A global linguistic database : Query result

Number: 462

Language: Iyekhee

Alternate Name: Etsako

Dialect: Ayele

Location: SC Nigeria (Mid-Western)

Population: 120,000

Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Edo: North-Central

Grammar: Strub, E. 1915. "Essai d'une grammaire de la langue kukuruku (Nigieria, Afrique Occidentale," Anthropos 10-11, 450-65 & 888-907.

Other Sources:

Laver, John. 1967. "A Preliminary Phonology of the Ayele Dialect of Esako," JWAL 4:2, 53-6.
Laver, J. D. M. 1969. "Etasko," in TNL, 47-55.

Consonant system:

   p t k kp
b d ɡ ɡb
f s x
β v z ɣ
m n ñ ŋ
    l
    ɾ ɾ̥

Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb

Fricatives: β f v s z x ɣ

Nasals: m n ñ ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: ɾ ɾ̥

Modified Consonants: c̄ m v z

Glides: j ɥ w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Syllable: (C)(G)V

Tones: hi hi-fall lo downstep downdrift

Number: 476

Language: Izi

Location: SE Nigeria (East-Central)

Population: 200,000

Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Lower Niger

Grammar: Meier, Paul, Inge Meier and John Bendor-Samuel. 1975. A Grammar of Izi: An Igbo Language. SIL 47.

Other Sources: Bendor-Samuel, John T. and Inge Meier. 1967. "Some Contrasting Features of the Izi Verbal System," JAL 6, 10-41.

Consonant system:

   p t k kp
b d ɡ ɡb
p^ft^s
b^vd^zɸ (f) s (š) x
    v z (ž) ɣ
m n (ñ) ŋ ŋm
    l
    r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb

Affricates: p^f b^vt^s d^z

Fricatives: ɸ (f) v s z (š) (ž) x ɣ

Nasals: m n (ñ) ŋ ŋm

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants:

c^j p b t d t^s d^z s z n
cʷ k ɡ ŋ l r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Modified Vowels: vowel harmony (i e a u o are characterized by advanced tonɡue root; iˈ eˈ aˈ uˈ oˈ are characterized by retracted tonɡue root. These two classes form the basis of the vowel harmony system.)

Syllable: (C)V(N) Nˈ

Tones: hi lo downstep downdrift upstep

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6 + indef

Syntax: SVO NA/AN NG ND N-NUM N-POSS N+Num+D

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 477

Language: Igbo

Dialect: Umuahia

Location: SE Nigeria (East-Central)

Population: 18 million

Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Lower Niger

Grammar:

Green, M. M. and G. E Igwe. 1963. A Descriptive Grammar of Igbo. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.
Igwe, G. E. and M. M. Green. 1965. A Short Igbo Grammar. London: Oxford Univ Press.
Abraham, R. C. 1967. The Principles of Ibo. Ibadan: Institute of African Studies, Univ of Ibadan.
Emenanjo, E. Nolue. 1978. Elements of Modern Igbo Grammar. Ibadan: Oxford Univ Press.

TextBooks:

Carnochan, J. and B. Iwuchuku. 1963. An Igbo Revision Course. London: Oxford Univ Press.
Igwe, G. E. and M. M. Green. 1967. Igbo Language Course, 2 vols. Ibadan: Oxford Univ Press.

Other Sources:

Williamson, Kay. 1969. "Igbo," in TNL, 85-96.
Dunstan, Elizabeth and G. E. Igwe. 1966. "Two Views of the Phonology of the Ohuhu Dialects of Igbo," JWAL 3:2, 71-5.

Consonant system:

   p p^ht t^h k k^h kp
b b̤ ɓ^w d d̤ ɡ ɡ̤
    č č^h
    ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌
f s h
v z ɣ
m n ñ ŋ
    l
    ɾ

Stops: p p^h b b̤ ɓ^wt t^h d d̤ k k^h ɡ ɡ̤ kp

Affricates: č č^h ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌

Fricatives: f v s z ɣ h

Nasals: m n ñ ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: ɾ

Modified Consonants:

c^j p p^h b b̤ s s̃ z z̃ h h̃ r
cʷ ɓ k k^h ɡ ɡ̤ h̃ ŋ c̃ f v s z h r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ

Modified Vowels:

vowel harmony
nasal harmony

Syllable: (C)V Nˈ

Tones: hi lo downstep downdrift

Noun Number: s p (only for a few kinship terms)

Demonstratives: 2 + ref

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6 + indef

Syntax: SVO NA/(AN) NG ND N-NUM/(NUM-N [1 20 400]) N-POSS N+A+Num+D

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 478

Language: Igbo

Dialect: Onitsha

Location: SE Nigeria (East-Central)

Population: 18 million

Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Lower Niger

Dictionary: Wiliamson, Kay, ed. 1972. Igbo-English Dictionary. Benin City: Ethiope.

Consonant system:

   p t k kʷ kp
b d ɡ ɡʷ ɡb
    č
    ɡ̌
f s (š) (h)
    ɣ
m n ñ ŋ ŋʷ
l
r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ kp ɡb

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Fricatives: f s (š) ɣ (h)

Nasals: m n ñ ŋ ŋʷ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i I ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u ʋ ɔ

Modified Vowels: vowel harmony

Syllable: (C)V Nˈ

Tones: hi lo downstep

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SVO NA/(AN) NG ND N-NUM/(NUM-N [1 20 400 1,000 1,000,000] N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 479

Language: Ika

Location: S Nigeria (Mid-Western)

Population: 18 million

Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Lower Niger

Other Sources: Willamson, Kay. 1968. An Introduction to Ìka and Ukwuanı̀. Ibadan: Institute of African Studies, Univ of Ibadan.

Consonant system:

   p t k kp
b d ɡ ɡb
    č
    ɡ̌
f s š h
(ṽ) z ɣ
m n n ̃ ŋ
    l
    ɾ

Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Fricatives: f (ṽ) s z š ɣ h

Nasals: m n ñ ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: ɾ

Modified Consonants:

c^j p b t f h
cʷ k ɡ s h ŋ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i I e ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ

Nasal Vowels: ṽ all

Modified Vowels:

vowel harmony
nasal harmony

Syllable: (C)(G)V Nˈ

Tones: hi lo downstep downdrift

Syntax: N-POSS

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