A global linguistic database : Query result

Number: 3421

Language: Dubea

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Caledonia: Southern: Far South

Other Sources: WPF

Consonant system:

Pronouns:

1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6

Number: 3422

Language: Numee

Alternate Name: Kuñe, Kapone

Location: S New Caledonia (Ile of Pines)

Population: 1,100

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Caledonia: Southern: Far South

Other Sources:

Haudricourt, André G. 1971. "New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands," CTIL 8, 359-96.
WPF

Consonant system:

p ^mb t̪^n̪d̪ ṭ^{. n.}ḍ c^ñɟ k ^ŋɡ

β ɣ
m n̪ ṇ ñ ŋ

ṛ

Stops: p ^mb t̪^n̪d̪ ṭ^ṇḍ c^ñɟ k ^ŋɡ

Fricatives: β ɣ

Nasals: m n̪ ṇ ñ ŋ

Vibrants: ṛ

Modified Consonants: cʷ p ^mb k m ŋ

Glides: j w

Front Vowels: i y I Y e ɛ œ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u ʋ o (ɔ)

Nasal Vowels: i e ɛ œ a u ɔ

Tones: hi lo

Pronouns:

1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6

Number: 3423

Language: Iaai

Location: Loyalty Is (Uvea Is)

Population: 1,000

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Loyalty Islands

Grammar: Tryon, D. T. 1968. Iai Grammar. PL B8.

Other Sources:

Haudricourt, André G. 1971. "New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands," CTIL 8, 359-96.
AL 6:9
MIL
WALS
E

Consonant system:

p b t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ
č ɡ̌
ɸ f θ ð s x h
m m̥ n n̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ ŋ̥
l ɬ
ɹ

Stops: p b t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Fricatives: ɸ f θ ð s x h

Nasals: m m̥ n n̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ ŋ̥

Laterals: l ɬ

Vibrants: ɹ

Modified Consonants: cʷ b m m̥

Glides: j w w̥

Front Vowels: i y e (ø) œ æ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Syllable: (C)V(C)

Stress: initial

Demonstratives: 3 + ref

Articles: art

Pronouns:

1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6

Syntax: VOS/SVO NA NG ND/DN N-NUM N-POSS/POSS-N [WALS says the language is SVO; E gives VOS.]

Prep/Post: PREP/(POST)

Number: 3424

Language: Dehu

Alternate Name: Drehu

Location: Loyalty Is (Lifu Is)

Population: 6,000

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Loyalty Islands

Dictionary:

Tryon, D. T. 1967a. Dehu-English Dictionary. PL C6.
Tryon, D. T. 1967b. English-Dehu Dictionary. PL C7

Grammar: Tryon, D. T. 1968. Dehu Grammar. PL B7.

Other Sources:

Haudricourt, André G. 1971. "New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands," CTIL 8, 359-96.
Tryon, D. T. 1970. "Loanwords in Dehu Pre-1920," in PL C13, 429-40.
AL 6:9
ML

Consonant system:

p (b) t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ
č (ɡ̌)
f (v) θ ð s z x h
m m̥ n n̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ ŋ̥
l ɬ

Stops: p (b) t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ

Affricates: č (ɡ̌)

Fricatives: f (v) θ ð s z x h

Nasals: m m̥ n n̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ ŋ̥

Laterals: l ɬ

Glides: j w w̥

Front Vowels: i e ø æ

Back Vowels: u o ɑ

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Syllable: (C)V(C)

Stress: initial

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: art

Pronouns:

1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3hH 6dhH 6hH
politeness: many honorifics

Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP/(POST)

Number: 3425

Language: Nengone

Location: Loyalty Is (Mare Is)

Population: 3,000

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Loyalty Islands

Dictionary: Tryon, D. T., and M.-J. Dubois. 1969, 1971. Nengone Dictionary, 2 vols. PL C9, C23.

Grammar: Tryon, D. T. 1967. Nengone Grammar. PL B6.

Other Sources:

Haudricourt, André G. 1971. "New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands," CTIL 8, 359-96.
AL 6:9
ML

Consonant system:

p^h b t^h d ṭ^h ḍ k^h ɡ ʔ
č ɡ̌
(f) θ s z š (x) ɣ h
m m̥ n n̥ ñ ŋ ŋ̥
l
r

Stops: p^h b t^h d ṭ^h ḍ k^h ɡ ʔ

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Fricatives: (f) θ s z š (x) ɣ h

Nasals: m m̥ n n̥ ñ ŋ ŋ̥

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w w̥

Front Vowels: i e ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Syllable: (C)V(C)

Stress: penult

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Politeness: all pronouns have respectful forms formed by the addition of a suffix to the regular form.

Syntax: SVO NA NG ND NUM-N N-POSS NUM+N+D+A

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 3426

Language: Proto-Eastern Oceanic

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote

Other Sources: Cashmore, Christine. 1969. "Some Proto-Eastern Oceanic Reconstructions with Reflexes in Southeast Solomon Islands Languages," OL 8, 1-25.

Consonant system:

p t k ʔ

s z
m ñ ŋ
l
r ʁ

Stops: p t k ʔ

Fricatives: s z

Nasals: m ñ ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r ʁ

Modified Consonants:

^Nc p t k
cʷ ŋ

Glides: w

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Syntax: SVO NG N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP

Comments: Pawley 1973 estimates the breakup of Proto-Oceanic as no later than about 3,000 BC.

Number: 3427

Language: Nauruan

Location: Nauru Island

Population: 2,000

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Micronesian

Other Sources: Nathan, Geoffrey S. 1973. "Nauruan in the Austronesian Language Family," OL 12, 479-501.

Consonant system:

p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ

m n ŋ

r r̥

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ

Nasals: m n ŋ

Vibrants: r r̥

Modified Consonants:

c̄ m mʷ n ŋ
cʷ p b k ɡ m

Glides: j w

Front Vowels: I ɛ æ

Back Vowels: u ʌ ɑ

Long Vowels: ī ē ǣ ū ō ɑ̄

Pronouns:

1 4die 4tie 4ie
2 5d 5t 5
3 6d 6t 6

Syntax: NG N-POSS

Number: 3428

Language: Gilbertese

Alternate Name: Kiribati

Location: Gilbert Is

Population: 50,000

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Micronesian: Micronesian Proper

Other Sources: Bender, Byron W. 1971. "Micronesian Languages," CTIL 8, 426-65.

Consonant system:

b t k

m n ŋ

r

Stops: b t k

Nasals: m n ŋ

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants:

c̄ m mʷ n ŋ
cʷ b k m

Glides: w

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Syntax: VOS

Number: 3429

Language: Marshallese

Location: Marshall Is

Population: 20,000

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Micronesian: Micronesian Proper

Dictionary: Abo, Takaji, et al. 1976. Marshallese-English Dictionary. Honolulu: Univ Press of Hawaii.

TextBooks: Bender, Byron W. 1969. Spoken Marshallese. Honolulu: Univ Press of Hawaii.

Other Sources:

Bender Byron W. 1968. "Marshallese Phonology," OL 7, 16-35.
Bender Byron W. 1971. "Micronesian Languages," CTIL 8 426-65.

Consonant system:

b^ɯt̪^ɯ k^ɯ

h^ɯ
m^ɯn̪^ɯ ŋ^ɯ
l̪^ɯ
r^ɯ

Stops: b^ɯt̪^ɯ k^ɯ

Fricatives: h^ɯ

Nasals: m^ɯn̪^ɯ ŋ^ɯ

Laterals: l̪^ɯ

Vibrants: r^ɯ

Modified Consonants:

c̄
c^ɯ b t k h m n ŋ l r
cʷ k n ŋ l r c^j b t m n l r

Glides: j w

Front Vowels: i e ɛ æ

Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ ɐ a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ ɒ

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Demonstratives: 6: [3 + this close to both of us, that not visible, that distant but visible]

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
3 6

Syntax: NA ND NUM-N/N-NUM N-POSS N+D+NUM & NUM+N+A

Comments:

*In Marshalles all consonants belong to one fo three classes: (1) velarized, (2) labialized (3) palatalized. The phonemic system given in the chart is based on the set of velarized phonemes.
*Bender 1968 proposes a four-vowel system ǀɨ ǝ ɐ aǀ (or perhaps even a three-vowel system ǀɨ ǝ aǀ) where the front vowels and back vowels are considered to be allophones of the mid series conditioned by surrounding consonants.

Number: 3430

Language: Kusaiean

Alternate Name: Kosraean

Location: E Caroline Is (Kusaie Is)

Population: 4,000

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Micronesian: Micronesian Proper

Dictionary:

Lee, Kee-dong. 1976. Kusaiean-English Dictionary. Honolulu: Univ Press of Hawaii.
Lee, Kee-dong. 1975. Kusaiean Reference Grammar. Honolulu: Univ Press of Hawaii.

Consonant system:

p t̪ k

f s̪ ṣ̌

m n̪ ŋ
l̪
ɾ̣

Stops: p t̪ k

Fricatives:

f s̪ ṣ̌

Nasals: m n̪ ŋ

Laterals: l̪

Vibrants: ɾ̣

Modified Consonants:

c^ɯ all
cʷ t k s ṣ n ŋ l r

Glides: j ɥ w

Front Vowels: i e ɛ

Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ ɐ

Back Vowels: u o ɔ

Long Vowels: ī ē ɛ̄ ǣ ɨ̄ ǝ̄ ɐ̄ ā ū ō ɔ̄ ɒ̄

Syllable: (C)V(C)

Stress: penult

Demonstratives: 3

Articles: def

Pronouns:

1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5t 5
3 6d 6t 6
Politeness: THere is a plain/polite distinction for 2 3 4 5 6 as well as special humble forms for 1&4

Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS N+A+NUM+D

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 3431

Language: Mokilese

Location: E Caroline Is (Mokil Atoll)

Population: 1,200

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Micronesian: Micronesian Proper: Ponapeic

Dictionary: Harrison, Sheldon P. and Albert Salich. 1977. Mokilese-English Dictionary. Honolulu: Univ Press of Hawaii.

Grammar: Harrison, Sheldon P. 1976 Mokilese Reference Grammar. Honolulu: Univ Press of Hawaii

Consonant system:

p t c k

s
m n ŋ
l
r

Stops: p t c k

Fricatives: s

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants:

c̄ all
cʷ p m

Glides: j w

Front Vowels: i e ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Nasal Vowels: (ṽ o ɛ̄)

Syllable: (C)V(C)

Demonstratives: 3

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4die 4ie 4Rie
2 5d 5 5R
3 6d 6 6R
R=remote

Syntax: SVO NA NG(inalien)/GN(alien) ND N-NUM N-POSS(inalien)/POSS-N(alien) N+A+NUM+D

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 3432

Language: Ponapean

Alternate Name: Pohnpeian

Location: E Caroline Is (Ponape Is)

Population: 17,000

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Micronesian: Micronesian Proper: Ponapeic

Grammar: GD: Gulick, Luther H. 1880. "A Vocabulary of the Ponape Dialect," JAOS 10, 1-109.

Other Sources: Bender, Byron W. 1971. "Micronesian Languages," CTIL 8, 426-65.

Consonant system:

p t ṭ k

s
m n ŋ
l
r

Stops: p t ṭ k

Fricatives: s

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: cʷ p m

Glides: j w

Front Vowels: i e ɛ

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ

Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ

Diphthongs: ai au

Pronouns:

1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6

Syntax: SVO NA/(AN ) ND N-NUM N-POSS/POSS-N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 3433

Language: Trukese

Location: C Caroline Is (Truk Islands)

Population: 26,000

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Micronesian: Micronesian Proper: Trukic

Dictionary:

Goodenough, Ward H. and Hiroshi Sugita 19??. Trukese-English Dictionary. Memoir 141 of the American Philosophical Society.
Elbert, S. H. 1947. Trukese-English and English-Trukese Dictionary. Pearl Harbor: United States Government.

Grammar: GD: Elbert, S. H. 1947. Trukese-English and English-Trukese Dictionary. Pearl Harbor: United States Government.

Other Sources:

Dyen, Isidore. 1949. "On the History of the Trukese Vowels," Lg 25, 420-36.
Benton, Richard A. 1968. "Numeral and Attributive Classifiers in Trukese," OL 7, 104-46.
Bender, Byron W. 1971. "Micronesian Languages," CTIL 8, 426-65.

Consonant system:

p t k
č
f s
m n ŋ

r

Stops: p t k

Affricates: č

Fricatives: f s

Nasals: m n ŋ

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants:

c̄ all but j w
cʷ p m

Glides: j w

Front Vowels: i e (æ)

Central Vowels: (ɨ) ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o (ɔ)

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Demonstratives: 3

Articles: def

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SVO NA GN DN/ND NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS D+NUM+N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 3434

Language: Carolinian

Dialect: Puluwat

Location: Caroline Is (Puluwat Is)

Population: 4,000 (1,500)

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Micronesian: Micronesian Proper: Trukic

Dictionary: Elbert, Samuel H. 1972. Puluwat Dictionary. PL C24.

Grammar: Elbert, Samuel H. 1974. Puluwat Grammar. PL B29.

Other Sources: Elbert, Samuel H. 1970. "Loan Words in Puluwat," in PL C13, 235-54.

Consonant system:

p t̪ k
č
f s̪ h
m n̪ ŋ
l
r ɹ̣

Stops: p t̪ k

Affricates: č

Fricatives: f s̪ h

Nasals: m n̪ ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r ɹ̣

Modified Consonants:

c̄ all but j w
c^ɯp m

Glides: j w

Front Vowels: i ɛ æ

Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o ɒ

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Syllable: CV(C)

Demonstratives: 5: very near speaker, quite near speaker, very near addressee, far + that invisible (?=4ef)

Articles: def, indef

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SVO NA NG (DN)/ND NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 3435

Language: Ulithian

Location: W Caroline Is (Ulithi Atoll)

Population: 2,500

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Micronesian: Micronesian Proper: Trukic

Grammar: Sohn, Ho-min and B. W. Bender. 1973 A Ulithian Grammar. PL C27.

Consonant system:

p t c k

βʷ f ð š χ
m n ŋ
l (l^ɯ)
r

Stops: p t c k

Fricatives: βʷ f ð š χ

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l (l^ɯ)

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants:

c̄ all but χ n
cʷ β m

Glides: j w

Front Vowels: i e ø æ

Central Vowels: (a)

Back Vowels: u o ɔ ɒ

Long Vowels: ī ē ↔ō (↔ē) ǣ ū ō ɔ̄ ɒ̄

Syllable: (C)V(C)

Stress: non-phonemic

Demonstratives: 4: [3 + that unseen]

Articles: def

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SVO NA NG (DN)/ND NUM-N/N-NUM N-POSS/POSS-N N+A+D+NUM

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 3436

Language: Ulithian

Dialect: Sonsorol

Location: W Caroline Is (Sonsorol Atoll)

Population: 2,500 (300)

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Micronesian: Micronesian Proper: Trukic

Grammar: GD: Capell, A. 1969. Grammar and Vocabulary of the Language of Sonsorol-Tobi. OLM 12.

Consonant system:

p b t̪ c k ɡ

f v ð s x ɣ
m n̪ ŋ
ʎ^ɯ
r

Stops: p b t̪ c k ɡ

Fricatives: f v ð s x ɣ

Nasals: m n̪ ŋ

Laterals: ʎ^ɯ

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: v̄

Glides: j w

Front Vowels: i I ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u ɯ ʋ ɤ ɔ

Long Vowels: (v̄)

Modified Vowels: vowel harmony

Diphthongs: diphthonɡs

Stress: mostly penult

Demonstratives: 3

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SVO (AN)/NA NG ND NUM-N POSS-N(alien)/N-POSS(inalien)

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 3437

Language: Ulithian

Dialect: Woleaian

Location: W Caroline Is (Woleai Atoll)

Population: 2,500 (575)

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Micronesian: Micronesian Proper: Trukic

Grammar: Sohn, Ho-min. 1975. Woleaian Reference Grammar. Honolulu: Univ of Press of Hawaii.

Consonant system:

p t k
č
ɸʷ f s ṣ̌ x
m n ŋ

ɾ ɹ̣

Stops: p t k

Affricates: č

Fricatives: ɸʷ f s ṣ̌ x

Nasals: m n ŋ

Vibrants: ɾ ɹ̣

Modified Consonants:

c̄
cʷ ɸ m

Glides: j w

Front Vowels: i ɛ

Central Vowels: ʉ a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ i e ʉ ɵ a u o ɔ v̥ i ɛ ʉ u o

Syllable: (C)V

Demonstratives: 3 + ref

Articles: def

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SVO NA GN(alien)/NG(inalien) ND NUM-N/(N-NUM[with dem] POSS-N(alien)/N-POSS(inalien) N+A+D+NUM

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 3438

Language: Mapia

Population: extinct

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Micronesian: Micronesian Proper: Trukic

Consonant system:

Number: 3439

Language: Bughotu

Location: Solomon Is (S Santa Isabel Island)

Population: 1,900

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Southeast Solomons: Gela-Guadalcanal

Dictionary: Ivens, W. G. 1940. A Dictionary of the Language of Bugotu. London: Royal Asiatic Society.

Grammar: Ivens, W. G. 1933. A Grammar of the Language of Bugotu, Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands," BSOAS 7, 141-77.

Other Sources:

AL6:9
MIL
ML

Consonant system:

p ^mb t ⁿd k ^ŋɡ
č ^ñɡ̌
f v θ s ɣ h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r

Stops: p ^mb t ⁿd k ^ŋɡ

Affricates: č ^ñɡ̌

Fricatives: f v θ s ɣ h

Nasals: m n ñ ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Diphthongs: ae ai au ei

Stress: antepenult

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: art

Pronouns:

1 4die 4tie 4ie
2 5d 5t 5
3mf 6dmf 6tmf 6mf

Syntax: SVO NA NG ND NUM-N N-POSS/POSS-N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 3440

Language: Gela

Alternate Name: Nggela

Location: Solomon Islands (Florida Island)

Population: 5,300

Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Southeast Solomons: Gela-Guadalcanal

Dictionary: Fox, C. E. 1955. A Dictionary of the Nggela Language. Auckland.

Grammar: Ivens, W. G. 1937. "A Grammar of the Language of Florida, British Solomon Islands," BSOAS 8, 1075-1110.

Other Sources:

Todd, Evelyn M. 1980. "Qae (Solomon Islands) and Its Linguistic Context," in ANS, 227-40.
AL 6:9
ML

Consonant system:

p ^mb t ⁿd k ^ŋɡ

v s z ɣ h
m n ŋ
l
r

Stops: p ^mb t ⁿd k ^ŋɡ

Fricatives: v s z ɣ h

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all?

Stress: penult

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: art

Pronouns:

1 4die 4tie 4ie
2 5d 5t 5
3 6d 6t 6

Syntax: VOS NA NG ND N-POSS/POSS-N

Prep/Post: PREP