Classification:Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Sundic: Malayic: Local Malay
Dictionary:
Winstedt, Richard. 1959. An Unabridged Malay-English Dictionary. Kuala Lumpur: Marican & Sons. Winstedt, Richard. 1972. An Unabridged English-Malay Dictionary. Kuala Lumpur: Marican & Sons.
Grammar:
Winstedt, Richard. 1957. Colloquial Malay. Singapore: Marican & Sons. Verguin, Joseph. 1967. Le malais. The Hague: Mouton. Pearce, James. 1960. A Simple but Complete Grammar of the Malay Language. Singapore: Malaya Publishing House.
TextBooks:
Lewis. M. Blanche. 1959. Teach Yourself Malay. London: English Universities Press. Dyen, Isidore, et al. 1971. Spoken Malay, 2 vols. Ithaca: Spoken Language Services. Lewis, M. Blanche. 1969. Sentence Analysis in Modern Malay. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.
Other Sources:
Payne, Edward M. F. 1970. Basic Syntactic Structures in Standard Malay. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaka. Abdullah, Hassan. 1974. The Morphology of Malay. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaki.
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ č ɡ̌ (f) (θ) (ð) s z š (x) h m n ñ ŋ l r
Stops:p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates:č ɡ̌
Fricatives:(f) (θ) (ð) s z š (x) h
Nasals:m n ñ ŋ
Laterals:l
Vibrants:r
Glides:j w
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:ǝ a
Back Vowels:u o
Long Vowels:v̄ ?
Diphthongs:ai au ia
Syllable:(C) V (C)
Stress:penult
Noun Number:s p
Demonstratives:2
Articles:def, indef
Pronouns:
1* 4ie 2 5 3 6 *Many polite-familiar distinctions (depending on social caste, nationality, etc.) characterize the pronoun system.
Syntax:SVO NA NG(GN) ND NUM-N N-POSS(POSS-N) Num+N+A+D
Prep/Post:PREP
Number:2989
Language:Malay
Dialect:Mentok
Location:Indonesia (Bangka Is)
Population:10 million
Classification:Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Sundic: Malayic: Local Malay
Other Sources:AL 7:2
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ č ɡ̌ s h m n ñ ŋ l r
Stops:p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates:č ɡ̌
Fricatives:s h
Nasals:m n ñ ŋ
Laterals:l
Vibrants:r
Glides:j w
Front Vowels:i
Central Vowels:ǝ a
Back Vowels:u
Syllable:(C) V (C)
Stress:non-phonemic
Number:2990
Language:Malay
Dialect:Sea Dayak
Location:Malaysia (Sarawak)
Population:10 million
Classification:Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Sundic: Malayic: Local Malay
Dictionary:Scott, N.C. 1956. A Dictionary of Sea Dayak. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, Univ of London.
Other Sources:AL 7:2
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ č ɡ̌ s h m n ñ ŋ l r
Stops:p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates:č ɡ̌
Fricatives:s h
Nasals:m n ñ ŋ
Laterals:l
Vibrants:r
Glides:j w
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o
Long Vowels:v̄ ?
Diphthongs:aj aw uj
Number:2991
Language:Indonesian
Alternate Name:Indonesian Malay
Location:Indonesia
Population:10 million
Classification:Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Sundic: Malayic: Local Malay
Dictionary:
Echols, John M. and Hassan Shadily. 1974. An Indonesian-English Dictionary. Ithaca: Cornell Univ Press. Echols, John M. and Hasan Shadily. 1975. An English-Indonesian Dictionary. Ithaca: Cornell Univ Press.
Grammar:
Kahler, Hans. 1964. Grammatik der Bahasa Indonesia. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. MacDonald, R. Ross and Soenjono Dardjowidjojo. 1967. A Student's Reference Grammar of Modern Formal Indonesian. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ Press.
TextBooks:
Wolff, John U. 1971. Beginning Indonesian, 2 vols. Ithaca: Southeast Asia Program, Cornell Univ. Danoesoegondo, Poerwanto. 1966-71. Bahasa Indonesia for Beginners. Sydney: Sydney Univ Press. Kwee, John B. 1974. Teach Yourself Indonesian. London: English Universities Press.
Other Sources:Dardjowidjojo, Soenjono. 1978. Sentence Patterns in Indonesian. Honolulu: Univ Press of Hawaii.
Consonant system:
p b t̪ d̪ c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
(f) (v) s̪ (z̪) š (x) h m n̪ ñ ŋ l̪ ɾ
Stops:p b t̪ d̪ c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives:(f) (v) s̪ (z̪) š (x) h
Nasals:m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals:l̪
Vibrants:ɾ
Glides:j w
Front Vowels:i (I) e
Central Vowels:ǝ a
Back Vowels:u o (ɔ)
Diphthongs:aj aw oj ow ej
Syllable:(C) V (C)
Stress:penult (and final)
Noun Number:s p
Demonstratives:2
Articles:def, indef
Pronouns:
1 4ie 2 5 3 6 Many formal-informal distinctions in the pronoun system.
Syntax:SVO NA NG ND NUM-N N-POSS Num+N+A+D
Prep/Post:PREP
Number:2992
Language:Orang Laut
Classification:Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Sundic: Malayic: Local Malay
Blood, David L. 1977. " A Three-Dimensional Analysis of Cham Sentences," in PL A48, 53- Friberg, Timothy and Kvoeu Hor. 1977. "Register in Western Cham Phonology," in PL A48, 17-38. Blood, Doris Walker. 1977. "Clause and Sentence Final Particles in Cham," in PL A48, 39-51.
Consonant system:
p phʔb t thʔd c chʔɟ k kh ʔ
s h m n ñ ŋ l r rʔ
Stops:p phʔb t thʔd c chʔɟ k kh ʔ
Fricatives:s h
Nasals:m n ñ ŋ
Laterals:l
Vibrants:r rʔ
Glides:j j̥ jʔ w wʔ
Front Vowels:i ɛ
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u ɔ
Long Vowels:v̄ i e ɛ ɨ ǝ a u o ɔ
Modified Vowels:Syllables belong to one of two registers, with tongue root advancement affecting the consonant and register: (1) First register vowels have normal, clear, tense `head' voice, higher pitch, and follow initial voiceless consonants. (2) Second register vowels have deep, breathy, sepulchral, relaxed, 'chest' voice, lower pitch, and follow initial voiced consonants.
