: 6,300

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Tsouic

Other Sources: RPTP

Consonant system:

   p t k ʔ
    t^s
    s h
v ð
m n ŋ
    ɬ
    ɾ r

Stops: p t k ʔ

Affricates: t^s

Fricatives: v ð s h

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: ɬ

Vibrants: ɾ r

Vowel system:

    i ɨ
    o
    a

Front Vowels: i

Central Vowels: ɨ a

Back Vowels: o

Number: 2596

Language: Rukai

Dialect: Maga

Location: SE Taiwan

Population: 8,000

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Tsouic

Other Sources:

Starosta, Stanley. 1974. "Causative Verbs in Formosan Languages," OL 13, 279-369.
RPTP

Consonant system:

   p t k
b d ḍ ɡ
    t^s
    θ s
v
m n ŋ
    l
    ɹ̣

Stops: p b t d ḍ k ɡ

Affricates: t^s

Fricatives: v θ s

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: ɹ̣

Vowel system:

i ɨ u
ɛ ǝ ɔ
a

Front Vowels: i ɛ

Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a

Back Vowels: u ɔ

Stress: phonemic

Articles: def

Syntax: VSO NUM-N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 2597

Language: Rukai

Dialect: Taromak

Location: SE Taiwan

Population: 6,300

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Tsouic

Grammar: Li, Paul Jen-kuei. 1973. Rukai Structure. Taipei: Institute of History and Philology, Academica Sinica.

Consonant system:

p b t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ ʔ
t^s
v θ ð s h
m n ŋ
l ḷ
r

Stops: p b t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ ʔ

Affricates: t^s

Fricatives: v θ ð s h

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l ḷ

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i

Central Vowels: ɨ a

Back Vowels: u

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Syllable: (C)(G)V(C)

Stress: final

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: VSO AN NG DN NUM-N N-POSS D+Num+A+N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 2598

Language: Tsou

Location: SC Taiwan

Population: 3,100

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Tsouic: Tsouic Proper: Northern

Grammar: GD: Tung, T'ung-ho, et al. 1964. A Descriptive Study of the Tsou Language, Formosa. Taipei: Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica.

Other Sources:

Dyen, Isidore. 1971. "The Austronesian Languages of Formosa," CTIL 8, 168-99.
Starosta, Stanley. 1974. "Causative Verbs in Formosan Languages," OL 13, 279-369.
Stanley, Patricia. 1979. "Morphophonemics of Verb Suffixes in Tsou," PL C45, 187-98.

Consonant system:

p ^ʔb t k ʔ
t^s
f v s z h
m n ŋ
^ʔl

Stops: p ^ʔb t k ʔ

Affricates: t^s

Fricatives: f v s z h

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: ^ʔl

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i ɛ

Central Vowels: ɨ a

Back Vowels: u ɔ

Syllable: (C)(C)V

Stress: non-phonemic (usually penultimate)

Demonstratives: 6 (this visible/that visible/yonder visible/invisible but already seen/invisible never seen/invisible near)

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
3 6

Syntax: VSO/VOS AN NG DN NUM-N N-POSS

Noun Incorporation: Noun Incorp

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 2599

Language: Kanakanabu

Location: SC Taiwan

Population: 150

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Tsouic: Tsouic Proper: Southern

Other Sources:

Dyen, Isidore. 1971. "The Austronesian Languages of Formosa," CTIL 8, 168-99.
RPTP.

Consonant system:

p t k ʔ
t^s
β s (h)
m n ŋ
l
r

Stops: p t k ʔ

Affricates: t^s

Fricatives: β s (h)

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄ m n only

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i (e)

Central Vowels: ɨ a

Back Vowels: u (ɔ)

Long Vowels: v̄

Syllable: (C) V Nˈ

Stress: phonemic

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
3

Syntax: VSO NG ND NUM-N N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP

Comments: "Most speak Bunan also. No fluent speakers under 25 (1976). Older speakers are generally fluent in Japanese; younger speakers, in Mandarin. Knowledge of Taiwanese seems rather limited." RPTP, 26.

Number: 2600

Language: Saaroa

Location: SC Taiwan

Population: 350

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Tsouic: Tsouic Proper: Southern

Other Sources: RPTP

Consonant system:

p t k (ɡ) ʔ
t^s (č) (ɡ̌)
β s (h)
m n ŋ
ɬ
ɾ r

Stops: p t k (ɡ) ʔ

Affricates: t^s (č) (ɡ̌)

Fricatives: β s (h)

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: ɬ

Vibrants: ɾ r

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i (ɛ)

Central Vowels: ɨ a

Back Vowels: ʋ (ɔ)

Long Vowels: v̄

Syllable: (C) V

Stress: non-phonemic (penult/antepenult)

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
3

Syntax: VSO NG ND N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP

Comments: "Most of the Saaroa people, except for the very old, can understand and speak Bunun fluently, but only a few Bununs understand Saaroa. Saaroa children speak Saaroa rather poorly." RPTP, 59.