A global linguistic database : Query result

Number: 2601

Language: Bunun

Dialect: Takituduh

Location: SC Taiwan

Population: 24,000

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Paiwanaic

Other Sources:

Starosta, Stanley. 1974. "Causative Verbs in Formosan Languages," OL 13, 279-369.
RPTP

Consonant system:

p ^ʔb t ^ʔd k q ʔ
č
v ð s h
m n ŋ
l

Stops: p ^ʔb t ^ʔd k q ʔ

Affricates: č

Fricatives: v ð s h

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u

Stress: final

Articles: def

Syntax: VSO

Comments: The Ishbukun D. differs from the Takituduh D. (1) in lacking q,h,l, (2) in possessing χ, ɬ, and (3) in exhibiting penultimate stress.

Number: 2602

Language: Paiwan

Location: S Taiwan

Population: 45,000

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Paiwanaic

Other Sources: RPTP

Consonant system:

p b t d ḍ c ɟ k ɡ q ʔ
t^s
v s z
m n ŋ
ɬ
r ɾ̣

Stops: p b t d ḍ c ɟ k ɡ q ʔ

Affricates: t^s

Fricatives: v s z

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: ɬ

Vibrants: r ɾ̣

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i

Central Vowels: ɨ a

Back Vowels: u

Stress: penult

Number: 2603

Language: Puyuma

Location: SE Taiwan

Population: 7,200

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Paiwanaic

Other Sources: RPTP

Consonant system:

p t ṭ k ʔ

ɸ β ð s ẓ̌ h ɦ
m n ŋ
l ḷ
r

Stops: p t ṭ k ʔ

Fricatives: ɸ β ð s ẓ̌ h ɦ

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l ḷ

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i

Central Vowels: ɨ a

Back Vowels: u

Stress: final

Number: 2604

Language: Saisiyat

Location: NC Taiwan

Population: 2,900

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Paiwanaic

Other Sources:

Dyen, Isidore. 1971. "The Austronesian Languages of Formosa," CTIL 8, 168-99.
Starosta, Stanley. 1974. "Causative Verbs in Formosan Languages," OL 13, 279-369.
Li, Paul Jen-kuei. 1978. "The Case-Marking Systems of the Four Less-Known Formosan Languages," PL C61, 569-615.
RPTP

Consonant system:

p b t k ʔ

s̪ z̪ š h
m n ŋ

ɾ ɹ̣

Stops: p b t k ʔ

Fricatives: s̪ z̪ š h

Nasals: m n ŋ

Vibrants: ɾ ɹ̣

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e œ æ

Central Vowels: ɨ a

Back Vowels: o

Syllable: CV(C)

Stress: final

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SVO/VOS NG DN/ND NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 2605

Language: Ami

Location: E Taiwan

Population: 90,000

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Paiwanaic

Other Sources:

Starosta, Stanley. 1974. "Causative Verbs in Formosan Languages," OL 13, 279-369.
RPTP

Consonant system:

p t k ʔ
t^s
v s ɣ h
m n ŋ
ɬ
ɾ r

Stops: p t k ʔ

Affricates: t^s

Fricatives: v s ɣ h

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: ɬ

Vibrants: ɾ r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i

Central Vowels: ɨ a

Back Vowels: u

Articles: def

Syntax: VSO/VOS NG DN NUM-N

Ergative: ERG

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 2606

Language: Kavalan

Location: NE Taiwan

Population: possibly extinct

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Paiwanaic: Sinicized

Other Sources: Li, Paul Jen-kuei. 1978. "The Case-Marking Systems of the Four Less-Known Formosan Languages," PL C61, 569-615.

Consonant system:

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
3 6

Syntax: VOS/(VSO) NG ND POSS-N/N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 2607

Language: Pazeh

Location: WC Taiwan

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Paiwanaic: Sinicized

Other Sources:

Li, Paul Jen-kuei. 1978. "The Case-Marking Systems of the Four Less-Known Formosan Languages," PL C61, 569-615.
RPTP

Consonant system:

p b t d k ɡ ʔ

s z x h
m n ŋ
l
r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ

Fricatives: s z x h

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i

Central Vowels: ɨ a

Back Vowels: u

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
3 6

Syntax: VOS AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: PREP

Comments: All speakers over 60 (1969)

Number: 2608

Language: Thao

Location: C Taiwan

Population: 320

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Paiwanaic: Sinicized

Other Sources: Li, Paul Jen-kuei. 1978. "The Case-Marking systems of the Four Less-Known Formosan Languages," PL C61, 569-615. RPTP

Consonant system:

p ^ʔb t ^ʔd k q ʔ

f θ ð š h
m n ŋ
l ɬ
r

Stops: p ^ʔb t ^ʔd k q ʔ

Fricatives: f θ ð š h

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l ɬ

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u

Long Vowels: v̄

Stress: phonemic (but mostly penult)

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
3 6

Syntax: VSO AN GN DN POSS-N

Number: 2609

Language: Ketangalan

Location: N Taiwan

Population: possibly extinct

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Paiwanaic: Sinicized

Consonant system:

Number: 2610

Language: Basay

Location: Taiwan

Population: extinc

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Paiwanaic: Sinicized

Consonant system:

Number: 2611

Language: Taokas

Location: NW Taiwan

Population: possibly extinct

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Paiwanaic: Sinicized

Consonant system:

Number: 2612

Language: Papora

Location: W Taiwan

Population: possibly extinct

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Paiwanaic: Sinicized

Consonant system:

Number: 2613

Language: Babuza

Location: W Taiwan

Population: possibly extinct

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Paiwanaic: Sinicized

Consonant system:

Number: 2614

Language: Hoanya

Location: C Taiwan

Population: Possibly extinct

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Paiwanaic: Sinicized

Consonant system:

Number: 2615

Language: Siraya

Location: Taiwan

Population: possibly extinct

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Paiwanaic: Sinicized

Consonant system:

Number: 2616

Language: Chamorro

Location: Marianas Is (Guam)

Population: 50,000

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western

Dictionary:

Cruz, F. 1967. Chamorro-English, English-Chamorro Dictionary. Hong Kong: Green Pagoda Press.
Topping, Donald M., Pedro M. Ogo and Bernadita C. Dungca. 1975. Chamorro-English Dictionary. Honolulu: Univ of Hawaii Press.
GD: Pressing, Edward Ritter von. 1918. Dictionary and Grammar of the Chamorro Language of the Island of Guam. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.

Grammar:

Pressing, Edward Ritter-von. 1918. Dictionary and Grammar of the Chamorro Language of the Island of Guam. washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
Topping, Donald M. 1973. Chamorro Reference Grammar. Honolulu: Univ Press of Hawaii.

TextBooks: Topping, Donald M. 1969a. Spoken Chamorro. Honolulu: Univ Press of Hawaii.

Other Sources:

Seiden, William. 1960. "Chamorro Phonemes," AL 2:4, 6-35.
Topping, Donald M. 1968. "Chamorro Vowel Harmony," OL 7, 67-79.
Topping, Donald M. 1969b. "A Restatement of Chamorro Phonology," AL 11, 62-77.
Witucki, Jeannette, 1974. "The Vowels of Chamorro," PL A43, 55-74.
Witucki, Jeannette. 1976. "The Consonants of Chamorro, " PL A46, 1-20. AL 7:2

Consonant system:

   p t k ʔ
b d g
    t^s d^z
f s h
m n ñ ŋ
    l
    ɹ̣

Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ

Affricates: t^s d^z

Fricatives: f s h

Nasals: m n ñ ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: ̣ɹ̣

Modified Consonants:

c̄ p b t d k ɡ s m n l only
cʷ ɡ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
(e) (o)
æ ɒ

Front Vowels: i (e) æ

Back Vowels: u (o) ɒ

Modified Vowels: vowel harmony

Diphthongs: ai ao

Syllable: (C) (C) V (C)

Stress: phonemic, but mostly penult

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 3

Articles: def, indef

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
3 6

Syntax: VSO/SVO AN/(NA[nationality]) NG DN NUM-N N-POSS D+Num+A+N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 2617

Language: Palauan

Location: W Caroline Is (Palau Is)

Population: 12,000

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western

Dictionary: McManus, Edwin G. 1977. Palauan-English Dictionary. Honolulu: Univ Press of Hawaii.

Grammar:

Capell, A. 1949. A Grammar of the Language of Palau. Washington, D.C.: National Research Council.
Josephs, Lewis S. 1975. Palauan Reference Grammar. Honolulu: Univ Press of Hawaii.

TextBooks: Carlson, Clayton H. 1967. Palauan Lessons. Honolulu: Pacific and Asian Linguistic Institute, Univ of Hawaii.

Other Sources: Bender, Byron W. 1971. "Micronesian Languages," CTIL 8, 426-65.

Consonant system:

    t̪ k ʔ
b
    s
    ð (ɣ)
m ŋ
    l
    ɾ
/ɣ/ has been replaced by /ʔ/ in the speech of all speakers under 50 (1949) Capell p. 4.

Stops: b t̪ k ʔ

Fricatives: ð s (ɣ) /ɣ/ has been replaced by /ʔ/ in the speech of all speakers under 50 (1949) Capell p. 4.

Nasals: m ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: ɾ

Modified Consonants: c̄ l r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

    i u
   ɛ (ǝ) o
    a

Front Vowels: i ɛ

Central Vowels: (ǝ) a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ i ɛ u o only

Syllable: Nˈ lˈ rˈ

Stress: phonemic

Noun Number: s p [human nouns only]

Demonstratives: 3

Articles: def

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
3 6h
6 is used for human nouns only

Syntax: SVO AN NG DN NUM-N N-POSS D+Num+A+N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 2618

Language: Yapese

Location: W Caroline Is (Yap Is)

Population: 5,000

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western

Dictionary: Jensen, John Thayer. 1977a. Yapese-English Dictionary. Honolulu: Univ Press of Hawaii.

Grammar: Jensen, John Thayer. 1977b. Yapese Reference Grammar. Honolulu: Univ Press of Hawaii.

Other Sources: Bender, Byron W. 1971. "Micronesian Languages," CTIL 8, 426-65.

Consonant system:

   p p^ʔ t̪ t̪^ʔ k k^ʔ ʔ
    č̣
f f^ʔ θ θ^ʔ ṣ (h)
β ð (ẓ) ɣ
m ^ʔm n̪ ^ʔn̪ ŋ (^ʔŋ)
    l̪ ^ʔl̪
    ṛ

Stops: p p^ʔ t̪ t̪^ʔ k k^ʔ ʔ

Affricates: č̣

Fricatives: β f f^ʔ θ θ^ʔ ð ṣ (ẓ) ɣ (h)

Nasals: m ^ʔm n̪ ^ʔn̪ ŋ (^ʔŋ)

Laterals: l̪ ^ʔl̪

Vibrants: ṛ

Vowel system:

i u
e ɵ o
ɛ
a ɑ

Front Vowels: i e ɛ

Central Vowels: ɵ a

Back Vowels: u o ɑ

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)

Demonstratives: 3

Articles: def, indef

Pronouns:

1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6

Syntax: VSO NA NG ND NUM-N N-POSS NUM+N+D

Noun Incorporation: noun incorp

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 2619

Language: Proto-Philippine

Location: Philippines

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western

Other Sources: Charles, Mathew. 1974. "Problems in the Reconstruction of Proto-Philippine Phonology and the subgrouping of the Philippine Languages," OL 13, 457-509

Consonant system:

p b t d k (ɡ) ʔ
ɡ̌
s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
(r) ʁ

Stops: p b t d k (ɡ) ʔ

Affricates: ɡ̌

Fricatives: s h

Nasals: m n ñ ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: (r) ʁ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u

Stress: penult/final

Number: 2620

Language: Isnag

Location: N Philippines (N Luzon)

Population: 29,000

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Northern Philippines: Northern Luzon: Northern Cordilleran

Dictionary: Vanoverbergh, Morice. 1972. Isneg-English Vocabulary. OLSP 11.

Other Sources:

AL 7:2
PML
WPF

Consonant system:

p b t d k ɡ ʔ

s h
m n ŋ
l
ɾ

Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ

Fricatives: s h

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: ɾ

Modified Consonants: c̄ all but ʔ h

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: I

Central Vowels: ǝ

Back Vowels: ʋ

Long Vowels: v̄ i e a u ɔ

Stress: phonemic

Demonstratives: 3

Pronouns:

1 4di 4ie
2 5
3 6