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\data\typol\typology
Number: 3581
Language: Kapingamarangi
Location: Caroline Is (Kapingamarangi Is)
Population: 500
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central Pacific: Polynesian: Nuclear: Samoic Outlier: Micronesian
Dictionary:

   Lieber, Michael D. and Kalio H. Dikepa. 1974. Kapingamarangi Lexicon. Honolulu: Univ Press of Hawaii.

Grammar: GD: Elbert, Samuel H. 1948. Grammar and Comparative Study of the Language of Kapingamarangi: Texts and Word Lists. Washington, D.C.: National Research Council.
Other Sources: AL 6:7
Consonant system:

   p ph t th k kh

h
m m̥ n n̥ ŋ ŋ̥

ɹ ɹ̥

Stops: p ph t th k kh
Fricatives: h
Nasals: m m̥ n n̥ ŋ ŋ̥
Vibrants: ɹ ɹ̥
Glides: w w̥
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: diphthonɡs
Stress: penult or on long vowel
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: def indef
Pronouns:

   1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6

Syntax: SVO/VSO NA NG ND POSS-N N-NUM N-POSS/POSS-N
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3582
Language: Nukuoro
Location: Nukuoro Is
Population: 260
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central Pacific: Polynesian: Nuclear: Samoic Outlier: Micronesian
Grammar: Carroll, Vern. 1965. An Outline of the Structure of the Language of Nukuoro. Wellington: The Polynesian Society.
Other Sources: AL 6:7
Consonant system:

   p t̪ k

v s x
m n̪ ŋ
ľ̪

Stops: p t̪ k
Fricatives: v s x
Nasals: m n̪ ŋ
Laterals: ľ̪
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)V
Syntax: SVO/VSO NA
Number: 3583
Language: Rapanui
Alternate Name: Chile (Easter Island)
Location: Easter Island
Population: 2,500
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central Pacific: Polynesian: Nuclear: Eastern Polynesian
Grammar: GD: Fuentes, Jordi. 1960. Diccionario y gramática de la lengua de la Isla de Pascua. Santiago, Chile: Editorial Andres Bell.
Other Sources:

   Langdon, Robert and Darrell Tryon. 1983. The Language of Easter Island: Its Development and Eastern Polynesian Relationships. Laie, Hawaii: Institute for Polynesian Studies.
AL 6:7

Consonant system:

   p t k ʔ

v h
m n ŋ

ɾ

Stops: p t k ʔ
Fricatives: v h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)V
Stress: penult
Demonstratives: 3 + ref
Articles: def, indef
Pronouns:

   1 4die 4ie
2 5
3 6

Syntax: VSO NA NG ND POSS-N
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3584
Language: Tahitian
Location: Society Is (Tahiti)
Population: 66,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central Pacific: Polynesian: Nuclear: Eastern Polynesian: Tahitic
Dictionary:

   Lemaitre, Yves. 1973. Lexique du tahitien contemporain. Paris: Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer.

Grammar:

   GD: Janssen, Tepano. 1969. Grammaire et dictionnaire de la langue tahitienne. Paris: Musée de l'Homme.
Lovy, R. D, and L.-J Bouge 1953. Grammaire de la langue tahitienne. Paris: Musée de l'Homme.
Coppenrath, Hubert and Paul Prevost. 1975. Grammaire approfondie de la langue tahitienne. Papeete, Tahiti: Librairie Pureora.

TextBooks: Tryon, D. T. 1970. Conversational Tahitian. Berkeley: Univ of California Press.
Consonant system:

   p t ʔ

f v h
m n

ɾ

Stops: p t ʔ
Fricatives: f v h
Nasals: m n
Vibrants: ɾ
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: ai au ae oi
Syllable: (C)V
Stress: penult or on first long vowel or diphthong
Demonstratives: 3 + ref
Articles: def indef
Pronouns:

   1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
2 6d 6

Syntax: VSO NA NG/GN DN NUM-N/N-NUM POSS-N D+N+A+NUM
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3585
Language: Tongareva
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central Pacific: Polynesian: Nuclear: Eastern Polynesian: Tahitic
Consonant system:

   




Number: 3586
Language: Rarotongan
Location: S Cook Is (Rarotonga)
Population: 35,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central Pacific: Polynesian: Nuclear: Eastern Polynesian: Tahitic
Dictionary: Savage, Stephen. 1962. A Dictionary of the Maori Language of Rarotonga. Wellington: Dept of Island Territories.
Other Sources:

   Busem, J. E. 1960. "Rarotongan Personal Pronouns : Form and Distribution," BSOAS 23, 123-37.
Buse, J. E. 1963a. "Rarotongan Sentence Structures," BSOAS 26, 632-45.
Buse, J. E. 1963b. "The Structure of Rarotongan Nominal Negative and Conjunctival Pieces," BSOAS 26, 393-419.
Buse J. E. 1965. "Problems of Morphology and Classification Illustrated from Rarotongan," Lingua15, 32-47.
AL 6:7

Consonant system:

   p t k ʔ

β
m n ŋ

ɾ

Stops: p t k ʔ
Fricatives: β
Nasals: m n ŋ
Vibrants: ɾ
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)V
Demonstratives: 3 + ref
Articles: def indef
Pronouns:

   1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
2 6d 6

Syntax: VSO NA NG/GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3587
Language: Pa'umotu
Alternate Name: Tuamotuan
Location: Tuamotuan Archipelago
Population: 9,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central Pacific: Polynesian: Nuclear: Eastern Polynesian: Tahitic
Dictionary: Stimson, J. Frank and Donald S. Marshall. 1964. A Dictionary of Some Tuamotuan Dialects of the Polynesian Language. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Other Sources:

   Kuki, Hiroshi. 1970a. Tuamotuan Phonology. PL B17.
Kuki, Hiroshi. 1970. "The Place of the Glottal Stop in Tuamotuan," Te Reo 13, 46-62.
Devita, Phil. 1971. "A Partial Investigation of the Spatial Forms of Some Tuamotuan Dalects," AL 13, 401-20.
AL 6:7

Consonant system:

   p t̪ k (ʔ)

ɸ v h
m n̪ ŋ

ɾ

Stops: p t̪ k (ʔ)
Fricatives: ɸ v h
Nasals: m n̪ ŋ
Vibrants: ɾ
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)V
Stress: penult
Syntax: VSO NA
Number: 3588
Language: Maori
Location: N New Zealand (North Island)
Population: 100,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central Pacific: Polynesian: Nuclear: Eastern Polynesian: Tahitic
Dictionary:

   Biggs, Bruce G. 1966. English-Maori Dictionary. Wellington: A. H. & A. W. Reed.
Williams, Herbert W. 1971. A Dictionary of the Maori Language. Wellington: Government Printer.

Grammar:

   Biggs, Bruce G. 1961. "The Structure of New Zealand Maori," AL 3:3, 1-54.
Hohepa, Patrick W. 1967. A Profile Generative Grammar of Maori. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Krupa, Victor. 1968. The Maori Language. Moscow: Nauka.

TextBooks:

   Smyth, Patrick. 1957. Te Reo Maori. Christchurch: Whitcombe and Tombs.
Harawira, K. T. 1961. Teach Yourself Maori. Wellington: A. H. and A. W. Reed.
Biggs, Bruce G. 1973. Let's Learn Maori. Wellington: A. H. and A. W. Reed.
Jones, A. Morris. 1953. "Phonetics of the Maori Langauge" JPS 62, 237-41.

Other Sources: Krupa, Victor. 1966. Morpheme and Word in Maori. The Hague: Mouton.
Consonant system:

   p t k

ɸ h
m n ŋ

ɾ

Stops: p t k
Fricatives: ɸ h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: w
Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō
Diphthongs: ei ae ai ao au ou ea ia ua oa
Syllable: (C)V
Stress: non-phonemic
Demonstratives: 3 + ref
Articles: def, indef
Pronouns:

   1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
2 6d 6

Syntax: VSO NA GN/NG DN/(ND [in D-N-D]) NUM-N/N-NUM POSS-N D+N+A
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3589
Language: Moriori
Population: extinct
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central Pacific: Polynesian: Nuclear: Eastern Polynesian: Tahitic
Consonant system:

   




Number: 3590
Language: Mangareva
Location: Gambier Islands
Population: 650
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central Pacific: Polynesian: Nuclear: Eastern Polynesian: Marquesic
Other Sources: AL 6:7
Consonant system:

   p t k

v h
m n ŋ

r

Stops: p t k
Fricatives: v h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Vibrants: r
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Number: 3591
Language: Marquesan
Location: Marquesas Is (Hiva'oa Island)
Population: 5,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central Pacific: Polynesian: Nuclear: Eastern Polynesian: Marquesic
Grammar: GD: Dordillon, René Ildefonse. 1931, 1932. Grammaire et dictionanaire de la langue des Iles Marquises, 2 vols. Paris: Institut d'Ethnologie.
Other Sources: AL 6:7
Consonant system:

   p t k ʔ

f v h
m n ŋ

r

Stops: p t k ʔ
Fricatives: f v h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Vibrants: r
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)V
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def indef
Pronouns:

   1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
2 6d 6

Syntax: VSO NA NG ND/DN NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3592
Language: Hawaiian
Location: Hawaiian Is
Population: 250
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central Pacific: Polynesian: Nuclear: Eastern Polynesian: Marquesic
Dictionary: Pukui, Mary K. and Samuel H. Elbert. 1971. Hawaiian Dictionary. Honolulu: Univ of Hawaii Press.
Grammar: Alexander, W. D. 1968. A Short Synopsis of the Most Essential Points in Hawaiian Grammar. Rutland Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle.
TextBooks:

   Elbert, Samuel H. and Samuel A. Keala. 1970 Conversational Hawaiian. Honoloulu: Univ of Hawaii Press.
Kahananui. Dorothy M. and Albert P. Anthony. 1974. Let's Speak Hawaiian. Honolulu: Univ Press of Hawaii.
AL 6:7

Other Sources: AL 6:7
Consonant system:

    p k ʔ
    h
v
m n
    l

Stops: p k ʔ
Fricatives: v h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vowel system:

   I ʋ
ɛ ǝ ɔ

Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō
Diphthongs: ai ae au ao ei eu iu ou
Syllable: (C)V
Stress: penult
Demonstratives: 3 + ref
Articles: indef def
Pronouns:

   1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
2 6d 6

Syntax: VSO NA NG DN(ND [D-N-D]) NUM-N/(N-NUM) POSS-N
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3593
Language: Kusunda
Location: W Nepal
Population: nearly extinct
Classification: Indo-Pacific: Kusunda
Grammar: GD: Reinhard, Johan and Tim Toba. 1970. A Preliminary Linguistic Analysis and a Vocabulary of the Kusunda Language. Nepal.
Other Sources:

   Whitehouse, Paul, Timothy Usher, Merritt Ruhlen and William S-Y. Wang. 2004. "Kusunda: an Indo-Pacific Language in Nepal,'' Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101: 5692--5695.

Consonant system:

   p ph t th k kh ʔ
b b̤ d d̤ ɡ ɡ̤
    ts
 dz
    s (š) h
    z
m n (ñ) ŋ
    l
    ɾ

Stops: p ph b b̤ t th d d̤ k kh ɡ ɡ̤ ʔ
Affricates: ts dz
Fricatives: s z (š) h
Nasals: m n (ñ) ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:

    i u
e (ǝ) o
    a

Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: (ǝ) a
Back Vowels: u o
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Comments: Kusunda was long misclassified as a Tibeto-Burman language. Whitehouse, Usher, Ruhlen and Wang (2004) have shown that it is rather Indo-Pacific.
Number: 3594
Language: Tasmanian
Location: Australia (Tasmania)
Population: extinct 1876
Classification: Indo-Pacific: Tasmanian
Dictionary:

   Plomley, N. J. B. 1976. A Word-List of the Tasmanian Aboriginal Languages. Hobart.
Schmidt, Wilhelm. 1952. Die Tasmanischen Sprachen. Utrecht: Spectrum.

Other Sources:

   Wurm, S. A. 1972. Languages of Australia and Tasmania. The Hague: Mouton.
Dixon, R. M. W. 1979. "The Nature and Development of Australian Languages," ARA 8, 431-43.
LOA

Consonant system:

   p t c k
    h
    ɣ
m n ñ ŋ
    l
    r

Stops: p t c k
Fricatives: ɣ h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cj ?
Glides: j w
Vowel system:

    i u
    a

Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄ ?
Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:

   1 4
2
3

Syntax: NA ND N-POSS
Number: 3595
Language: Aka-Cari
Location: Andaman Islands
Population: extinct
Classification: Indo-Pacific: Andaman Islands: Great Andamanese: Northern
Consonant system:

   




Number: 3596
Language: Aka-Kora
Location: Andaman Islands
Population: extinct
Classification: Indo-Pacific: Andaman Islands: Great Andamanese: Northern
Consonant system:

   




Number: 3597
Language: Aka-Bo
Location: Andaman Islands
Population: extinct
Classification: Indo-Pacific: Andaman Islands: Great Andamanese: Northern
Consonant system:

   




Number: 3598
Language: Aka-Jeru
Location: Andaman Islands
Population: extinct
Classification: Indo-Pacific: Andaman Islands: Great Andamanese: Northern
Consonant system:

   




Number: 3599
Language: Aka-Kede
Location: Andaman Islands
Population: extinct
Classification: Indo-Pacific: Andaman Islands: Great Andamanese: Central
Consonant system:

   




Number: 3600
Language: Aka-Kol
Location: Andaman Islands
Population: extinct
Classification: Indo-Pacific: Andaman Islands: Great Andamanese: Central
Consonant system:

   




typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-dictionary,typology-grammar,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-vibrants,typology-glides,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-diphthongs,typology-stress,typology-demonstrat,typology-articles,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-syllable,typology-syntax,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-vibrants,typology-glides,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-syllable,typology-stress,typology-demonstrat,typology-articles,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-dictionary,typology-grammar,typology-textbooks,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-vibrants,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-diphthongs,typology-syllable,typology-stress,typology-demonstrat,typology-articles,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-dictionary,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-vibrants,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-syllable,typology-demonstrat,typology-articles,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-dictionary,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-vibrants,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-syllable,typology-stress,typology-syntax,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-dictionary,typology-grammar,typology-textbooks,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-vibrants,typology-glides,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-diphthongs,typology-syllable,typology-stress,typology-demonstrat,typology-articles,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-vibrants,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-vibrants,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-syllable,typology-demonstrat,typology-articles,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-dictionary,typology-grammar,typology-textbooks,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-diphthongs,typology-syllable,typology-stress,typology-demonstrat,typology-articles,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-syllable,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-comments,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-dictionary,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-syllable,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,
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