Classification:Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: East-Central: Siane
Consonant system:
Number:3702
Language:Gahuku
Location:C Papua New Guinea (Eastern Highlands)
Population:23,000
Classification:Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: East-Central: Gahuku
Grammar:Deibler, Ellis W., Jr. 1976. Semantic Relationships of Guhuku Verbs. SIL 48.
Other Sources:Young, Rosemary. 1962. "The Phonemes of Kanite, Kamano, Benabena and Gahuku," OLM 6, 90-110.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
β s z ɣ h m n
ɾ̣
Stops:p t k ʔ
Fricatives:β s z ɣ h
Nasals:m n
Vibrants:ɾ̣
Glides:(w)
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:ɯ ɤ
Long Vowels:v̄
Syllable:[C]V[ʔ]
Tones:hi lo
Stress:non-phonemic
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 3 6
Syntax:SOV NA/(AN[colors]) GN DN N-NUM POSS-N/N-POSS D+N+A+Num
Prep/Post:POST
Number:3703
Language:Gahuku
Dialect:Asaro
Location:C Papua New Guinea (Eastern Highlands)
Population:23,000 (14,000)
Classification:Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: East-Central: Gahuku
Other Sources:Strange, Gladys Neeley. 1965. "Nominal Elements in Upper Asaro," AL 7:5, 71-9.
Consonant system:
phmb thnd khŋɡ ʔ
β s z ɣ h m n ľ
Stops:phmb thnd khŋɡ ʔ
Fricatives:β s z ɣ h
Nasals:m n
Laterals:ľ
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o
Noun Number:s d p
Articles:def indef
Syntax:SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N/N-POSS
Prep/Post:POST
Number:3704
Language:Benabena
Alternate Name:Dano
Location:C Papua New Guinea (Eastern Highlands)
Population:15,000
Classification:Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: East-Central: Gahuku
Other Sources:
Young, Rosemary. 1962. "The Phonemes of Kanita, Kamano, Benabena and Gahuku," OLM 6, 90-110. Young, Robert A. 1964. "The Primary Verb in Bena-Bena," in VSFNGL, 45-83. Young, Robert and Rosemary Young. 1965. "The Three Dimensional Classification System of Bena-Bena Nouns," AL 7:5, 80-3. Young, R. A. 1971. The Verb in Bena-Bena: Its Form and Function. PL B18.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
β f s ɣ h m n ḷ
Stops:p t k ʔ
Fricatives:β f s ɣ h
Nasals:m n
Laterals:ḷ
Glides:j
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o
Syllable:(C)V(ʔ)
Stress:phonemic
Articles:indef
Pronouns:
1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6 5d=6d 5=6
Syntax:SOV AN GN DN POSS-N/N-POSS
Number:3705
Language:Fore
Location:C Papua New Guinea (Eastern Highlands)
Population:18,000
Classification:Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: East-Central: Gahuku
Grammar:Scott, Graham. 1978. The Fore Language of Papua New Guinea. PL B47.
Other Sources:
Nicholson, Ruth and Ray Nicholson. 1962. "Fore Phonemes and their Interpretation," OLM 6, 128-48. Scott, Graham. 1973. Higher Levels of Fore Grammar. PL B23.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k ʔ
s̪ m n̪
Stops:p t̪ k ʔ
Fricatives:s̪
Nasals:m n̪
Modified Consonants:
Nc p t k ʔc (perhaps clusters) p t k m n j w
Glides:j w
Front Vowels:i
Central Vowels:ǝ
Back Vowels:u
Long Vowels:ē ā ō
Diphthongs:ae ai ao au
Syllable:(C)V
Stress:phonemic pitch accent
Demonstratives:9: this above close, that above distant; this here (close), that there (close), that over there (close); that over there (mid), that over there (distant); this below (close), that below (distant)
Pronouns:
1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6
Syntax:SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS D+Num+A+N
Prep/Post:POST
Number:3706
Language:Gimi
Location:C Papua New Guinea (SW Eastern Highlands)
Population:19,000
Classification:Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: East-Central: Gahuku
Other Sources:Wurm, S. A. 1964. Phonological Diversification in Australian New Guinea Highlands Languages. PL B2.
Consonant system:
p b t d k ʔ
s m n
r
Stops:p b t d k ʔ
Fricatives:s
Nasals:m n
Vibrants:r
Glides:j w
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:ǝ a
Back Vowels:u o
Number:3707
Language:Medlpa
Alternate Name:Hagen, Umbu-Ungu
Dialect:Gawigl
Location:C Papua New Guinea (E Western Highlands)
Population:100,000 (31,000)
Classification:Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: Central
Other Sources:
Blowers, Bruce L. 1970. "Kaugel Phonemic Statement," PL A26, 1-12. E
Consonant system:
phmb t̪hnd khŋɡ t̪ln̪d̪z (ts)
m n ľ L ɾ
Stops:phmb t̪hnd khŋɡ
Affricates:t̪ln̪d̪z (ts)
Nasals:m n
Laterals:ľ L
Vibrants:ɾ
Glides:j w
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o
Syllable:(C)(C)V
Stress:phonemic
Syntax:SOV
Number:3708
Language:Chimbu
Alternate Name:Kuman
Dialect:Kuman
Location:C Papua New Guinea (Chimbu)
Population:133,000 (66,000)
Classification:Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: Central: Chimbu
TextBooks:Trefry, D. and J. F. Trefry. 1967. Kuman Language Course. Port Moresby: Dept of Information & Extension Services.
Other Sources:Trefry, D. 1969. A Comparative Study of Kuman and Pawaian. PL B13. PLNGLS
Consonant system:
phmb thnd khŋɡ
s m n l L ɾ
Stops:phmb thnd khŋɡ
Fricatives:s
Nasals:m n
Laterals:l L
Vibrants:ɾ
Glides:j w
Front Vowels:I e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:ʋ o
Syllable:(C)V(C)
Demonstratives:2
Pronouns:
1 4ie 2 5 3 6 2=5 3=6
Syntax:SOV NA GN DN N-NUM POSS-N/N-POSS D+N+A+Num
Prep/Post:POST
Number:3709
Language:Chimbu
Dialect:Golin
Location:C Papua New Guinea (Chimbu)
Population:133,000 (27,000)
Classification:Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: Central: Chimbu
1 2 *3 Number is not distinguished in the pronouns. Irwin 1974, p. 32
Syntax:SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N/N-POSS
Prep/Post:POST
Number:3712
Language:Chuave
Location:C Papua New Guinea (Chimbu)
Population:24,000
Classification:Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: Central: Chimbu
Other Sources:
Swick, Joyce. 1966. "Chuave Phonological Hierarchy," PL A7, 33-48. E
Consonant system:
b t d k ɡ
ɸ s m n (ľ) ɾ
Stops:b t d k ɡ
Fricatives:ɸ s
Nasals:m n
Laterals:(ľ)
Vibrants:ɾ
Glides:j w
Front Vowels:i ɛ
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u ɔ
Syllable:(C)(w)V(C)
Syntax:SOV NA POSS-N/N-POSS
Number:3713
Language:Nomane
Location:C Papua New Guinea (Chimbu)
Population:4,000
Classification:Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: Central: Chimbu
Consonant system:
Number:3714
Language:Wahgi
Location:C Papua New Guinea (E Western Highlands)
Population:45,000
Classification:Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: Central: Wahgi
Other Sources:
Luzbetak, Louis J. 1956. Middle Wahgi Phonology. OLM 2. Phillips,Donald J. 1976. Wahgi Phonology and Morphology. PL B36.
Consonant system:
p mb t nd k ŋɡ n̪d̪z s̪ m n̪ n ŋ l̪ l L
Stops:p mb t nd k ŋɡ
Affricates:n̪d̪z
Fricatives:s̪
Nasals:m n̪ n ŋ
Laterals:l̪ l L
Glides:j w
Front Vowels:i I ɛ
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u ɔ
Modified Vowels:vowel harmony
Syllable:(C)V(C)(C)
Tones:hi lo ris
Stress:phonemic, but mostly final
Noun Number:s p
Articles:indef
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3 6d 6
Syntax:SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N/N-POSS
Prep/Post:POST
Number:3715
Language:Nii
Location:C Papua New Guinea (E Western Highlands)
Population:9,300
Classification:Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: Central: Wahgi
Other Sources:Stucky, Al and Dellene Stucky. 1973. "Nii Phonology," in Phonologies of Three Languages of Papua New Guinea, Ukarumpa, PNG, SIL, 37-78.
Consonant system:
p mb t nd k ŋɡ n̪d̪z s̪ m n̪ n ŋ ɬ̪ ľ L̥ ɾ
Stops:p mb t nd k ŋɡ
Affricates:n̪d̪z
Fricatives:s̪
Nasals:m n̪ n ŋ
Laterals:ɬ̪ ľ L̥
Vibrants:ɾ
Modified Consonants:cʷ ?
Glides:j w
Front Vowels:i I ɛ
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:ʋ o
Diphthongs:ai ɛi ɛI oi oI ui ou
Syllable:(C)V(C)
Tones:hi ris
Stress:phonemic
Syntax:SOV N-NUM
Number:3716
Language:Narak
Location:C Papua New Guinea (E Western Highlands)
Population:5,000
Classification:Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: Central: Jimi
Other Sources:
Cook, Edwin A. 1967. "A Preliminary Statement of Narak Spatial Diexis," AL 9:6,1-29. Hainsworth, Joan. 1972. "Narak Noun Possession and Morphophonemic Rules," AL 14, 46-61. Wurm, S. A. 1964. Phonological Diversification in Australian New Guinea HIghlands Languages. PL B2. E
Consonant system:
p mb t nd k ŋɡ ndz s m n̪ n ŋ l̪ ľ
Stops:p mb t nd k ŋɡ
Affricates:ndz
Fricatives:s
Nasals:m n̪ n ŋ
Laterals:l̪ ľ
Glides:j w
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o
Tones:hi lo ris fall
Pronouns:
1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6
Syntax:SOV POSS-N/N-POSS
Number:3717
Language:Maring
Location:C Papua New Guinea (E Western Highlands)
Population:8,000
Classification:Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: Central: Jimi
Other Sources:Woodward, L. B. 1973. "Maring Sentences," in Three Studies in Sentence Structure, Ukarumpa, PNG, SIL, 1-20.
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ɡ̌ s m n ñ ŋ l r
Stops:p b t d k ɡ
Affricates:ɡ̌
Fricatives:s
Nasals:m n ñ ŋ
Laterals:l
Vibrants:r
Glides:j w
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o
Long Vowels:v̄ ?
Articles:indef
Syntax:SOV NA GN ND
Prep/Post:POST
Number:3718
Language:Ganja
Classification:Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: Central: Jimi
Consonant system:
Number:3719
Language:Huli
Location:C Papua New Guinea (Southern Highlands)
Population:65,000
Classification:Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: West-Central
Grammar:Rule, W. M. 1977. A Comparative Study of the Fee, Huli and Pole Languages of Papua New Guinea. OLM 20.
Consonant system:
p mb t thnd k khŋɡ pɸ h m n ḷ ɾ
Stops:p mb t thnd k khŋɡ
Affricates:pɸ
Fricatives:h
Nasals:m n
Laterals:ḷ
Vibrants:ɾ
Glides:j w
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o
Nasal Vowels:ṽ all
Tones:tones
Demonstratives:2
Pronouns:
1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6 5d=6d 5=6
Syntax:SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+A+Num+D
Prep/Post:POST
Number:3720
Language:Enga
Alternate Name:Kyaka
Dialect:Mai
Location:C Papua New Guinea (Western Highlands)
Population:150,000
Classification:Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: East New Guinea Highlands: West-Central: Enga
Hintze, Otto C. 1975. "A Phonemic Statement of Mai Enga," Kivung 8, 145-85. Lang, Adrianne. 1975. The Semantics of Classificatory Verbs in Enga (and Other Papua New Guinea Languages). PL B39. PLNGLS